Earticle

본 논문은 불완전한 데이터를 처리하기 위해 본래 규칙개선 문제를 위해 고안되었던 데이터 확장 기법을 사용한다. 이 기법은 사건마다 중요도를 의미하는 가중치를 가질 수 있으며 각 변수를 확률값으로 나타낼 수 있는 특징이 있다. 본 논문에서의 핵심 문제가 손실값과 가장 근사한 확률을 구하여 손실값을 확률로 대치하는 것이므로, 3가지 다른 알고리즘으로 손실값에 대한 확률을 구한 후 이 데이터 구조의 형식으로 저장한다. 그리고 각각의 확률 구조에 대한 평가를 위해 SVM 분류 알고리즘으로 각각의 정보 영역을 분류하는 학습을 한 후, 본래의 정보와 비교하여 얼마나 서로 일치하느냐를 측정한다. 손실값의 대치 확률을 위한 3가지 알고리즘들은 같은 데이터 구조를 사용하고 있으나 접근 방법에서는 서로 다른 특징을 가지고 있어 적용 분야에 따라 다양한 용도로 이용될 수 있기를 기대한다.

This paper uses a data extension technique originally designed for the rule refinement problem to handling incomplete data. This technique is characterized in that each event can have a weight indicating importance, and each variable can be expressed as a probability value. Since the key problem in this paper is to find the probability that is closest to the missing value and replace the missing value with the probability, three different algorithms are used to find the probability for the missing value and then store it in this data structure format. And, after learning to classify each information area with the SVM classification algorithm for evaluation of each probability structure, it compares with the original information and measures how much they match each other. The three algorithms for the imputation probability of the missing value use the same data structure, but have different characteristics in the approach method, so it is expected that it can be used for various purposes depending on the application field.

본 연구는 아동성폭력 피해가능성평가 영역에서 투사적 그림검사가 지니는 가치를 검증하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 이를 위해 성폭력 피해가 명백한 집단과 성폭력 피해의 타당한 근거가 전혀 없는 증거부재집단, 그리고 비피해 임상집단의 투사적 그림을 Van Hutton의 채점체계에 근거하여 채점한 후 비교하였다. 성폭력 피해가 의심되어 전문 지원기관을 방문한 사례를 피해확실집단(n=64)과 증거부재집단(n=30)으로 분류한 후 피해확실집단을 다시 단회피해집단(n=31)과 지속피해집단(n=33)으로 세분하였다. 비피해 임상집단은 소아정신과 외래에 방문하여 투사적 그림검사를 포함한 종합심리평가를 받은 64명의 아동으로 구성하였다. 집단 간 차이검증 결과, 성 관련 생각에의 몰두(SRC), 공격성과 적개심(AH), 및 각성(ADST) 척도에서 집단 간 차이가 유의하지 않았다. 위축과 접근신중성 척도(WGA)에서는 비피해임상집단이 나머지 세 집단에 비해 유의하게 높은 점수를 보였다. 선행연구와 달리, 생식기나 항문과 같은 성 관련 신체부위는 어떠한 집단에서도 관찰되지 않았다. 이러한 결과를 종합하여 연구의 시사점과 제한점, 및 후속 연구를 위한 제언에 대해 논의하였다.

This study aimed to identify the assessment value of projective drawing tests in determining probability of child sexual abuse. To accomplish this, we compared Van Hutton's quantitative drawing scores(preoccu- pation with sexually relevant concepts: SRC, aggression and hostility: AH, withdrawal and guarded accessibility: WGA, alertness for danger, suspiciousness, and lack of trust: ADST) in a single sexual abuse group (n=31), a multiple sexual abuse group (n=33), an alleged sexual abuse with no evidence group (n=30), and a clinical group with no history of sexual abuse (n=64). Results indicated that, there were no group differences in SRC, AH, and ADST. However, the clinical group had significantly higher scores than the others with respect to WGA. Drawings of genitals, breasts, or anuses were not observed in any group. The implications of the findings and limitations of the current study as well as recommendations for future study have been discussed.

It has been issued that the irreconcilability of the classical test for a point null and standard Bayesian formulation for testing such a point null. The infimum of the posterior probability of the null hypothesis is used as measure of evidence against the null hypothesis in Bayesian approach; here the infimum is over the family of priors on the alternative hypotheses which includes all density that are a priori reasonable. For iid observations from a multivariate normal distribution in $\textit{p}$ dimensions with an unknown mean and a covariance matrix propotional to the Identity we consider the difference and the Wolfowitz distance of the distributions of the P-value and the lower bound of the posterior probability over the family of all normal priors. The Wolfowitz distance is interpreted as the average difference of the quantiles of the two distrbutions.

We must revise the 2009 curriculum to be suitable for the future curriculum. The curriculum of Korean public school changes frequently and rapidly, so we cannot understand the curriculum’s essence and thought. But Language education is supported by knowledge, function and value. The curriculum elements is consist of knowledge, function and context in the 2007 and 2009 curriculum. This domain was produced by functionalism. The grammar contexts are divided into two elements；consciousness and culture of Korean life style. But these elements are not suitable for all Korean language education domains such as speaking, hearing, writing, reading, grammar and literature. So I suggest the need for value domain for Korean grammar because the value is the basis of language education. The domain of value mean utility and importance. All language is based on necessity and utility. The value education means consciousness, culture and usefulness.

본 연구는 소비자가 제품을 사용함으로써 추구하는 가치를 광고의 메시지에 적용하여 표현할 때, 메시지는 그들의 신념에 부합하고 상대적으로 더 효과적이라는 것을 확인하는 것이다. 또한, 소비자의 신념에일치하는 광고메시지는 ‘메시지에 대한 주관적 신념 확률’을 강화하고, 제품가치 추론, 광고메시지에 대한 태도, 구매의도 등을 맥락화 하는지를 알아보고자 하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 소비자가 광고메시지로부터 인지한 가치가 신념을 형성하는지, 형성된 메시지에대한 주관적 신념은 편향성이 있는지, 그리고 이러한 편향성은 후속평가를 맥락화 하는 원인변수로 작용하는지 등을 알아보는 순서로 진행되었다. 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 신념과 가치는 연계 구조를 가진다. 따라서 소비자가 추구하는 가치를 파악한후 이를 근거로 광고메시지를 개발한다면, 이는 소비자의 신념에 부합하는 광고가 될 가능성이 크다. 둘째,소비자의 추구가치를 표현한 광고메시지는 그렇지 않은 메시지에 비해 더 긍정적인 효과를 나타냈다. 셋째, 광고메시지에 대한 주관적 신념 확률, 신념편향, 추론된 제품가치, 그리고 메시지주장에 대한 태도는인과관계가 있었다. 그러나 구매의도는 메시지주장에 대한 태도를 제외하고 인과관계가 형성되지 않았다. 본 연구를 통해, 소비자와의 성공적인 커뮤니케이션을 완성하기 위해서는 ‘전제와 결과를 맥락화 하려는소비자의 심리’를 이해하여야만 한다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 즉 광고메시지에 노출된 소비자는 광고메시지를 평가하는 것 뿐 아니라, 광고메시지로부터 제품가치를 추론하고, 메시지주장에 대한 태도를 형성하는 등, 광고메시지에 대한 감정은 후속평가에 영향을 미친다는 것이다. 따라서 소비자의 추구가치를 규명하여 이를 근거로 전략적인 메시지를 개발하여야 광고효과를 극대화할 수 있다는 것을 제언한다.

This study attempts effectiveness of message of pursuing value from product. Themessage on value of pursuing becomes turn to be consumer’s belief. It would berelatively effective way at getting belief from consumer. Also, this study will affirm thatthe consumers will reinforce their probability of subjective belief on advertisingmessage, if they recognize the special value to the advertising message. And they willbe contextualized the attitude and purchase intention for message's arguing. This study order is that, the first, it is whether to form of belief on recognized value ofadvertising message. Second, subjective belief being formed from message will bewhether to have an inclination toward bias for subsequent assessment. Main findingsof the study were as follow. The first is that, the belief and the value have linkage structure. Therefore, it can be aadvertising that correspond to consumer’s belief if to establish consumer’s pursuingvalue, and to develop advertising message. The second finding is that, when advertising express the value which consumerspursuing, it turns positive effect out than not in use. The third, there is a causal relationship between, the probability of subjective belief onadvertising message and the belief bias and inferenced product’ value and the attitudetoward on message arguing. However, except the attitude toward on messagearguing, there is no effectiveness at purchase intention from, the probability ofsubjective belief on advertising message and the belief bias and inferenced product’value. I believe that to fulfil successful communication with consumers should understandthe psychology of consumer to relate the result on a cause. In other word, consumers not only evaluate the advertising message but also infer the product value and are formed the attitude toward message. The emotion on advertising message influences the subsequent assessment. Therefore, the advertising message should be development to be based consumer pursuing value.

This study aimed to empirically analyze the impact of ESG management activities in logistics companies on sustainability factors such as corporate value and default probability. Selecting Tobin’s Q and credit rating as proxy variables for sustainability, we constructed regression models incorporating them as dependent variables and utilized corporate data from South Korea to derive the following empirical analysis outcomes. Firstly, the analysis results targeting all companies indicated that ESG management significantly influences corporate value and creditworthiness. Secondly, the magnitude of the effects of ESG management activities on Tobin’s Q and credit rating was found to be smaller for logistics companies compared to non-logistics companies. Thirdly, the analysis focusing solely on logistics companies revealed that higher levels of ESG management activities are associated with higher corporate value and lower default probability. Fourthly, the impact of the three components of ESG management activities on sustainability in logistics companies varied depending on the dependent variable. The study provides interpretations and implications for these four empirical analysis results and suggests directions for future research.

Due to the difficulties in numerical generation of random fields that satisfy not only the probabilistic distribution but the spectral characteristics as well. it is relatively hard to find an exact response variability of a structural response with a specific random field which has its features in the spatial and spectral domains. In this study. focusing on the fact that the random field assumes a constant over the domain under consideration when the correlation distance tends to infinity, a semi-theoretical solution of response variability is proposed for in-plane and plate bending structures. In this procedure, the probability density function is used directly resulting in a semi-exact solution for the random field in the state of random variable. It is particularly noteworthy that the proposed methodology provides response variability for virtually any type of probability density functions.

재무제표 이용자들의 주장과 선행연구는 존속의문감사의견이 잠재적 도산가능성을 경고하는 지표임을 주장한다. 따라서 존속의문감사의견의 유용성은 의견의 도산가능성에 대한 예측과 그에 대한 자본시장 반응으로 검증될 수 있다. 이에 따라 본 연구는 존속의문감사의견의 도산예측능력과 자본시장 참여자들의 투자의사결정 간의 관련성을 통하여 존속의문감사의견의 가치관련성 및 정보내용을 검증하였다.본 연구는 1999년부터 2003년까지 미국 상장기업 들을 표본으로 자본시장의 비정상주가수익률과 존속의문감사의견으로 인한 비기대도산확률의 변화와의 관련성을 검증하였다. 분석결과 존속의문감사의견으로 인한 비기대도산확률의 변화가 기업가치에 미치는 영향은 유의한 음(-)의 값을 나타내며, 존속의문감사의견 첫 수취기업의 경우 비기대도산확률이 기업가치 평가에 미치는 영향이 적정감사의견 첫 수취기업에 비하여 유의하게 나타나고 있어 계속기업으로서의 존속능력에 중대한 의구심이 존재하는 기업의 경우 감사인의 존속의문감사의견이 계속기업으로서의 존속능력을 평가하는 데에 유용하게 사용되고 있음을 시사한다. 이러한 결과는 존속의문감사의견의 정보내용에 근거한 기업가치 평가에 있어서 경제적 요소의 연계성을 제공하며, 존속의문감사의견의 정보가치 유용성을 지지한다.

Financial Statement users' perception and previous studies argue that the going-concern audit opinion is useful as a bankruptcy predictor. Thus, the usefulness of the going-concern opinion can be provided by examining capital market reactions to the bankruptcy predicting ability of the going-concern opinion. For companies listed in U.S. from 1999 through 2003 this study assesses the association between abnormal security returns and changes in unexpected bankruptcy probabilities due to going-concern opinions. Analyses find that changes in unexpected bankruptcy probabilities due to going-concern opinions are significantly associated with negative abnormal security returns. Further, the association is more significant for companies receiving first-time going-concern opinions than for companies receiving first-time clean opinions. These findings suggest that for companies with substantial doubt about the ability to continue as a going-concern auditors' going-concern opinions become more relevant to the valuation of equity securities. Results provide the economic factors of the value relevance of the going-concern opinion and support the usefulness of the information perspective of the opinion.

It was confirmed that the extreme value distribution model applies to probability of exceeding more than once a day monthly the facility capacities using data of daily maximum inflow rate for 7 wastewater treatment plant. The result of applying the extreme value model, A, D, E wastewater treatment plant has a problem compared to B, C, F, G wastewater treatment plant. but all the wastewater treatment plant has a problem except C, F wastewater treatment plant based 80% of facility capacity. In conclusion, if you make a standard in statistical aspects probability exceeding more than once a day monthly can be 'exceed day is less than a few times annually' or 'probability of exceeding more than once a day monthly is less than what percent'.