Earticle

Purpose: This study explored the physical availability of alcoholic beverages to adolescents through online liquor sales, based on a semantic network analysis. Method: Two methods were used: 1) first, an experimental study was conducted of 300 restaurants with app and phone delivery to verify whether the IDs of adolescents were checked when purchasing alcoholic beverages; then, 2) focus group interviews with two groups (adolescent drinkers and adolescent non-drinkers) were carried out to explore characteristics of the physical availability of alcoholic beverages to adolescents, drinking motives, alcohol advertising, and drinking behaviors. Differences in ID checks in the Seoul area, delivery application type, day of the week, and delivery food type were analyzed using a frequency analysis test. A semantic network analysis was used to investigate the relationship between keywords. The network characteristics were identified using a community analysis. Results: Only 14.7% of online sales checked whether an ID or guardian was present. Thirty-seven and 20 meaningful keywords were extracted from the texts of adolescent drinkers and non-drinkers, respectively, and the community analysis revealed four sub-communities: 1) peer inluences, alcohol advertisement, physical availability of alcohol, and liquor sales for adolescent drinkers and 2) physical availability of alcohol, Alcohol temptations, alcohol-related images, and online liquor sales for non-drinkers. Keywords gave the impression of a tolerant drinking culture. The adolescents’ alcohol use was associated with the ease of physically obtaining alcohol, their positive perceptions of alcohol, family factors, peer influences, and social and cultural aspects of alcohol consumption in general. Although alcohol should not be explicitly sold to adolescents, the results of this study confirmed that it was easy for adolescents to purchase alcoholic beverages. They also confirmed that the main channel for adolescents to experience drinking or to come into contact with alcoholic beverages was the family environment, i.e., their parents’ tolerant attitude toward alcohol. Conclusion: Therefore, for the prevention of drinking among adolescents, targeting only adolescents is not effective, and a campaign to raise awareness and change the overall drinking culture of society is needed.

터빈, 배관 및 저장탱크와 같은 물리장치들의 경우 노후화뿐만 아니라 제어장치에 대한 사이버공격으로 인해 PLC(Programmable Logic Controller)와 같은 제어시스템의 보호 및 상태감시기능이 동작하지 않는 경우, 피해파급력이 크고, 가동 중지 시 그 비용 손실 또한 매우 크다. 가동 중인 물리장치의 작동을 중지하지 않고 간접적으로 상태감시를 함으로써 가용성을 유지하기 위한 방안으로써 온도, 가속도, 전류 등을 간접적으로 감지하고, 데이터들을 Influx DB에 저장하여 실시간으로 감시하는 시스템을 설계 및 구현한다. 실제 구현된 시스템으로부터 데이터를 얻고 이를 이용하여 이상상태를 감지할 수 있음을 검증하였다. 간접적 실시간 감시시스템의 범용화를 통해 데이터를 축적해 활용하면, 추가비용 없이 가동을 중지하지 않고 사용할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 미리 고장을 예측하고 필요한 경우에만 조치를 취하는 고장예지기술, 이상상태를 이중으로 감시하는 신뢰도 높은 건전성 관리 기술을 통해 유지보수비용과 위험도를 대폭적으로 감소시키고, 보안위협에 대한 대비가 가능하다.

Effect of damage and loss cost for downtime is huge, if physical devices such as turbines, pipe, and storage tanks are in the abnormal state originated from not only aging, but also cyber attacks on the control and monitoring system like PLC (Programmable Logic Controller). To improve availability and dependability of the physical devices, we design and implement an indirect health monitoring system which sense temperature, acceleration, current, etc. indirectly, and put sensor data into Influx DB in real-time. Then, the actual performance of detecting abnormal state is shown using the indirect health monitoring system. Analyzing data are acquired using the real-time indirect health monitoring system, abnormal state and security threats can be double-monitored and lower maintenance cost utilizing prognostics and health management.

밭토표(土表)의 물리성(物理性)과 가리(加里)의 행동(行動), 가리함량(加里含量), 식물(植物)에 의(依)한 가리(加里)의 흡수(吸收)와의 관계(關係)를 논의(論議)하였으며 우리나라 밭 토양(土壤)에 대(對)한 치환성(置換性) 가리(加里)의 함량(含量)을 중심(中心)으로 하여 토양유형(土壤類形), 지형(地形), 토성별(土性別)로 가리(加里)의 현황(現況)을 분석(分析) 검토(檢討)하였다. 토양(土壤)의 가리함량(加里含量)은 주(主)로 광물학적(鑛物學的) 조성(組成)에 의(依)하여 결정(決定)되며 식물(植物)에 대(對)한 가리(加里) 유효도(有效度)는 토양(土壤)의 유효가리함량(有效加里含量) 뿐만아니라 토양(土壤)에서의 이동성(移動性)에도 크게 영향을 받는다. 우리나라에서 토양(土壤)의 가리(加里) 유효도(有效度)는 치환성가리(置換性加里) 함량(含量)과 포장시험(圃場試驗)에 의(依)하여 평가(評價)되어 왔으나 가리비효(加里肥效)와 치환성(置換性) 가리(加里)의 함량(含量)과의 관계는 토양유형(土壤類型), 지형토성(地形土性), 연도(年度)에 따라서 상이(相異)한 결과(結果)를 나타내었다. 치환성(置換性) 가리(加里)의 함량(含量)은 유형(類型), 지형(地形), 토성(土性)에 관계(關係)없이 항상 A층, B층, C층의 순으로 낮다. 치환성(置換性) (Ca+Mg)에 대(對)한 치환성(置換性) 가리(加里)의 비(比)가 토양(土壤)에 따라서 다르기 때문에 치환성(置換性) 가리(加里) 함량(含量)과 가리(加里) 포화도(飽和度)와의 관계(關係)는 일정(一定)치 않으나 대체(大體)로 표토(表土)의 가리포화도(加里飽和度)가 최대치(最大置)를 나타내었다. 가리비효(加里肥效)에 대(對)한 임계치(臨界値)를 치화성(置換性) 가리(加里) 함량(含量) 0.3me/100g, 가리포화도(加里飽和度) 5.0%라 할 때 이 임계치(臨界値)를 넘는 토양(土壤)은 대지(臺地), 산록경사지표토(山麓傾斜地表土)의 토양(土壤) 뿐이었다. 식양질(埴壤質), 식질(埴質), 보통전(普通田), 중점전(重粘田) A층의 치환성(置換性) 가리(加里) 함량(含量)은 0.3me/100g 보다 높지만 가리포화도(加里飽和度)는 4.0% 또는 그 이하(以下)이었다. 사질토양(砂質土壤)의 A층의 염기(鹽基) 포화도(飽和度)는 5.0% 보다 높으나 치환성(置換性) 가리(加里)의 함량(含量)은 0.19me/100g이었다. 저구릉지(低丘陵地), 구릉지(丘陵地), 미숙전(未熟田), 고원전(高原田)의 토양(土壤)은 치환성(置換性) 가리(加里) 함량(含量)과 가리(加里) 포화도(飽和度)가 특(特)히 낮은 토양(土壤)들이다. 치환성(置換性) 가리(加里) 함량(含量)이 가장 많은 분포(分布)를 보이는 것은 A, B, C층 모두 0.1~0.2me/100g이며, 0.3me/100g 이상(以上)되는 토양통(土壤統)은 A, B, C층에서 각각 27.3%, 11.1% 4%에 불과(不過)하였다. 가리(加里) 포화도(飽和度)가 가장 많은 분포(分布)를 나타내는 것은, A층에서 2.0~3.0% B, C층에서 1.0~2.0%의 범위에 있었으며, 가리(加里) 포화도(飽和度)가 5.0 이상(以上)되는 토양통(土壤統)은 A, B, C층에서 각각 18.0, 6.3, 4.1%에 불과(不過)하였다. 대지(臺地), 산록경사지(山麓傾斜地)에 분포(分布)된 토양(土壤)은 치환성(置換性) 가리(加里) 함량(含量)과 가리(加里) 포화도(飽和度)가 높아서 가리비효(加里肥效)가 적고, 사질토양(砂質土壤)은 유효가리함량(有效加里含量)이 낮을 뿐만 아니라 유효수분함량(有效水分含量)이 낮아서 특(特)히 한발시(旱魃時) 가리비효(加里肥效)가 큰 토양(土壤)임을 지적하였다.

Some of basic aspects of soil potassium with special reference to soil physical properties were discussed. Data in the Official Soil Series Description(Korea) was analyzed according to soil type, land form, and soil texture to find soil potassium status which may explain different response to potassium application. Exchangeable potassium contents decreased with soil depth irrespective of soil type, land form and soil texture. Change in degree of potassium saturation within soil profile was not so clear as exchangeable potassium but the degree of potassium saturation of A horizon was highest among soil horizon. Soils of terrace and mountain foot slope showed high values both in exchangeable potassium and degree of potassium sauration and only these two soils were classified as soils having exchangeable potassium higher than 0.3 meq per 100g of soil and degree of potassium saturation higher than 5.0%. Exchangeable potassium of fine loamy and fine clayey soils is higher than 0.3 meq per 100g of soil but degree of potassium saturation is lower than 4.0%. Degree of potassium saturation of sandy soils exceeds 5.0% but exchangeable potassium is very low. Soils of rolling, hilly, unmatured and alpine land soils have lower exchangeable potassium and show lower degree of potassium saturation. The highest distribution of exchangeable potassium content irrespective of soil horizons was shown in the range of 0.1-0.2 meq per 100g of soil. The highest distribution of degree of potassium saturation was in the range of 2.0-3.0% in A horizon and 1.0-2.0% in B and C horizons. Of the soil series concerned in this analysis, 27.3% in A horizon, 11.1% in B horizon and 4.0% in C horizon had exchangeable potassium higher than 0.3 meq per 100g of soil and 18.0% in A horizon, 6.3% in B horizon, and 4.1% in C horizon showed degree of potassium saturation higher than 5.0%. The low response of potassium application only to soils in terrace and mountain foot slope may be resulted from the high exchangeable potassium content and high degree of potassium saturation. It is concluded that a great response of potassium application to soils is expected especially in dry season.