Earticle

This paper investigates the syntactic structure for the agreement attraction of the subject in English and the honorific subject or goal in Korean in terms of the subject or goal and verb(al predicate) agreement. The subject-honorific verbal ending si or goal-honorific verb tulita in Korean belongs to the verbal predicate. The subject-verb agreement in English is mistakenly affected by the feature percolation in the syntactic structure between an agreement target and a local attractor. The [+/-PL] feature in English and [+/-HON] feature in Korean, which undergo upward or downward percolation other than [WH], are also suggested to be a local attractor for the subject or goal and the verb(al predicate) agreement. In the coordinate structure of English subjects and Korean subjects or goals, the [+/-PL] feature or the [+/-HON] feature of the NP closer to the agreement target is a strong one, which undergoes upward percolation to the entire subject or goal DP. This is contrary to Jang and Kim’s (2021) suggestion that the plural feature percolates into the DP because it is a strong one. Last but not least, this is why coordinate elements in Korean subject or goal positions do not necessarily follow the animacy hierarchy.

타지키스탄공화국에는 10군데의 우라늄광산 부지에 55백만톤의 우라늄광산 폐기물이 적치 되어 있는데 부지 면적이 200 핵타아르에 달한다. 이에 따라 우라늄 폐광과 폐기물의 안전한 관리가 주요 이슈로 부각되고 있다. 부지 복원을 위한 천연방벽과 인공방벽으로 구성된 다중 복토층은 성능 목표와 부지 조건을 고려하여 설치되어야 한다. 본 논문의 목적은 Degmay 부지에 장기간 (100년 이상)의 환경보호를 제공할 수 있는 경제적인 다중 복토층 개념을 제시 하는 것이다. HELP 코드를 사용하여 Degmay 부지의 복토층 설계 개념의 평가를 수행하였다. 그 결과 70 cm의 덮개층, 30 cm의 배수층, 지오멤브레인 라이너 그리고 60 cm의 토양 방벽층으로 구성된 복토층 개념이 두께를 최소화 할 수 있고 비교된 여러 설계개념 중 가장 경제적인 설계 안으로 제시되었다.

The Republic of Tajikistan has ten former uranium mining sites. The total volume of all tailings is approximately 55 million tonnes, and the covered area is more than 200 hectares. The safe management of legacy uranium mining and tailing sites has become an issue of concern. Depending on the performance requirements and site-specific conditions (location in an arid, semiarid or humid region), a cover system for uranium tailings sites could be constructed using several material layers using both natural and man-made materials. The purpose of this study is to find a feasible cost-effective cover system design for the Degmay uranium tailings site which could provide a long period (100 years) of protection. The HELP computer code was used in the evaluation of potential Degmay cover system designs. As a result of this study, a cover system with 70 cm thick percolation layer, 30 cm thick drainage layer, geomembrane liner and 60 cm thick barrier soil layer is recommended because it minimizes cover thickness and would be the most cost-effective design.

Liberation of fermentable sugars from cellulosic biomass is one of the key challenges in production of cellulosic ethanol. The pretreatment of lignoccellulosic is primarily employed to increase the accessible surface area of cellulose to enhance the conversion of cellulose to glucose. It is required for efficient enzymatic hydrolysis of biomass because of the chemical barriers that inhibit the accessibility of enzyme to the cellulose substrate. Pretreatment is an essential element in the bioconversion of lignocellulosic substrates. The pretreatment of lignoccellulosic is primarily employed to increase the accessible surface area of cellulose to enhance the conversion of cellulose to glucose. It is required for efficient enzymatic hydrolysis of biomass because of the chemical barriers that inhibit the accessibility of enzyme to the cellulose substrate. Helianthus tuberosus is easy to cultivate for its strong adaptability to a wide range of soil types and pH levels. Unlike the grain crops, Helianthus tuberosus can grow well in non-fertile land and is resistant to plant diseases, not competing with grain crops for arable land. In this study, we had performed pretreatment process by Aqueous Ammonia and researched the optimization of Helianthus tuberosus residue pretreatment by the response surface method (RSM). The pretreatment conditions had been determined that the temperature conditions have been at range of 130 ~ 210 °C. We had been confirmed the optimized pretreatment conditions for Helianthus tuberosus residue by Aqueous Ammonia.

참나무의 전처리에 과산화수소가 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 반응온도는 170℃이고 전처리에 사용된 반응용액은 암모니아, 황산 그리고 순수 물이었다.10% 암모니아용액을 사용한 경우 산을 사용하는 경우에 비해 리그닌 제거율은 55%로 상당히 높았지만 헤미셀룰로오스 회수율은 26%로 상당히 낮았다. 그래서 헤미셀룰로오스 회수율을 높이기 위해 암모니아 용액에 산화제인 과산화수소를 첨가하여 반응시켰는데 과산화수소 첨가량의 증가에 따라 리그닌 제거율과 헤미셀룰로오스 회수율의 증가는 크지 않았다. 그리고 과산화수소 첨가량의 증가에 따라 액상으로 용해된 당의 분해가 증가하여 전체 헤미셀룰로오스와 셀룰로오스의 물질수지에 문제가 있었다. 반응기에 주입된 과산화수소는 주로 반응기의 전반부에 충진된 기질과 반응하는 것으로 나타났다. 헤미셀룰로오스 회수율을 높이기 위해서는 알카리용액보다 산성용액에서 기질을 전처리하는 것이 필요하였고 산보다는 물을 사용하였을 때 과산화수소의 효과가 더 컸다.

The effect of hydrogen peroxide on pretreatment of oakwood was investigated. Reaction temperature was 170℃ and reaction solutions used in pretreatment were aqueous ammonia, sulfuric acid and pure water. When 10% ammonia solution was used, the extents of delignification and hemicellulose recovery were 55% and 26%, respectively. These values were significantly higher as delinigfication and lower as hemicellulose recovery than those of acid hydrolysis. To overcome this problem, hydrogen peroxide was added into ammonia solution stream to increase hemicellulose recovery. But delignification and hemicellulose recovery were not increased as much as hydrogen peroxide loading was increased. And as hydrogen peroxide loading was increased, the decomposition of sugars solubilized from hemicellulose and cellulose were increased. So there were significant differences between the total amount in solid residue and liquid hydrolyzate, and the total amount in the original biomass. It was found that hydrogen peroxide added was reacted with substrate packed mostly in the front part of reactor. In order to increase hemicellulose recovery, it was necessary to treat with acidic solution than with alkali solution. Effect of hydrogen peroxide was higher in water than acid solution.

The dilute-acid pretreatment/hydrolysis of hemicellulose in oak wood using a percolation reactor was investigated. The experimental conditions ranged 160∼180℃ and 0.05∼0.2 wt.% sulfuric acid. XMG(xylan+mannan+galactan) recovery was higher when sulfuric acid was used as leaching solvent than water. Also it was important for high XMG recovery to keep leaching temperature higher after reaction. XMG recovery was decreased as the size of wood chips was increased. At an optimum condition (reaction condition= 170℃, 0.1% sulfuric acid, 1ml/min, 10min, leaching condition=0.1% sulfuric acid, 2mL/min, 20 min), the product yield and the sugar concentration were about 92% and 2.7%, respectively.

해안지역에서 지하수 순환 특성 규명은 지하수 자원의 효율적 관리 측면에서 매우 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 물수지 분석법을 이용하여 지하수 침누수량을 산정하였다. 증발산량은 Thornthwaite 방법으로 계산하였으며, 지표 직접유출량은 SCS-CN 방법으로 산정하였다. 지하수 저류량 변화는 229 mm/년로 30년 평균 강수량 1286 mm/년의 17.8%에 해당하며, 증발산량은 693 mm/년 (53.9%), 지표 직접유출량은 124 mm/년 (9.6%)로 산정되었다. 강우량과 지하수 저류량 변화 사이에는 강우량과 증발산량, 강우량과 지표 직접유출량에 비해 상관성이 높게 나타난다. 이는 증발산량 및 지표 직접유출량 보다 지하수저류량 변화가 강우량에 대해서 더 민감하게 반응한다는 것을 반영한다.

Estimation of groundwater hydrologic cycle pattern is one of the most critical issues in sustainable management of groundwater resources in coastal area. This study estimated groundwater percolation by using the water balance methodology and hydrogeological characteristics of land use and soil. Evapotranspiration was computed by using the Thornthwaite method, and surface runoff was determined by using the SCS-CN technique. Groundwater storage change was obtained as 229 mm/a (17.8% of the average annual rainfall, 1286 mm/a), with 693 mm/a (60.1%) of evapotranspiration and 124 mm/a (9.6%) of surface runoff. Rainfall and groundwater storage change was highly correlated, comparing with the relationships between rainfall and evapotranspiration, and between rainfall and surface runoff. This result indicates that groundwater storage change responds more sensitively to precipitation than evapotranspiration and surface runoff.

고강도 콘크리트의 폭렬현상을 억제하여 내화 성능을 개선하기 위한 방법으로 고온에서 수증기가 콘크리트 표면으로 이동할 수 있도록 경로를 제공하여 주는 섬유를 혼입하는 방안이 있다. 섬유를 혼입하여 콘크리트의 폭렬을 억제하는 방법은 고온에 의해 콘크리트 내부에서 용융되는 섬유에 의해 만들어지는 통로가 서로 연결되어 고압의 수증기를 콘크리트 외부로 이동시킬 수 있을 때 효과가 있다. 수증기가 배출될 통로를 형성하는 섬유의 연결성에 대한 percolation 이론을 섬유혼입 고강도 콘크리트의 내화실험 결과에 적용하였다. 본 연구에서는 percolation 이론과 섬유혼입 고강도 콘크리트의 폭렬 발생의 연관성을 분석하였고, 섬유혼입 고강도 콘크리트 가상 시편을 이용하여 내부 섬유 입자가 서로 연결되어 있는 것을 입체적으로 구현하고 일정 부피비의 섬유가 혼입되었을 때 수증기 배출 통로가 확보되는 것을 확인하였다.

To improve fire-resistance of a high strength concrete against explosive spalling under elevated temperature, fibers can be mixed with concrete to provide flow paths of evaporated water within concrete to the free surface. The fiber-mix concrete approach is effective against explosive spalling when the flow path generated from melting fibers at the elevated temperature is interconnected to transport high pressurized evaporated water from the inside concrete to the free surface. The percolation theory can identify the connectivity of the fibers and provide an estimate of the fire-resistance of concrete by investigating layout of fibers. In this study, the correlation between percolation theory and explosive spalling of fiber-mixed high strength concrete is analyzed and the connectivity of the fiber in concrete is stereologically investigated by using virtual specimens of fiber-mixed high strength concrete.

Polyimides and related polymers, when synthesized from aromatic monomers, have generally rigid chain structures resulting in a low gas permeability. The rigidity of polymer chains reduces the segmental motion of chains and works as a good barrier against gas transport. To overcome the limit of use as materials of gas separation membranes due to low gas permeability, block copolymers with the incorporation of flexible segments like siloxane linkage and ether linkage have been studied. These block copolymers have microphase-separated structures composed of microdomains of flexible poly(dimethylsiloxane) or polyether segments and of rigid polyimides segments. In case of rigid-flexible block copolymers, the characteristics of both phases for gas permeation are of great difference. The permeation of gas molecules occurs favorably through microdomains of flexible segments, whereas those of rigid segments hinder the permeation of gas molecules. Accordingly the increase of content of flexible segments in a rigid polymer matrix will increase the gas permeability of the membrane linearly. However, this prediction does not satisfy enough many experimental results and in particular the drastic increase of the permeability is observed in a certain volume fraction. It was proposed that the gas transport mechanism is dominated by diffusion rather than gas solubility in a certain content of flexible phase if solution-diffusion mechanism is adopted. However, the transition from solubility-dependent to diffusion-dependent cannot be explained by the understanding of mechanism itself. Therefore, we consider an effective chemical path which permeable phase can form in a microheterogenous medium, and percolation concept is introduced to describe the permeability transition at near threshold where for the first time a percolation path occurs. The volume fraction of both phases is defined as V$_{\alpha}$ and V$_{\beta}$ in block copolymers, and the volume of $\beta$ phase in the threshold forming geometrically a traversing channel is defined as V$_{\betac}$. The formation mechanism of shortest chemical channel is schematically depicted in Fig. 1.

A dynamic Monte Carlo percolation grid simulation is used to predict the cure behaviour of thermoset materials. Molecules are distributed in a fixed grid and a probability of reaction is assigned to each pair of neighbouring units considering both reaction rates and diffusion. The concentration and network characteristics are predicted throughout the whole curing process and compared to experimental data for an epoxy-amine matrix.

This paper investigates the change of the percolation threshold in the carbon powder-filled polystyrene matrix composites based on the experimental results of changes in the resistivity and relative permittivity of the carbon powder filling, the electric field dependence of the current, and the critical exponent of conductivity. In this research, the percolation behavior, the critical exponent of resistivity, and electrical conduction mechanism of the carbon powder-filled polystyrene matrix composites are discussed based on a study of the overall change in the resistivity. It was found that the formation of infinite clusters is interrupted by a tunneling gap in the volume fraction of the carbon powder filling, where the change in the resistivity is extremely large. In addition, it was found that the critical exponent of conductivity for the universal law of conductivity is satisfied if the percolation threshold is estimated at the volume fraction of carbon powder where non-ohmic current behavior becomes ohmic. It was considered that the mechanism for changing the gaps between the carbon powder aggregates into ohmic contacts is identical to that of the connecting conducting phases above the percolation threshold in a random resister network system. The electric field dependence is discussed with a tunneling mechanism. It is concluded that the percolation threshold should be defined at this volume fraction (the second transition of resistivity for the carbon powder-filled polystyrene matrix composites) of carbon powder.

이 연구는 Rock-dust로 채워진 농업 용지(Technosol)의 환경에서 물이 보이는 침투성과 삼투성의 특정을 파악하고자 수행되었다. 이 실험은 A와 B 두 장소에서 이루어졌으며 피실험지의 토양층은 각각 4가지 층으로 분류되었다. 모든 토양층의 토성은 미사질 양토로 분석되었으며 장소 A의 가장 낮은 층에서만은 양질사토였다. 두 토양에서, 각 토양층에 대한 용적밀도는 $1.49g{\cdot}cm^{-3}$을 대체로 상회하였으며, 이는 통상적인 medium textured mineral soil의 $1.25g{\cdot}cm^{-3}$을 크게 웃도는 값이다. 경운 직후 측정된 장소 A의 표토는 이보다 낮았다. 두 토양 표면에서의 $P_2O_5$의 집적은 각각 1962 (A), 1613 (B)$mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$이었다. 이러한 집적은 3.2~6.5번에 걸쳐서 $300{\sim}500mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$만큼 작물 생장에 알맞은 규모로 이루어졌다. 두 토양 표변에서의 Infiltration rate는 3.54 (A), 2.85 (B)$cm{\cdot}hr^{-1}$이었으나 각 토양층에 대한 percolation rate는 0.3 이하 (A), 0.003 이하 (B)$cm{\cdot}hr^{-1}$였다. 이러한 결과들은 표토가 동의 작용을 받은 반면 심토는 암분의 농업용지 형성 과정에서 생겨난 구조적인 문제인 바위 부스러기의 응집과 농업기계에 대한 다짐현상으로 인한 것임을 의미한다고 여겨진다.

This study was carried for the understanding of infiltration and percolation characteristics of water in agricultural land filled with rock-dust (Technosols). The experiment was performed at two sites (A, B), and soil horizons of the sites were classified with 4 layers, respectively. The soil texture of all soil horizons was analyzed with silt loam (SiL) except for the soil texture, which was loamy sand (LS), at the lowest horizon of measurement site A. The bulk densities at each horizon of two soils were mostly over $1.49g{\cdot}cm^{-3}$, which is very higher than $1.25g{\cdot}cm^{-3}$ of typical medium-textured mineral soil, except for the surface of site A measured immediately after tillage. The concentrations of $P_2O_5$ at surface of two soils s were 1962 (A), 1613 (B) $mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, respectively. These concentrations are 3.2~6.5 times of $300{\sim}500mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, which is the optimum concentration for crop growth. Infiltration rates at surface of the soils were 3.54 (A), 2.85 (B) cm $hr^{-1}$, but percolation rates at soil horizons under the surface were below 0.3 (A), below 0.003 (B) cm $hr^{-1}$. These results would be because the surface soils were managed by tillage and crop planting etc., but soils under surface were formed with structural problems occurred at the formation time of agricultural land accumulated with rock-dust or a compaction by farm machines.

This article covers the fundamentals of percolation phenomenon giving emphasis to the percolation concept involved in disordered electrochemical systems. After a brief discourse on the basic concepts of percolation theory, the geometrical properties and fractality of percolation clusters were presented. Then, anomalous behaviours of diffusion in percolation clusters were explained in terms of the fractal structures of the infinite percolation clusters. Finally, the conductivity-related properties of composite ionic materials were shortly discussed on the basis of percolation theory from practical points of view.

In order to send the information certainly via the network against the packet lost caused by hardware troubles or limitation of packet transferring, we must construct reliable network infrastructure. However, it is difficult to construct comfortable network early if we construct rely on the prediction or the experience through a lot of troubles. In this paper, we propose the method to construct reliable network infrastructure based on the computer network simulation. This simulation is based on the percolation model. Percolation model is known as the model that represents connections. We gave some simulations for the various network topologies: the square lattice network, the cubic lattice network, and the full connection type network.

Conductive polymer composites (CPCs) consist of a polymeric matrix and a conductive filler, for example, carbon black, carbon fibers, graphite or carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The critical amount of the electrically conductive filler necessary to build up a continuous conductive network, and accordingly, to make the material conductive; is referred to as the percolation threshold. From technical and economical viewpoints, it is desirable to decrease the conductive-filler percolation-threshold as much as possible. In this study, we investigated the effect of polymer/conductive-filler interactions, as well as the processing and morphological development of low-percolation-threshold (${\Phi}c$) conductive-polymer composites. The aim of the study was to produce conductive composites containing less multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs) than required for pure polypropylene (PP) through two approaches: one using various mixing methods and the other using immiscible polymer blends. Variants of the conductive PP composite filled with MWCNT was prepared by dry mixing, melt mixing, mechanofusion, and compression molding. The percolation threshold (${\Phi}c$) of the MWCNT-PP composites was most successfully lowered using the mechanofusion process than with any other mixing method (2-5 wt%). The mechanofusion process was found to enhance formation of a percolation network structure, and to ensure a more uniform state of dispersion in the CPCs. The immiscible-polymer blends were prepared by melt mixing (internal mixer) poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF, PP/PVDF, volume ratio 1:1) filled with MWCNT.