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과거의 프랜차이징은 환대산업에 있어 패스트푸드업와 외식업에서 주로 사용되었다. 최근에는 호텔업에 있어 프랜차이징을 통한 체인의 활발한 확장이 이루어지고 있다. 그러나, 호텔 프랜차이징에 영향을 미치는 요인에 대한 연구는 그리 많지 않은 실정이다. 본 연구의 목적은 특정 프랜차이징을 어떻게 선택하는 지에 관한 프랜차이지의 인식을 알아보는 것이다. 이를 위해, 먼저 프랜차이징의 개념과 역사적인 배경을 이해하고 프랜차이징의 장․단점을 파악하였다. 다국적 호텔 프랜차이지의 인식을 조사하기 위해 개별 집중면접이 사용되었으며 12개의 다국적 호텔이 연구표본으로 선택되었다. 프랜차이징을 하게 되는 하는 주된 이유는 세계적인 인지도, 관련 서비스의 제공, 용이한 시장침투, 브랜드 충성고객, 재무적 혜택 등의 여섯 가지 요인이었다. 명성, 브랜드 이미지, 프랜차이저의 경험, 예약시스템, 광고와 홍보, 마케팅과 전략적 계획, 교육 프로그램 등이 특정 프랜차이징 시스템을 선택하게 되는 주요 요인으로 밝혀졌다.

Alcohol and Alcohol Problem Perception Questionnaire(AAPPQ)는 음주문제를 가진 클라이언트와의 실천에 대한 사회복지사의 태도를 측정하는 유용한 도구이다. 본 연구는 한국어판 AAPPQ의 신뢰도와 타당도를 객관적으로 평가하여 음주문제를 가진 클라이언트와의 실천에 대한 사회복지사의 태도를 파악하는데 적합한 도구인지 밝히는 것을 목적으로 한다. 본 연구는 사회복지 분야에서 근무하는 사회복지사 243명이 조사에 참여하였다. AAPPQ 원척도는 역할적절성, 역할정당성, 역할지지, 의지 및 동기, 업무특수적 자아존중감, 업무만족의 6요인 30문항으로 구성되어 있으나 분석 결과 역할적절성, 역할지지, 업무만족, 역할정당성의 4요인 16문항이 도출되었다. 한국어판 AAPPQ의 하위요인별 신뢰도는 .74에서 .93으로 양호하였다. 한국어판 AAPPQ와 이론적 상관관계가 있는 것으로 예상한 치료낙관 척도와 음주 관련 직접서비스 업무 비율과도 정적 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타나 수렴타당도가 확보되었다. 한국어판 AAPPQ의 개발로 음주문제 클라이언트와의 실천에 관한 태도 연구가 활성화되기를 바란다.

Alcohol and Alcohol Problem Perception Questionnaire (AAPPQ) is an instrument measuring professionals’ attitude toward working with clients who have alcohol problems. The purpose of this study is to evaluate if a Korean version of the AAPPQ is an appropriate instrument to measure the attitude of social workers in South Korea. A total of 243 social workers participated in the study. The original version of the AAPPQ has 6 factors and 30 items, but the results of a series of exploratory factor analyses showed that the Korean version has 4 factors and 16 items. Its reliability was satisfactory. Results also showed its satisfactory validity manifesting the expected significant relationships with theoretical variables. With the development of the Korean version of the AAPPQ, it is expected that more research on social workers’ attitudes toward practice with clients having alcohol problem will be conducted.

Body positive movement has emerged to challenge the prevalent media Body positive movement has emerged to challenge the prevalent media depictions of thin-ideal bodies. Yet, there is not enough empirical evidence to depictions of thin-ideal bodies. Yet, there is not enough empirical evidence to evaluate the effectiveness of body positive content on social media. Based on evaluate the effectiveness of body positive content on social media. Based on social comparison theory, this study examines the psychological and affective social comparison theory, this study examines the psychological and affective outcomes of body positive images on Instagram, along with the moderating outcomes of body positive images on Instagram, along with the moderating role of social comparison. A 3 (body image type: thin ideal vs. neutral vs. body role of social comparison. A 3 (body image type: thin ideal vs. neutral vs. body positive images) × 2 (state social comparison: high vs. low) online experiment positive images) × 2 (state social comparison: high vs. low) online experiment was conducted. Results revealed that body positive images led to greater positive was conducted. Results revealed that body positive images led to greater positive mood. Higher social comparison was related to lower body perceptions, less mood. Higher social comparison was related to lower body perceptions, less positive mood, and more negative mood while showing moderating effects positive mood, and more negative mood while showing moderating effects between image type and positive mood. Findings suggest that body positive between image type and positive mood. Findings suggest that body positive images on social media contribute to positive affective responses, where social images on social media contribute to positive affective responses, where social comparison can be a key to understanding the underlying mechanism.

This study investigates whether current doctoral students who need to write doctoral dissertations are aware of research ethics, antipathy towards research irregularities, and the effectiveness of online research ethics education. Additionally, this study examines the differences in perceptions of online research ethics education and research irregularities based on gender, grade, nationality, and experience in online research ethics education. The E-STAT 2.0 and Korean Social Science Data Center's online survey tool are used for data analysis and collection. Regarding the perceived effectiveness of online research ethics education, recognition of research irregularities, and acceptability of research irregularities, five-point Likert scale questions were used to gather data on gender and grade. The results of the t-test show that female students have a statistically significant positive perception of the effectiveness of online research ethics education compared to male students. Additionally, female students have a statistically significant normative cognition in terms of recognizing and accepting research irregularities compared to male students. The ANOVA test results indicate that first-year students have a significantly lower perception of the effectiveness of online research ethics education compared to students in other grades. However, there is no statistically significant difference in recognizing research irregularities and accepting research irregularities based on grade. There is no statistical difference in the perception of the effectiveness of online research ethics education, recognition of research irregularities, and acceptability of research irregularities between Korean and foreign students. Finally, the experience of online research ethics education has a statistically significant positive effect on the perception of its effectiveness.

The study examined perception of library personnel towards social media utilization for information service delivery in kwara state university library. It adopted the descriptive survey design with population consisting of 27 professional librarians in three selected university libraries in kwara State. Total enumerative sampling techniques were used because the population of the study is manageable by the researcher. Percentage and mean were used in analyzing the data. Primary data solicited would be cleaned, coded and entered into the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 software for quantitative analysis. The findings of the study revealed the services rendered by library professional in university libraries in Kwara State, are Current Awareness Services (CAS), Photocopying services, Technical Services, Circulation/borrowing services, Internet services, and Bibliographic verification services. Majority of the respondent indicated Myspace, Google plus, Flickr, Telegram, Twitter, WhatsApp and Facebook are the social media platforms used for service delivery by librarians. Also, majority of the respondents in university libraries indicated Google plus, LinkedIn, Myspace, Skype, WhatsApp, Flickr, WeChat, Twitter and Facebook as social media space use for information service delivery effectively and Bandwidth problem, Limited fund, Lack of maintenance culture, Lack of Awareness, Copyright Issue, Technophobia are the major challenges inhibiting the use of social media for service delivery by the library staff. Lastly, the study concluded with recommendations.

This paper focuses on the recent trends in digital implementation technology and its relationship with cultural heritage restoration. Cultural heritage consists of tangible and intangible elements, including monuments and folklore cultural assets. The utilization of digital restoration and visualization techniques offers boundless possibilities beyond mere technical reproduction, shedding new light on the historical characteristics and values of humanity. Such research is regarded as an essential output that captures the profound social, cultural, and economic significance of cultural heritage. Digital restoration, reflecting Jean Baudrillard's concept of 'Simulacra,' serves as a crucial tool to reinterpret past civilizations based on historical evidence for the public. Through this process, profound insights can be gained from various fields such as society, economy, art, religion, and lifestyle. This approach signifies that the digital restoration transcends its mere technical aspect and helps in understanding its academic significance.

These papers surveyed the respondents' Awareness and perception of Plagiarism among the Faculty members and research scholars of higher educational institutions in Dindigul District, Tamil Nadu. The 500 questionnaires were distributed among the participants, 456 questionnaires were filled and returned for usable by the respondents and remaining not replied. The responses rate is 91.2%. Further among 222 Male re- spondents, 11.18% of them are having Aware, 10.75% of them in Learning, 10.53% are with Fair and 76(16.23%) of them are Expert. Similarly out of 234 Female respondents, 16.45% of them has No Idea, 7.02% of them have Aware, 10.09% of them in Learning, 8.99% are with Fair and 8.77% of them are Expert.

Purpose: This study examined the level of self-esteem and awareness of sexual harassment among college students majoring in physical therapy to discover the status of sexual harassment and the types of and responses to sexual harassment at clinical training sites. Methods: The study participants included 195 college students majoring in physical therapy in Gyeonggi and Chungcheong provinces, who responded fully to the survey questionnaire. The data were prepared through self-reporting on a structured questionnaire and collected from September to November 2018. Results: The difference in the mean value of self-esteem was evident between the two groups investigated. The most common types of sexual harassment were verbal, visual, and physical. The types of damage reported by the participants were emotional, physical, and social. The group of participants who experienced sexual harassment had a high rate of avoidance, while the group of participants who did not experience sexual harassment exhibited a high rate of coping. Conclusion: The incidence of verbal sexual harassment was reported to be significantly higher, and the emotional damage was the most serious. Students should be provided with more specific and realistic preventive education or countermeasures so they can respond more proactively to real situations.

This study examined the perception and use of web 2.0 applications for academic purposes by medical students of Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma. The objective was to investigate the medical students' perceptions of web 2.0 applications, web 2.0 tools use, extent of use, perception and purpose for using web 2.0 applications. Descriptive survey method was used for this study. The total population of this study was 3670 and the sample size was 367 representing 10% of the study. The purposive sampling technique was adopted, and the instrument used for this study was questionnaire, a total of 367 copies were administered and 321 were found useful for the study. Percentage means and standard deviation on table and chart were used to analyze the data collected using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. Findings showed that the perception of web 2.0 applications of medical students AAU was positive and few of web 2.0 applications were used for academic purposes. It was recommended in the study that medical students should be provided with the facilities in a format more familiar to them and used by most of them and institutions need to equip the learning process with the needed facilities which will be of utmost benefit even for future purposes.

The purpose of the study is to identify the perception of the Library and Information Science (LIS) specialists about the use of mobile phones in retrieving information. It investigates the present status of the LIS specialists regarding mobile phone usage, perceptions regarding the use of mobile phones in retrieving information from libraries and points out the possible drawbacks and their solutions for embracing mobile phones in retrieving information from libraries and providing some suggestions. The methodology includes a quantitative approach. The authors used a survey method using a structured questionnaire to measure the perception of LIS specialists regarding the use of mobile phones in retrieving information from libraries. The findings confirmed that the majority (72%) of LIS specialists have the experience of using mobile phones for more than 10 years. Findings also indicate that the LIS specialists have agreed with the statements of advantages of using mobile phones. This paper concludes that the respondents also agreed regarding the possible advantages of introducing mobile phones in retrieving information from libraries. The paper explores the original perceptions of LIS specialists regarding the use of mobile phones in retrieving information from libraries.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the physical therapists' perception of the use of gait measures, the frequency of the gait measures used, and also to identify the barriers that limit the use of these assessment tools. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Physical therapists from the Seoul, Gyeonggi area from March to July 2016 were included in the study. Over the course of 18 weeks, a cross-sectional study was conducted with a self-report questionnaire. A total of 700 questionnaires were distributed and 350 questionnaires (50%) were collected, however with the exclusion of 140 questionnaires due to non-consent, a total of 210 questionnaires (30%) were analysed. Results: Out of the 10 standardized assessment tools, the therapists showed the highest perception for the timed up and go test (TUG [n=153, 72.9%]) and they also had high perception for the 10 meters walk test (10MWT [n=149, 71.0%]), and 6-minute walk test (6MWT [n=123, 58.6%]). The respondents answered that the TUG (n=116, 55.2%), 10MWT (n=100, 47.6%), and 6MWT (n=51, 24.3%) was used the most often. On the contrary, only four (1.9%) therapists have used the Chedoke-McMaster stroke assessment and the Rivermead Mobility Index. The lack of time was considered as the most important barrier to the use of assessment tools in clinical practice. Conclusions: Through this study, it has been shown that the domestic physical therapists used the TUG and the 10MWT mainly due to high recognition and evaluation status; however, the lack of time was the greatest impediment to the clinical application of the gait assessment tools.

The purpose of this study was to identify the perception of nurse experts on the contribution of nursing interventions to Nursing Outcomes Classification NOC nursing outcomes. A nursing outcome is a nursing-sensitive patient outcome primarily affected by nursing interventions. As one of the standardized language systems of nursing outcomes, the NOC must be examined for applicability before it is used in Korea. Data were collected in February and March 2003 using a 5-point Likert scale. For data collection, 230 quality improvement (QI) or quality assurance (QA) nurses from general hospitals in Korea were asked to rate the extent that nursing interventions contribute to each of the NOC nursing outcomes (2000) in their hospitals. Ninety-six nurses from 63 hospitals responded and the response rate was $41.7\%$. Mean scores for perception of contribution of nursing interventions to each of the NOC nursing outcomes ranged from 2.18 to 4.54. Vital Signs Status had the highest score (M = 4.54), and Abuse Recovery: Financial, the lowest score (M = 2.18). Of the seven NOC domains, the mean score was highest for Physiologic Health (M = 3.91) and lowest for Community Health (M = 2.92). Of the 29 NOC classes, the mean score for perceived contribution was highest for Metabolic Regulation (M = 4.32) and lowest for Community Well-Being (M = 2.92). Participants perceived that nursing interventions in general hospitals in Korea contributed, at least to a certain extent, to most of the NOC nursing outcomes. Based on these results, NOC should have relatively good applicability in Korea.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the perceptions of precocious puberty and elucidate the distinct characteristics of each type of perception related to precocious puberty among school-aged children who had undergone treatment for the condition. Methods: This study applied the Q methodology to identify and classify the perceptions of precocious puberty among school-aged children who had undergone treatmentfor the condition. The analysis involved 34 questions from the Q sample and data from 35 individuals in the P sample, using the PC-QUANL Program for analysis. Results: The perceptions of precocious puberty among school-aged children who had undergone precocious puberty treatment were classified into the following four types: "shyness - passive self-management," "resentment - suppression," "anxiety - fear," and "adaptation - acceptance." Conclusion: This study investigated the experiences and perceptions of children who have undergone treatment for precocious puberty. Through the identification of four types of perceptions, we can see that there is a need to develop an intervention program for nursing that is tailored to the specific type of precocious puberty.

The recent #MeToo Movement has triggered controversies in South Korea, where gender parity has not been entirely achieved. Recently, it has brought about subtle and implicit forms of discrimination in the workplace, one of which is the so-called “Pence Rule” behavior, that is, the deliberate avoidance of female workers for fear of being accused of sexual misconduct. An experiment was conducted wherein participants who are undergraduate students (i.e., future would-be workers) were asked to work with a hypothetical woman whose opinion (i.e., textual cue) and physical appearance (i.e., visual cue) were differently manipulated, either consistently or inconsistently, with widespread stereotypical views of feminists. The results show that the Pence Rule behavior is the behavioral realization of a stereotypical perception of feminists, and this effect is augmented among participants showing higher propensity for social dominance orientation (SDO), i.e., belief in existing intergroup inequality and hierarchy. Interestingly, there is a positive relationship between SDO and propensity for subtle discriminatory behaviors toward a hypothetical woman who has feminist opinions or physical appearance, among both, male and female participants alike. The theoretical and practical implications of our findings are discussed with potential limitations and a commentary on the future of gender equality in the workplace.

The purpose of this study was to investigate crucial factors on HACCP system implementation in domestic livestockproduct plants, and to offer job satisfaction and the career prospect of HACCP system operators. The survey wascarried out by selecting 150 HACCP system operators who implemented HACCP system. The respondents claimedthat the most important contents in HACCP system operation were to assemble HACCP team (21.8%), and thesecond was to monitoring (20.0%). Documentation and recording (16.9%) and verification (11.1%) were followed. The respondents answered the major factor in sanitation management was cleaning/washing/disinfection (18.9%)and inspection (18.4%). The results showed that there were significant differences in the prospect of occupationin HACCP system operator by the gender (p < 0.015), age, livestock product facilities, service period, and position(p < 0.001). The respondents from HACCP system operator were satisfied with their job (73%) and also showedoptimistic prospect of occupation (82%).

The present study investigated perception of biological motion (BM) focusing on two issues. Although it has been reported that the right posterior region of the superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) is more strongly activated than the left pSTS when viewing BM, the reason is not well understood. Second, most previous studies have focused on the accuracy of BM perception while reaction time (RT) to BM compared with other motion signals remains relatively unknown. BM and non-BM stimuli were briefly presented in each (left and right) visual field in Task 1. In Task 2, the same stimuli were displayed at the center. RT and accuracy were measured in both tasks. To explore a possible perceptual correlate of the neural anisotropy in the pSTS, RT and accuracy between the two visual fields were compared (Task 1). To examine the efficiency of BM processing, RT and accuracy differences between BM and non-BM were examined (Task 1 and Task 2). The result from Task 1 demonstrated that RT was faster and accuracy was higher when BM was presented in the left visual field. This suggests a perceptual correlate of greater right pSTS activation associated with BM perception. The results from Task 1 and Task 2 revealed that BM was detected more quickly and accurately than non-BM, suggesting that BM processing is more efficient than other global motion processing when information is limited by brief exposure. Analysis of error trials from the two tasks also suggests a perceptual bias of judging ambiguous motion signals as BM.

The purpose of this research is to evaluate teachers' perception of Korean's achievement standard-based testing system (ASTS) and its process of implementation, and to propose a method of evaluating students' academic aptitude based on university entrance examinations. The core of the 2015 Revised National Curriculum is asserted by changes in classroom instruction, specifically encouraging students' participation in class based on a new method to evaluate student achievement. A total of 124 teachers in charge of student career counseling in middle and high schools in the Jeonbuk province participated in the study. The schools implementing the new method of ASTS were using 61.6% for unit school cut-off point, as opposed to the existing fixed cut-off point of 38.4%. The teachers understanding of the achievement evaluation method was rated 3.54 on the 5-point Likert scale, implying that they had a relatively good understanding of the method. Some of the challenges associated with reflecting the scores from the new student ASTS include difficulty of comparing scores across schools; grade inflation; advantages and disadvantages associated with the type of high school; and the increased importance of university entrance examination. In the ASTS, the fairness during the evaluation of the high school grades and the consequently the reliability of the evaluation prove worrying. As an ultimate result, selecting students based on university admissions data became untrustworthy. There should be further discussions on how students' achievement obtained from the new ASTS should be applied during the university admission process and how students' academic aptitude can be assessed in order to set a direction for secondary school education.

Purpose: There have been global initiatives and efforts over the last decade to manage patient safety. Thus aims of this study were to examine university hospital nurses' perceptions of patient safety culture and levels of safety control, and to identify factors that affect patient safety management activities. Methods: Participants were 222 nurses who had worked as nurses for more than one year and who conducted patient safety management activities at a university hospital. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis with SPSS/WIN 20.0 computer program. Results: General factors which positively impacted nurses' patient safety management were total length of work in nursing, total length of work in present hospital, and experience of a patient safety accident along with safety factors of perception of communication about accident related events and frequency of reporting accident events. These variables explained 45% of the variance in patient safety management activities. Conclusion: The findings from this study suggest solutions to promote patient safety management activities in hospitals and provide basic background for nursing education intervention strategies to promote safety control and patient safety management activities intended for nurses.