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The purpose of this paper is to present a proper analysis on the syntactic structure of the English dative constructions. English dative constructions contain two objects, as in (ia,b). (i) a. John gave a book to Mary. b. John gave Mary a book. The construction in (ib) contains a direct object -a book- and an indirect object -Mary-. In syntactic theory, this construction raises two major problems. The first problem involves Case theory and the assumption that adjacency is required between an object and the verb that case-marks it. The second problem concerns the exact syntactic position of both objects. Until now, within the binary-branching framework, two major approaches to English dative constructions have emerged. The first approach treats dative constructions as a special case of small clause constructions. Proposals of this type include Chomsky1981, Stowell1981, Kayne1984, Aoun & Li1989, and Johnson1991. Secondly, a number of researchers have proposed analysis in which the verb combines with an NP or PP to form a "complex predicate", which takes another VP-internal object as its "inner subject. " Recent proposals of this kind include Larson1988 and Bowers1993. However, the small clause theory has had great difficulty in finding a plausible justification for the case of a direct object and the exact syntactic position of both objects. Also, the complex predicate theory cannot account for the surface position of the direct object between the parts of the complex predicate. Thus, we have argued that English dative constructions can be explained by the semantic and pragmatic analysis than by the syntactic analysis. That is, we claim that the two objects of the double object construction can be distinguished as the target (indirect object) and the patient (direct object), considering the meaning and function of verbs.

The book, published in 2001, is a kind of encyclopedic one, focusing on the mediterranean economy and development. It comprises two main parts which contain twelve chapters in total. The book explores the criticism of the political economy and the many geographies of the Mediterranean Basin with chapters on the Mediterranean environment, geopolitics, economic development, trade, demography, migration, cities, tourism, landscapes,mountains and islands. Written by an international

The book has been published in 2009 by focusing on the plurality of European Welfare System. It comprises three main parts which contains thirty chapters in total. The book is very comprehensive in the context that it gives the overviews of the welfare policy of all current twenty-seven EU (European Union) member states. The chapters are contributed by related forty-six scholars from all over twenty-seven EU member states. The book can be considered as pre-comparative.

The Scientific Community, written by Warren O. Hagstrom in 1965, is one of the pioneering and classical books in the sociology of science. It is based upon his own focused interview data with the sample of 76 university scientists, besides 3 other professionals and 11 graduate students and 2 technicians, in disciplinary areas of the basic. And it also is using such raw data and secondary analyses as Bernard Berelsons’s survey of 2,331American scientists, Robert Wenkert and Roderic Fredrickson’s survey of 890 scientists at the University of California, Berkeley, and William Kornhauser’s interview material with scientists in industry. In this work Hagstrom advanced a systematic sociological theory of science, from a Durkheimian tradition, emphasizing such that the order of a society is generated and maintained through moral sentiments came out of mutual interactions among its individual members rooted in “sacred things,” whether they are objects, symbols, or values.

이 논문은 에라스무스의 저서 Enchiridion Militis Christiani (1503)에 미친 성 아우구스티누스의 저서 De Doctrina Christiana (『그리스도교 교양』, 396, 426/7)의 영향을 구명하는 데에 초점이 맞추어져 있다. 에라스무스의 『엥키리디온』과 아우구스티누스의 『그리스도교 교양』은 모두 성경해석에 관한 책이다. 두 사람 모두 고대 학문이, 특히 플라톤 철학이 성경의 해석에 사용될 수 있다고 보았다. 에라스무스는 플라톤 철학이 “예언서들과 복음서의 정신에”(CWE, v. 66, p. 33) 그리고 플라톤주의자들의 비유라는 표현법이 “성경의 언어에”(p. 69) 매우 가깝다고 보았다. 에라스무스는 “신비를 밝히려 할 때, 마음대로 추측해서는 안 되며... 『그리스도교 교양』의 저자인 아우구스티누스에 의해 전해 내려온 방식과 기술을 배울 것”(p. 127)을 역설한다. 그는 스콜라 철학자들은 “문자에 더 얽매이고 신비를 해석하기보다는 소피스트적 섬세함에 얽매인다”(pp. 34-35)고 비판하며, 스콜라 철학자들보다 교부들의 “경건(pietas)이 더 입증되었는데... 그들의 해석은 신성한 신비에 더 적합하기 때문이다”(p. 35)라고 그 이유를 밝히고 있다. 그의 경건은 그의 성경해석론과 긴밀한 관계를 맺고 있는 셈이다. 『엥키리디온』의 1518년판에 서론 격으로 덧붙여진 Hugshofen(훅스호펜) 수도원장 폴 볼츠에게 쓴 헌정 편지에서 “우리가 할 수 있는 한 그것(주: 그리스도의 철학)을 모든 사람에게 쉽고도 열려 있는 것으로 돌려주어야 합니다(ut eam quam fieri potest, reddamus facilliman, omnibus expositam). 우리의 목적은 우리 자신의 학식을 자랑하는 것이 아니라, 할 수 있는 한 많은 사람을 그리스도의 삶으로 이끄는 것이어야 합니다(sed ut quamplurimos ad Christianam vitam pelliciamus)”(p. 9). 그가 스콜라 철학을 비판한 궁극적인 이유는 그것이 평신도를 위한 사목과 긴밀한 관련을 맺고 있지 않은 데에 있음을 알 수 있다. 그가 ‘그리스도의 철학’이라는 용어를 최초로 사용한 저서는 그의 신학성경 연구서인 Novum Instrumentum 초판(1516)의 서론으로 쓴 Paraclesis (παράκλησις)라고 한다. ‘그리스도의 철학’이라는 개념의 일부가 사목에 관련된 것이라면, 그 개념이 적어도 『엥키리디온』에까지는 거슬러 올라가 형성되기 시작한 것이라고 말할 수 있겠다. 아우구스티누스의 『그리스도교 교양』의 마지막 권인 제4권의 서두에서 “성경 연구 전체가 달려 있는 사안이 둘 있다. 깨달아야 할 바를 파악하는 방법(modus inueniendi quae intellegenda sunt)과 깨달은 바를 전달하는 방법(modus proferendi quae intellecta sunt)이 그것이다. (『그리스도교 교양』, 4.1.1)” 그는 설교에서 수사학의 필요성을 다음과 같이 역설한다. “수사학의 기술을 통해서 진리 또는 허위를 (상대방에게) 설득시키는 것이라면(Nam cum per artem rhetoricam et uera suadeantur et falsa), 허위에 대항해서 진리를 옹호하는 사람들을 (수사학의 기교로) 무장시킬 필요가 없다는 말을 누가 감히 하겠는가?(4.2.3)” 아우구스티누스가 『그리스도교 교양』에서 성경해석론에 관한 1-3권의 저술에 그치지 않고 설교술에 관한 제4권까지 저술했다는 것은 그가 평신도를 위한 사목을 얼마나 중시하였는가를 보여준다. 결국 그의 성경해석이 신학자들 사이의 논쟁에 그치지 않고 최종적으로는 에라스무스의 표현대로 “할 수 있는 한 많은 사람들을 그리스도의 삶으로 이끄는 것”에 있었음을 알 수 있다. 에라스무스는 자 ...

This paper attempts to study the influence of St. Augustine’s De Doctrina Christiana (396/c.426) upon Desiderius Erasmus’ Enchiridion Militis Christiani (1503). Both books are related to the interpretation of the Bible. Erasmus insisted on the allegorical interpretation of the Bible and quoted St. Augustine: “In bringing the mysteries to light you must not follow the conjectures of your own mind, but you must learn the method and the art, so to speak, which was handed down... by Augustine in his De Doctrina Christiana (CWE, v. 66, p. 69).” Both men had the same opinion that ancient learning, expecially Platonism, can be useful to interpret the Bible. Erasmus said that Platonists were the closest “to the spirit of the prophets and of the gospel (ad propheticam evangelicamque figuram, p. 33)” and their mode of expression of allegory were very close to “to the language of Sacred Scripture (ad propheticam evangelicamque figuram, p. 69).” St. Augustine said, “Moreover, if those who are called philosophers, and especially the Platonists, have said aught that is true and in harmony with our faith, we are not only not to shrink from it, but to claim it for our own use (in usum nostrum) from those who have unlawful possession of it (De Doctrina Christiana, 2.40.60).” While Erasmus criticized scholastics as follows that “modern theologians are too willing to stick to the letter and give their attention to sophistic subtleties rather than to the elucidation of the mysteries(pp. 34-5),” St. Augustine(2.31.48) also warned against the danger of the theological debate: “The science of reasoning (disputationis disciplina) is of very great service in searching into and unravelling all sorts of questions that come up in Scripture, only in the use of it we must guard against the love of wrangling (Tantum ibi cavenda est libido rixandi), and the childish vanity of entrapping an adversary. For there are many of what are called sophisms (sophismata), inferences in reasoning that are false, and yet so close an imitation of the true, as to deceive not only dull people, but clever men too, when they are not on their guard.” Erasmus related the patristic interpretation of the Bible to the piety(pietas): “their piety is more proven, their learning more profuse and more experienced, their style neither jejune nor impoverished, and their interpretation more fitted to the sacred mysteries (sacris mysteriis).” In the preface to a new edition of the Enchiridion Militis Christiani, printed in 1518, Erasmus says that “it is right... to make it as easy and as open to all men as we possibly can; and our object should be not to show off our own attainments but to attract as many as we can to the Christian life (sed ut quamplurimos ad Christianam vitam pelliciamus).” The ultimate reason why Erasmus prefers Church Fathers to scholastics in the interpretation of the Bible is related to the ministry for the laity. St. Augustine(4.1.1) says in the beginning of the book 4, the last book of De Doctrina Christiana: “There are two things on which all interpretation of Scripture depends: the mode of ascertaining the proper meaning (modus inueniendi quae intellegenda sunt), and the mode of making known the meaning when it is ascertained (modus proferendi quae intellecta sunt).” He put emphasis on the art of rhetoric of the sermons: “Now, the art of rhetoric being available for the enforcing either of truth or falsehood (Nam cum per artem rhetoricam et uera suadeantur et falsa), who will dare to say that truth in the person of its defenders is to take its stand unarmed against falsehood?... That the former are to tell their falsehoods briefly, clearly, and plausibly, while the latter shall tell the truth in such a way that it is tedious to listen to, hard to understand, and, in fine, not easy to believe it? (4.2.3)” The fact that St. Augustine wrote not only three books on the interpretation of the Bible but also one book on ...

영어에서 외치현상은 문장의 구성요소 보문사구(Complementizer Phrase)나 전치사구(Prepositional Phrase)를 원명사구(source NP)로부터 문미로 이동시키는 운용이다. (1) a. A photo which was taken by the police arrived a'. A photo arrived which was taken by the police. b. A review of Sally's book was sent to him. b'. A review was sent to him of Sally's book. (1a)에서 주어 NP A photograph which was taken by the police로부터 CP which was taken by the police는 (1a')에서와 같이 외치될 수 있다. 또한, (1b)에서는 주어 NP A review of Sally's book으로부터 PP of Sally's latest book 역시 (1b')에서처럼 외치가 가능하다. (1a)에서 arrive는 비대격동사이고, (1b)에서는 타동사 send가 수동구문에서 was sent로 자동사의 역할을 하고 있다. 따라서 (1)에서 비대격동사와 수동구문에서 주어 NP로부터 CP나 PP가 문미로 외치될 수 있다는 것을 알 수 있다. 하지만, 다음의 (2)예문을 살펴보자. (2) a. A man with blond hair whispered. a'. *A man whispered with blond hair. b. A man from Los Angeles criticized Mary yesterday. b'. *A man criticized Mary yesterday from Los Angeles. (2a)에서 주어 NP A man with blond hair로부터 전치사구 PP with blond hairs는 (2a')에서와 같이 외치될 수 없다. 또한, (2b)에서 주어 NP A man from Los Angeles로부터 전치사구 PP from Los Angeles는 (2b')에서처럼 외치가 허용되지 않다. (2a)에서 whisper는 비능격동사이고, (2b)에서 criticize는 타동사이다. (2)에서 (2a', b')의 비문법성은 주어로부터 CP나 PP의 외치가 허용되지 않는다는 것을 보여준다. 이처럼, 비대격동사와 수동동사 구문에서는 (1)에서와 같이 주어의 일부인 CP나 PP는 문미로 외치될 수 있지만, (2)에서처럼 비능격동사와 타동사 구문에서는 문장의 주어에서 어떤 요소도 빠져나갈 수 없다. 먼저 주어로부터의 외치현상에서 나타나는 통사적 특성들을 살펴보았다. 2장에서는 통사적 접근으로서 Move-α 분석인 Johnson(1985)의 비대격 분석과 Kayne(1994)의 좌초 분석, 그리고 Chomsky(1991)의 기저생성 분석과 그 한계점을 고찰할 것이다. 3장은 화용적 접근으로 Guéron(1980)의 의미해석 규칙과 Kuno and Takami(2004)의 담화 제약, 그리고 Enç(1991)의 담화기능적 분석 등을 살펴보겠다. 4장에서는 특정적 주어와 비특정적 주어가 서로 다른 위치를 차지한다. Kiss(1996)의 제안을 받아들여, 특정적 주어는 [Spec, RefP]로, 비특정적 주어는 [Spec, TP]에 위치한다고 제시한다. 마지막으로, 제 5장은 본 논문의 결론이다.

This article investigates extraposition possibilities of complement clauses (CP) or prepositional phrases (PP) out of subject NPs. Movement and non·movement approach have been proposed on extraposition from subjects. But syntactic approach alone has limitations in explaining extractability of CPs or PPs from subject NPs. Building on the semantics of Specificity (Enc1991), this paper offers a discourse-functional account for the puzzling data in extraposition from subjects. In the course of this, this paper introduces a new projection RefP (Kiss1996), extending Split CP of Rizzi(2004). It turns out that (non)specificity of a subject is conclusive to judging the (im)possibility of CP or PP extraposition out of subjects. In a word, extraction of CPs or PPs is only possible when subject NP is discourse-anaphoric, and thus specific in the domain of discourse.

세 보디가드 이야기는 성전 재건 내러티브를 다루고 있는 에스드라스서 안에 포함되어 있다. 에스드라스서는 칠십인역에 속한 책으로 역대하 35-36장, 에스라 1-10장, 느헤미야 7:72[73]-8:13a, 그리고 세 보디가드 이야기로 구성되어 있다. 개신교에서는 외경으로 분류하며, 현재 동방 정교회에서만 두 번째 정경(Deuterocanonical)으로 사용되고 있다. 에스드라스서 자체가 한국 학계에 널리 알려지지 않았기 때문에, 이에 속한 세 보디가드 이야기는 아직 우리말 번역 전문조차 없다. 세 보디가드 이야기는 에스라서에 성전 재건에 큰 역할을 하는 스룹바벨이 주인공으로 펼쳐지는 내러티브다. 세 보디가드 이야기의 전체적인 내용이 구약 성경에서 잘 알려진 인물인 스룹바벨의 이야기이기 때문에 현대뿐만 아니라 고대에도 여러 문헌에서 그 관심도가 발견된다. 예를 들면 어거스틴은 그의 책 󰡔하나님의 도성󰡕에서 세 보디가드 이야기 속의 스룹바벨의 두 번째 연설에서 나타나는 ‘진리’를 메시아적 관점에서 해석하기도 했다. Augustine, City of God, Volume VI: Books 18.36-20, trans. William Chase Greene, LCL 416 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1960), pp. 2–5. 이 외에도 흥미로운 주제가 상당히 많다. 세 보디가드 이야기가 성전 재건 내러티브 안에 왜 포함되었으며 어떤 역할을 하는지, 에스드라스서가 저작된 시점인 헬레니즘 시대에 이 이야기를 읽거나 들었던 독자들에게 어떤 메시지를 전하고자 했는지, 이 이야기 속에 담겨있는 수사적 및 희극적 특징과 유대 문학이 어떻게 통합되어 있는지, 역대기-에스라-느헤미야와의 관계성에 대한 논의 등 다양한 주제에 관한 연구가 가능하다. 본 논문은 이러한 세 보디가드 이야기에 관한 다양한 연구를 진행하기에 앞서 그에 필요한 세 보디가드 이야기 최근 연구동향에 대해 살펴보고자 한다. 이를 통해 이 이야기의 쟁점이 무엇인지, 그리고 이 쟁점을 통해 앞으로의 연구방향을 제시하고자 한다.

The Story of the Three Bodyguards is contained in the book of 1 Esdras, which deals with the narrative of the rebuilding of the Temple. 1Esdras belongs to the Septuagint and consists of 2 Chronicles 35-36, Ezra 1-10, Nehemiah 7:72[73]-8:13a, and the Story of the Three Bodyguards. It is classified as an apocryphal in Protestant circles, and is currently used as one of the deuterocanonical books only in the Eastern Orthodox Church. Because the book itself is not widely known in Korean academia, the full text of Korean translation does not exist. The Story of the Three Bodyguards is a narrative in which Zerubbabel, who plays a major role in rebuilding the temple in the Book of Ezra, is the main character. Since the entire story of the three bodyguards is the story of Zerubbabel, a well-known figure in the Old Testament, there are quite a few interesting themes related to it. Why was the Story of the Three Bodyguards included in 1 Esdras? What is the role of the story in consideration of the wider context of 1 Esdras? What is the message of the story? How can we understand the rhetorical and comedic features in the story? What is the significance of the story in relation to Chronicles, Ezra, and Nehemiah? In order to discuss these issues, first, an overview of the book of 1 Esdras and the story of the Three Bodyguards are required. Therefore, through this paper, I would like to provide recent research trends for research on the story of the Three Bodyguards before proceeding with various studies on the Story. In addition, I will suggest several research issues based on the study of recent research trends. Towards this purpose, in Chapter 2, I will lay out an overview of the genre, formation process, and date of the book of 1 Esdras. In Chapter 3, I will look at the structural analysis and main contents of the story of the Three Bodyguards. In Chapter 4, I will discuss various perspectives on the genre, language, formation process, and purpose of the Story of the Three Bodyguards. In the last chapter, based on Chapters 2-4, I will discuss various research topics on the Story of the Three Bodyguards related to the Septuagint studies. This will contribute not only to Korean academia but also to international Septuagint academia.

본고에서 필자는 브란트의 스웨덴 망명 시기 생활 및 활동, 특히 저술 활동에 대한 분석을 통해 그의 민주주의와 평화, 초국적 공동체에 대한 사상을 알아보았다. 그의 사상에서 중심의 역할을 차지하는 것이 ‘집단안보(Kollektive Sicherheit)’ 개념이다. 그는 이 개념을 ‘공동안보 (Gemeinsame Sicherheit)’개념으로도 표현했다. 이러한 개념을 중심으로 그는 자유와 자율, 민주주의에 기반한 유럽과 세계의 공동의 안보와 번영의 길을 고민했다. 독일문제를 유럽통합의 차원에서, 세계가 당면한 문제들을 국제연합을 통해 해결하는 방안을 제시했다. 이러한 고민과 해결책들은 스웨덴에서 새롭게 이루어 진 것이 아니고, 그의 고향 뤼벡에서부터 사유하기 시작하여 노르웨이에서 심화시키고 체계화한 사유의 일관된 연장선상에 있었다. 스웨덴에서는 이러한 사유를 보다 구체적으로 전후 질서를 위한 기본 원리로 생각하였다. 여기에서 그는 일관되게 사유해 온 ‘다양성 속의 통일 (Einheit in Verschiedenheiten)’ 개념을 이에 대한 기본원리로서 더욱 다듬어 갔다. 이러한 그의 사상은 1944년에 스톡홀름에서 출간된 『승리 이후: 전쟁과 평화의 목표에 관한 토론 (Nach dem. Sieg. Die Diskussion über die. Kriegs- und Friedensziele)』에 집약되어 있다. 이 책의 내용은 발췌본으로 번역되어 Bundeskanzler-Willy-Brandt-Stiftung, Berliner Ausgabe, Band 2에 (pp. 115-151) 실려 있으며, 완역 단행본이 2023년 4월에 출간되었다. Willy Brandt (Herausgegeben, übersetzt, eingeleitet von Einhart Lorenz), Nach dem Sieg. Die Diskussion über die Kriegs- und Friedensziele, (Bundeskanzler Willy Brandt Stiftung, Willy Brandt-Studien und Dokumente) Campus Verlag 2023. 본 고에서는 이 책에 대한 분석을 중심으로 그의 집단안보, 공동안보 개념에 기반한 유럽적·세계적 차원의 평화 사상 그리고 그가 꿈꾼 전후 질서에 대해 집중해서 살펴 보았다. 본 연구 내용과 연결해 볼 때, 전후 그가 서독 수상으로서 전개한 동방정책은 이 망명시기에 정립된 사상을 분단과 냉전 시대에 적용한 하나의 현실 정치적 버전이라고 할 수 있겠다. 이러한 측면에서 본고는 브란트의 삶과 사상에 대한 그리고 전후의 동방정책에 대한 총체적인 이해를 위해서 기여하는 바가 크다고 생각한다.

In this paper, the author of this article examined Willy Brandt’s thoughts on democracy, peace and supranational community through an analysis of his life and activities during his exile in Sweden, especially his writings. The central role in his ideas is the concept of ‘collective security (Kollektive Sicherheit)’. He also expressed this concept as ‘common security (Gemeinsame Sicherheit)’. To this concept, he contemplated the path to common security and prosperity in Europe and the world based on freedom, autonomy and democracy. He presented a plan to solve the German problem and the problems facing the world through the supranational communities as like European Federation and United Nations. These concerns and solutions were not newly made in Sweden, but were a consistent extension of his thoughts that he began thinking in Lubeck, his hometown, and deepened and systematized in Norway. In Sweden, these thoughts were considered more concretely as the basic principle for post-war order. Here, he further refined the concept of ‘unity in diversity (Einheit in Verschiedenheiten)’, which he had consistently thought about. His thoughts are summarized well in the book, 『After Victory: A Discussion on the Goals of War and Peace (Nach dem Sieg. Die Diskussion uber die. Kriegs- und Friedensziele)』 published in Stockholm in 1944. Focusing on the analysis of this book, this study examined his ideas of ??peace at the European and global level as the post-war order he dreamed of. They were based on the concepts of collective security and common security in other words. It can be seen that the essence of his ideas, which we can grasp while analyzing postwar history and his famous Ostpolitik, was already established during this period of exile. The ideas appearing in the postwar Ostpolitik seem to be only a version of the one from the period of exile applied to the era of division and the Cold War.

민요는 민족의 고유한 가치세계를 형성하는 중요한 자원인 동시에 새로운 민족문화를 창조하는 구심점이다. 중국의 많은 소수민족들의 전통음악 중에서 독보적인 특징을 나타내고 있는 몽고족 민요는 2006년 세계유네스코에 무형문화재로 등록되었다． 신중국 건국 이후 몽고족 민요는 다수의 작곡가들에 의하여 다량 창작되어 새로운 시대적 특징을 형성하고 있다. 곧 ‘장조’(長調)의 전통적인 음악적 특성과 ‘마터우친(馬頭琴)’을 대표로 하는 몽고족 전통악기 및 ‘후마이’(呼麦)의 독특한 가창법을 중심으로 전승 및 발전되어 왔다. 몽고족 민요의 이러한 시대적 특징의 형성 배경은 대초원의 자연적인 환경과 몽고족의 독특한 생활방식 및 민속 풍습에 기인한다. 본고는 1949년 신중국 건국 이후 70년 기간 몽고족 민요가 고유한 전통을 전승하면서도 새로운 시대적 ․ 문화적 배경 하에 나타나는 특징을 민요의 유형과 지역적 특징, 연주 악기, 가창법을 중심으로 분석하고자 한다. 이를 위하여 본고는 <蒙古族音樂硏究百年(一)> 博特樂圖, 郭晶晶(2014), “蒙古族音乐研究百年（一)", 內蒙古大學藝術學院學報, 11(3), pp. 69-78. 에 기록된 대표적인 자료들을 중심으로 범위를 한정하였으며, 2018년 필자가 직접 내몽고대학을 방문하여 몽고족 청년들을 상대로 실시한 <몽고족 민요 문화 관심도 조사> 결과를 보완자료로 활용하였다. 이러한 작업은 몽고족 음악형식과 민족 생활과의 관계를 탐색하며 전통음악과 새로운 음악의 전승관계를 고찰하는데 의미와 가치가 있을 것이다.

Folk music is not only a nation’s important resource which could develop their inherent values and world views, but also the core of the innovation of a nation’s culture. Among the various minorities in China, the Mongolian minority’s folk music is unique, and it has been registered by UNESCO as a world intangible cultural heritage in 2006. After People’s Republic of China(or the “new China”) was founded, many pieces of Mongolian minority’s folk music with their innovative era characteristics have been produced, thanks to the composers. The Mongolian traditional music characteristic “long tune”, the most representative Mongolian traditional musical instrument “morin khuur”, and the unique method of singing “Khoomei”, all of them are the center of Mongolian minority’s folk music, and they have been inherited and developed till today. The reason why the Mongolian minority’s folk music has such ear characteristics is due to the vast grassland’s natural environment, the Mongolian minority’s unique life-style and their national customs. This paper will focus on 70 years of the traditional inheritance of Mongolian minority’s folk music since the new China’s foundation in 1949, along with the music’s characteristics which are formed by the new era cultural background, and then analyze and investigate the lyrics, musical instruments and methods of singing. In order to do this, this paper takes the representative resource from 《Research on Mongolian Music of a Hundred Years(book one)》 as its research scope, and also, I visited the University of Inner Mongolia in 2018 and did a survey named 《The Degree of Concern for the Mongolian minority’s folk music》of the Mongolian minority youth, this paper will use the result of this survey as its supplementary resource as well. Through this work, the relationship between Mongolian minority’s musical forms and their national life-style could be explored, and the inheritance relationship between traditional music and new music could be investigated as well, these would be the significance and value of this paper.

The functional differences between yu 與 and ji 及, both of which were used as noun phrase conjunctions(NP-AND) in Archaic Chinese, have been controversial. This study illustrates their syntactic and semantic differences using a diachronic analysis informed by principles of linguistic typology and grammaticalization. This paper, which is the first half of an in-depth study of the differences between yu 與 and ji 及, investigates the origin and the grammaticalization path of yu 與. Yu 與 first started to appear in the bronze inscriptions. It is a picture of four hands holding an object (presumably a tooth). As a verb, yu 與 means ‘to give’ or ‘to be together with’. The grammaticalization path of yu 與 can be charted based on its occurrences in The Book of Documents (Shangshu ≪尚書≫) and The Book of Odes (Shijing ≪詩經≫). From a verb meaning ‘to be together with’, it first grammaticalized into an adverb meaning ‘together’, appearing in the form [與+Verb]VP. From an adverb, it further grammaticalized into a preposition meaning ‘with’, appearing in the form [Subj+[[與+Obj]PP+VP]VP].It finally grammaticalized into an NP-AND via a change of constituency and appeared in the form [A 與 B]NP. The grammaticalization path posited for yu 與 is supported by evidence from the history of Chinese, where comitative verbs were often grammaticalized into NP-AND. Examples include he 和 ‘to mix, to be together with’; tong 同 ‘same, to be together with’; gong 共 ‘to share, together’; bing 並 ‘to combine, together’; gen 跟 ‘to follow’ and so on. Looking beyond Chinese, it is very common cross-linguistically to find comitative verbs grammaticalized into NP-AND via an intermediate stage of comitative adposition.

This paper is the second half of a study that explains the syntactic and semantic differences between yu 與 and ji 及, both frequently used as noun phrase conjunctions (NP-AND) in Old Chinese. The semantic and syntactic differences in the usages of the two as NP-AND are ascribed to their different origins and paths of grammaticalization. In the previous study, it was illustrated that yu 與, originally a comitative verb meaning ‘to be together with’, first grammaticalized into an adverb meaning ‘together’ (used in the form [與+Verb]VP). It further grammaticalized into a comitative preposition meaning ‘with’ (in the form [[與+NP]PP+VP]VP). Finally, yu 與 grammaticalized into an NP-AND used in the form [[NP1][與]CONJ[NP2]]NP3. This paper explains the origin and the grammaticalization path of ji 及. Ji 及 in the Oracle-Bone Inscriptions(OBI) is a graph of ‘joined meanings’ (huìyì 會意) that depicts a person along with a hand trying to catch, or catching, the person. Ji 及 in the OBI means ‘to take, to hold’ or ‘to reach.’ Based on analysis of all occurrences of ji 及 in Fascicle Three of Inscriptions from the Yin Ruins (Yinxu Wenzi Bingbian ≪殷墟文字丙編≫), The Book of Documents (Shangshu ≪尚書≫) and The Book of Odes (Shijing ≪詩經≫), it is argued that the main grammaticalization path of ji 及 used as NP-AND is as follows. From its verbal usage ‘to reach’, it started to be used in the form [(自)A及Z] indicating a scope. It further grammaticalized into an NP-AND via an intermediate stage as an additive particle meaning ‘also’, ‘in addition to’, or ‘even’. Each step of grammaticalization is supported by the knowledge of grammatialization and linguistic typology.

The Precautionary principle (PP) is a well-known butcontroversial idea. In the recent book Philosophy and the precautionary principle (2014), the philosopher of science Daniel Steel proposed a newconcept of the PP as a decision approach, which involves three types of interpretation of the PP (decision rule, procedural requirement, and epistemicrule). Steel’s PP seems promising for defending the PP because it can respond to some significant criticisms and try to justify the priority of the PP. However, I find there are two disadvantages in his arguments. I will clarify why his arguments fail to defend the priority of his PP in comparison with risk trade-off analysis. Then, I will propose another defense for his PP. There are three themes in my strategy: one type of public participation is likely to be a corrective against inaction bias; it seems to be clearly consistent withSteel’s PP; and it is not consistent with rival approaches.

Kang, Hyun-cho, 2007, A Critical Study on 〈Hyul-e-nu(blood tears)〉's original text, URIMALGEUL: The Korean Language and Literature 41, pp.217～237. Lee In Gik's 〈Hyul-e-nu(blood tears)〉 is the important SINSOSEOL(early modern novel) which is marked at the top of a list in the history of Korean novel. However, it has not studied minutely how it's canon text had been built. This study will investigate not only the original text of 〈Hyul-e-nu(blood tears)〉, but also consider critically several points raised at the edition arranged by current korean language. The edition arranged by current korean language has many faults and distorted the original text. But these problems has not be pointed. Through DONGYANGSEOWON edition published in 1912 this study confirmed that 〈Hyul-e-nu(blood tears)〉 had been published three in book form Lee In Gik's lifetime. It is needed to compare these texts closely because they were adapted remarkably. (Yonsei University)

The article analyzes the genre of the questionnaire and the answers to them in the press system of the early 20th century on a broad source study material. The questionnaire was considered as a method of sociological research, followed by the appearance of surveys on various topics. The author of the article considers examples of polls, the recipients of which were politicians, the diplomatic corps, military, members of the State Council and State Duma, philosophers, scientists, lawyers, industrialists and financiers. These answers are compared with the autobiographies of writers from F. F. Fidler’s book “The First Literary Steps: Autobiographies of Contemporary Russian Writers” (M., 1911. 268 pp.), which is written in the form of answers to questions from the compiler of the book. The article gives an analysis of the multifaceted nature of the answers to the questionnaires of Russian writers of the early 20th century. The questionnaires of the leading St. Petersburg mass publication, the newspaper “Birzhevye Vedomosti”, are listed on the pages of which, and in the appendices to this edition (“Novaya illyustratsiya”, “Ogonek”, “Novoe slovo”), this phenomenon was given an important place. In the questionnaires of these newspapers participated all the famous literary men of the era: A. Blok, Vyach. Ivanov, V. Y. Bryusov, L. Andreev, Z. N. Gippius, as well as numerous poets and novelists of the second and third series. It is established in the work that figurative answers of writers in the periodicals of the beginning of the 20th century cease to be an instrument of sociological research. The answers to the polls of mass editions in a number of cases are small stories, polemical and analytical articles, anecdotes, travel agents, etc. The article reviews the responses of A. M. Remizov to the questionnaires of the “Birzhevye Vedomosti” and “Ogonyok”. Such capacious answers are today the most important sources of information that allow them to draw specific biographical facts from them, and also to compare them with certain artistic facts plans. The author of the work, analyzing the nature of Remizov's answers to the questionnaires in the “Birzhevye Vedomosti” and “Ogonek” comes to the conclusion about the artistic nature of the writer's answers. In fact, answering the template questions, in a number of cases the writer creates miniatures similar to those that Remizov called ≪curls≫. Some of these texts later became part of his collage novels, some were included in the book “Krashenyye ryla?. Teatr i kniga”.

미국의 1970년 징병추출(draft lottery)은 유한 순서열 (1, 2, ..., k)의 물리적 임의화를 쉬운 일로 생각하였다가 사회적 물의가 빚어진 대표적인 사례이다. 본 소고는 숫자 1, 숫자 2, ... 등의 순서로 쌓인 k장의 카드 뭉치를 물리적으로 임의화하는 데 있어 반복 시행(repeated trial)의 역할을 밝힌다. 부수적으로 독립시행 수 n, 성공의 확률이 $\theta$인 이항분포 B(n, $\theta$)에서 성공 수가 짝수일 확률은 n이 커짐에 따라 0.5에 수렴하게 됨을 보인다.

It is never an easy task to physically randomize the sequence of cards. For instance, US 1970 draft lottery resulted in a social turmoil since the outcome sequence of 366 birthday numbers showed a significant relationship with the input order (Wikipedia, "Draft Lottery 1969", Retrieved 2009/05/01). We are motivated by Laplace's 1825 book titled Philosophical Essay on Probabilities that says "Suppose that the numbers 1, 2, ..., 100 are placed, according to their natural ordering, in an urn, and suppose further that, after having shaken the urn, to shuffle the numbers, one draws one number. It is clear that if the shuffling has been properly done, each number will have the same chance of being drawn. But if we fear that there are small differences between them depending on the order in which the numbers were put into the urn, we can decrease these differences considerably by placing these numbers in a second urn in the order in which they are drawn from the first urn, and then shaking the second urn to shuffle the numbers. These differences, already imperceptible in the second urn, would be diminished more and more by using a third urn, a fourth urn, &c." (translated by Andrew 1. Dale, 1995, Springer. pp. 35-36). Laplace foresaw what would happen to us in 150 years later, and, even more, suggested the possible tool to handle the problem. But he did omit the detailed arguments for the solution. Thus we would like to write the supplement in modern terms for Laplace in this research note. We formulate the problem with a lottery box model, to which Markov chain theory can be applied. By applying Markov chains repeatedly, one expects the uniform distribution on k states as stationary distribution. Additionally, we show that the probability of even-number of successes in binomial distribution with trials and the success probability $\theta$ approaches to 0.5, as n increases to infinity. Our theory is illustrated to the cases of truncated geometric distribution and the US 1970 draft lottery.