Earticle

The church community is a religious group that seeks to practice the love for the object as an “ideal” through self-transcendence in a mutually organic relationship. The church community, which is supposed to be altruistic like this, has recently been criticized by the public for its (partly) collective selfish attitude and disregard for social law, and is increasingly becoming a target of disgust. Examples include the hereditary in the church, the political ideology of the church, and the collective rational paralysis of holding gathering like worship while ignoring the government's recommendations in the danger of COVID-19. The most decisive cause of criticism and disgust at the church community is undoubtedly the pastors' desire for power and superiority. However, the cause of this problem cannot be determined only by the desire of pastors. Because for pastors' desires to be realized, it is impossible without the sympathy and support of the congregation. So I thought a multifaceted study of this problem was necessary, and in this paper I used the concept of 'obsessional neurosis' of Sigmund Freud to analyze and study the psychology of the congregation blindly following the pastor and relying on it. And I suggested solutions from the pastoral theological point of view for freedom from the obsessive attitude of the congregation toward the pastors. I hope that through this study, the congregation will be aware of the irrational and irrational problems that take place within the church community and have the will to resolve these problems. Furthermore, I hope this study will serve as an opportunity to redefine the relationship between pastors and church members and to deliberate the essential meaning of the church community.

보고시언은 외재론과 특권적 자기 지식과의 양립가능성 논변을 외재론자들의 입장에서 재구성함으로써 외재론은 개념의 대상 의존성을 필함한다고 주장한다. 그리고 이로부터 외재론과 특권적 자기 지식의 양립가능성을 비판했다고 보고 있다. 보고시언에 따르면 외재론은 우리가 한 개념을 갖는다는 것은 그 개념을 갖게 한 대상의 존재에 의존한다는 것을 말하는 것이고, 이를 특권적 자기 지식과의 양립가능론으로 구성하면 외재론자는 “대상이 존재한다는 것을 우리가 선험적으로 안다.”는 받아들이기 어려운 결론을 주장할 수밖에 없다. 이러한 보고시언의 외재론과 특권적 자기 지식의 양립가능론에 대한 비판은 논변 과정에 대한 세부적인 분석에 따라 외재론자들에 의해 다양하게 반박될 수 있을 것이다. 본 논문은 쌍둥이 지구 사고 실험이 외재론으로 이행하기 위한 충분조건이 되지 않는다고 하더라도, 보고시언이 추가한 전제들부터 이끌어지는 개념의 대상의존성을 외재론자들이 반드시 받아들여야 하는 것은 아니며 따라서 보고시언이 외재론과 특권적 자기 지식의 양립가능성 논변을 정당하게 논파했다고 볼 이유가 충분하지 않다는 것을 밝히는 데 초점을 맞추고 있다.

Boghossian argued that externalism maintains the object dependency of concept by restructuring the controversy over the compatibility between externalism and privileged self-knowledge from externalists’ position. For this, Boghossian examined if the premises of Putnam's Twin Earth Experiment are enough to be translated into externalism, suggested premises to be added and derived externalists’ opinions from the previous premises and the additional ones. According to externalistic idea, that we have a concept means that we depend on the existence of the object that produced the concept and, if a compatibility theory between this idea and privileged self-knowledge is formulated, it will draw an unacceptable conclusion, ‘We know a priori that an object (natural kind) exists.’ Boghossian’s such a criticism of the compatibility theory between externalism and privileged self-knowledge can be refuted by externalists in various ways. However, the present research draws a conclusion that externalists may not accept this by clarifying the ground of Boghossian’s contention that we cannot deny ‘If I have the concept of water I know a priori that there exists water,’ which was assumed in Boghossian’s argument.

클래스 활성화 맵(Class Activation Mapping, CAM)은 심층 시각 모델의 의사결정 과정을 해석하고 약지도 객체 위치추정(Weakly Supervised Object Localization, WSOL)을 수행하는 데 널리 활용되고 있으나, 소프트맥스 기반 분류기에 의존하는 구조적 특성으로 인해 클래스 간 경쟁적 정규화가 발생하며 함께 존재하는 객체나 크기가 작은 객체의 약한 신호가 억제되는 한계가 있다. 본 연구에서는 기존에 제안한 이중 분기 시그모이드 구조를 기반으로, 객체 크기에 따른 위치화 특성을 분석하는 크기 인지(scale-aware) 분석을 수행한다. ImageNet-1K 데이터셋을 객체의 상대적 크기에 따라 소형 객체와 대형 객체 하위 집합으로 분할하고, 다양한 백본 네트워크에서 WSOL 성능을 비교 평가한 결과, 위치화 과정을 소프트맥스 정규화로부터 분리함으로써 위치화의 완전성이 일관되게 향상되었으며 특히 소형 객체에서 상대적으로 큰 성능 개선이 나타남을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과는 소프트맥스 기반 CAM의 한계가 객체 크기에 강하게 의존함을 실증적으로 보여주며, 시그모이드 기반 위치화가 약한 신호 소실 문제를 효과적으로 완화할 수 있음을 시사한다.

Class Activation Mapping (CAM) is widely used for interpreting deep visual models and enabling weakly supervised object localization (WSOL), but its reliance on softmax-based classifiers introduces competitive normalization that suppresses weak or co-occurring object evidence, often resulting in incomplete localization. In this work, we build upon our previously proposed dual-branch sigmoid architecture and conduct a systematic, scale-aware analysis to examine how decoupling localization from softmax normalization affects localization behavior across object sizes. Using the ImageNet-1K dataset, we stratify evaluation samples into small-object and large-object subsets based on ground-truth bounding box statistics and perform controlled WSOL evaluations across multiple backbones. The results show that sigmoid-based localization consistently improves localization completeness, with particularly pronounced gains for small objects, while maintaining or modestly improving performance on large objects. These findings provide empirical evidence that the limitations of softmax-based CAMs are strongly object-scale dependent and demonstrate that sigmoid-based localization effectively mitigates signal suppression in scale-sensitive WS OL scenarios, offering a practical framework for diagnosing and improving localization behavior.

메시지 전달 방식으로 노드간 통신을 하는 분산 시스템의 고장허용을 위하여 메시지 저장과 체크 포인팅에 관한 많은 연구가 이루어졌다. 복구 가능한 분산 공유메모리 시스템에 대한 대부분의 연구 또한 메시지 전달 방식에서 사용되었던 방법을 채택하였다. 그러나, 메시지 전송시스템과 분산공유메모리 시스템의 근본적인 차이(함수전달(function shipping)과 데이터전달(data shipping)의 차이) 때문에 메시지 전달 시스템에서 사용되었던 방식이 분산공유메모리 시스템에 항상 적합하게 사용될 수 없다. 본 논문에서는 복구 가능한 분산공유메모리 시스템을 위하여 객체지향방법을 제안하였다. 프로세스간 종속 추적대신 페이지간 종속 추적을 이용한 체크 포인팅 및 복구 가능한 전략을 분산 공유 메모리 시스템에 적용하였다.

Many message logging and checkpointing schemes are proposed for fault tolerance in distributed systems in which nodes communicate by message passing. Most researches for recoverable distributed shared memory (DSM) also adopt similar schemes used in message passing systems. However, schemes used in message passing systems are not always appropriate to be directly used in DSM systems because the two systems, message passing systems and DSM systems, have different natures (function shipping and data shipping). Many modified schemes have been proposed for DSM systems to resolve these differences. In this paper, an object oriented approach is proposed for recoverable DSM. We present a new dependency tracking scheme between pages instead of processes. Based on this scheme, we propose new checkpointing and recovery schemes that can reduce overhead to make DSM recoverable.

본 논문에서는 클래스들간의 종속관계를 효율적으로 표현하기 위한 모듈클래스 종속그래프를 제안한다. 객체 지향언어는 설계시 독립적으로 개발되어지고, 클래스들간의 관계를 형성하여 구성되어진다. 따라서 이러한 독립적인 특성을 고려하고, 클래스 계층구조에 존재하는 클래스들간의 관계를 효율적으로 표현할 필요가 존재한다. 본 논문에서는 어플리케이션에 종속적인 기존의 시스템 종속그래프와 단위 클래스를 표현하는 클래스 종속그래프에서 제시되지 않고 있는 클래스들간의 관계를 표현하기 위해 객체지향시스템의 설계단위인 모듈의 개념을 이용하여 모듈클래스들 종속그래프를 제시하고, 객체지향의 특징인 객체의 생성자, 상속관계 및 동적 바인딩 효과를 적용시켜 효율성의 검증과 이를 절차간 슬라이싱에 적용시켜 슬라이싱의 관계를 고찰한다. 또한 모듈 클래스에 존재하는 클래스의 멤버데이터들간의 구별을 가능하게 하기 위한 파라메터의 표현법을 제시한다. 이러한 모듈클래스 종속 그래프를 통해 시스템 설계시 모듈 클래스간의 관계를 보다 정확하게 분석할 수 있고, 시스템 분석에 필요한 역공학, 테스팅, 시각화와 같은 다른 응용에 폭넓게 적용될 수 있다.

This paper presents the Module Class Dependency Graph for expressing the dependency relations between classes effectively. The object-oriented language is developed independently at design time, and consists of relationship between classes. Therefore we need to consider these characteristics of independence, and to express effectively the relation of classes which is existed in class hierarchy. In the System Dependence Graph and Class Dependence Graph, the relationship of classes is not expressed. To express the class relationship, we propose the Module Class Dependence Graph, and we verify the effectiveness of this method applying to object constructor, inheritance relationship and dynamic binding. Also, we presents the expressing method of parameter to identify the member data of classes. Using this Module Class Dependency Graph, we can analyze the relationship of module class correctly at design time. This method can be applied to reverse engineering, testing, visualization and other various fields to analyze system.

From the Phase Impenetrability Condition (PIC) perspectives, raising of a non-edge element out of the embedded CP is problematic in that the movement crosses over CP, a strong phase boundary. This would falsely block the raising to object (RTO) in Korean (and Japanese). This paper is an attempt to solve this problem in terms of phase extension (den Dikken 2007, 2008) by slightly modifying its definition to include V-C dependency via selection. It is proposed that phase can be extended under head-head dependency. This dependency is captured either by moving a phase head to the higher functional head or by head-head selection. It is claimed that Korean RTO can proceed in one fell swoop from its initial position inside VP to the matrix landing site over the intermediate CP boundary without violating the PIC. This is made possible via phase extension from CP to VP under V-C dependency. This new analysis is compared to Ogawa's (2007) V to C movement analysis and to Yoon's (2007) Major Subject Raising (MSR) analysis of RTO. It is argued that the present analysis in terms of phase extension is a simpler alternative to them.

Nowadays software developers are moving from conventional software process technologies to the object-oriented paradigm. To develope the object-oriented softwares efficiently, various software metrics have been suggested. Coupling refers to the degree of independence between components of the system. It has long been well known that good software practice calls for minimizing coupling interaction. Many researches have been studied coupling metrics of the object- oriented systems. We review Chidamber and Kemerer's work & Li's work. In this paper, we study the coupling of the overall structures of object-oriented systems by analyzing the class diagram of UML. We propose four coupling metrics for object-oriented softwares. First, we use an established coupling metric for object- oriented systems as a basic coupling metric. Then we modify the basic coupling metric by including indirect coupling between classes, We also suggest two relative coupling metrics to measure coupling between subsystems. We investigate the theoretical soundness of the proposed metrics by the axioms of Briand et al. Finally, we apply the presented metrics to a practical case study. This coupling metric will be helpful to the software developers for their designing tasks by evaluating the coupling metric of the structures of object-oriented system and redesigning tasks of the system.