Earticle

18, 19세기 실학의 학풍이 성행하는 시대적 배경하에 편찬된 유서류 저작 들은 관념적인 개념 이외에 구체적인 사물을 다룬다는 점에서 실용적 성격 을 공통적으로 보인다. 그러나 대상을 설명하는 방식에 있어서 물명류 유서 들이 대부분 사물의 명칭을 수록하여 어휘를 풀이하는 데 그치는 반면, 백과 전서적 유서는 사물에 대한 구체적이고 다양한 정보를 제공한다. 본고에서는 이러한 점에 주목하여 조선 후기 박물학적 유서에 보이는 물명 기록을 통해 물명류 유서의 기록과 대비되는 물명의 다원성을 살펴보고자 하였다. 19세기 대표적인 백과전서적 유서인 『송남잡지』는 사물이나 현상의 기원 과 변화 과정을 밝히는 데 집중하고 있는 저술로서 명물도수지학의 기본적 인 태도를 보여준다. 특히, 조수초목의 자연물 물명에 대해 물명류 유서를 방 불케하는 분량과 내용을 기록하고 있어 박물학적 유서에 보이는 물명의 기록 양상을 확인하기에 용이한 자료이다. 『송남잡지』에는 화약, 초목, 충수, 어조류의 분류하에 1,000여 개에 이르는 자연물 물명이 수록되어 있다. 각각의 물명은 그 명칭과 발음, 종류와 특징에 대해 상세히 풀이하여 물명류 유서와 유사한 내용을 갖추고 있다. 약용이나 식용 식물에 대해서는 그 쓰임새와 효능에 대해 구체적으로 밝히고 있고, 물 명의 유래와 어원을 밝히는 기록들은 화훼사전, 어류사전 등 동식물 전문사 전을 보충할 만하다. 또한, 다양한 유래담이나 지괴서의 이물에 대한 기록은 문학 작품의 소재로 활용할 수 있다는 점에서 의미가 있다. 이처럼 『송남잡지』에 수록된 물명의 기록은 사물의 명칭을 밝히는 어휘사 전의 기능뿐만 아니라 다량의 정보를 제공하여 백과전서적 특성을 띤 유서로서 대상에 대해 고증하고 전거를 제시하며 박학적 지식을 제공하고 있다.

Compiled against the backdrop of the flourishing Silhak (Practical Learning) academic tradition of the 18th and 19th centuries, these works share a pragmatic nature, addressing concrete objects beyond abstract concepts. However, while most encyclopedic works simply provide names and vocabulary explanations, encyclopedic works provide specific and diverse information about objects. This paper focuses on this aspect and examines the diversity of object names found in late Joseon Dynasty natural history books, contrasting them with those found in these works. 『Songnamjapji』, a representative encyclopedic work of the 19th century, focuses on elucidating the origins and evolutionary processes of objects and phenomena, demonstrating the fundamental approach of Myeongmuldosujihak (Myeongmuldosujihak). In particular, its descriptions of natural objects, including birds, aquatic plants, and trees, are reminiscent of those in encyclopedic works, making it a valuable resource for examining the recording patterns of object names found in natural history books. 『Songnamjapji』contains approximately 1,000 natural object names, categorized into gunpowder, plants, insects, and fish. Each object name provides detailed explanations of its name, pronunciation, type, and characteristics, similar to those found in traditional records of object names. For medicinal and edible plants, the uses and effects are detailed, and the records clarifying the origins and etymologies of object names are worthy of supplementing specialized dictionaries of plants and animals, such as dictionaries of flowers and fish. The records of various origin stories and foreign objects in geoglyphs are significant in that they can be utilized as material for literary works. Thus, the records of object names in the 『Songnamjapji』 not only function as a dictionary of names for objects, but also provide a wealth of information, making it an encyclopedic work, providing historical evidence, supporting sources, and providing comprehensive knowledge.

This study examines the way in which Bingheogak Lee cites and annotates the names of things(物名, mulmyeong) in the Gyuhapchongseo (閨閤叢書). The Gyuhapchongseo is a classified encyclopedia compiled by Bingheogak, who extracted essential content for women from various classical Chinese texts and organized it by topic, writing it entirely in Korean to accommodate female readers. Although the knowledge was originally in classical Chinese, it was written in simple Korean to make it easier for female readers to understand. However, annotations were necessary, particularly to convey the meaning of the names of things. Examining how mulmyeong are cited in the Gyuhapchongseo serves as foundational research for studies on mulmyeong and offers insight into the writing practices of female intellectuals in late Joseon Korea, as well as the literacy and cultural level of women at the time. This study focuses on instances where the Gyuhapchongseo cites the names of things from other sources. The citation methods can be categorized into three types: direct quotations, quotations with modifications, and those with new annotations. In particular, in many cases where new annotations were added, the meanings of the Chinese characters were provided alongside their transliterations. Since simply recording the sounds of Chinese characters in Hangul could make it difficult to grasp the meanings, annotations were added to explain the meaning of the characters in Korean for readers unfamiliar with classical Chinese. Through reading the Gyuhapchongseo in this manner, female readers could acquire numerous Chinese terms and expand their vocabulary, potentially aiding them in understanding the meanings of Chinese characters through their sounds and annotations. The Gyuhapchongseo demonstrates that it not only aimed to help women of noble families acquire knowledge and culture, but also adopted an effective writing style for language and literacy education.

This study aims to introduce the Korean object names recorded in the handwritten manuscript of Bonchogangmok (The Great Pharmacopoeia, 目) housed at the Jangseogak Archives, which has not been widely recognized in academic circles. It also seeks to analyze the overall content of these Korean object names found in the illustrations and headnotes of the manuscript. To achieve this, the study conducts foundational research on the Korean object names documented in the manuscript and performs a comparative review of the names in the illustrations and headnotes, aiming to establish a basis for their use as resources in the study of the history of the Korean language and related fields. Although numerous versions of Bonchogangmok exist, the Jangseogak manuscript is particularly significant for retaining the illustrations of the original, giving it substantial philological value. Additionally, the manuscript contains many Korean equivalents for Chinese object names, appearing in both the illustrations and headnotes, enhancing its importance from linguistic and cultural historical perspectives. The study confirms that the manuscript is a faithful copy of the original Taehwadang edition, accurately replicating its illustrations. A detailed comparison between the original and the Jangseogak manuscript was conducted to identify any missing parts and errors in the Jangseogak version The study first categorizes the Korean object names found in the illustrations and headnotes, identifying a total of 499 names—226 in the illustrations and 273 in the headnotes—and analyzing their distribution across different categories. It further examines the characteristics of these object names by comparing those recorded in both sections with those appearing only in one. The analysis of variations in Hangeul transcription and vocabulary suggests that the manuscript was likely transcribed in the 19th century, with the Hangeul transcription in the headnotes predating that of the illustrations. Furthermore, the study explores the Korean object names unique to each section, identifying specific features regarding their scope and distribution and shedding light on their roles and functions within the manuscript. This process also reveals object names not found in other materials on the history of Korean, many of which correspond to modern Korean dialect forms. Additionally, it is observed that the Korean object names in the illustrations often feature more common names, while those in the headnotes tend to include specialized medicinal terms. This suggests that the transcriber of the headnotes may have been a professional with expertise in medicinal materials or someone directly involved in the practice of medicine.

안예리, 2020, 『한성순보』에 쓰인 근대 신어 물명의 기원, 어문연구, 188 : 91~123 이 논문은 『漢城旬報』에 쓰인 근대 신어 물명에 대한 연구로, 19세기 말에 발행된 중국 및 일본 사전과의 비교를 통해 신어 한자어의 기원을 밝히는 것을 목적으로 한다. 『漢城旬報』는 조선이 서구 국가들과 연이어 수호통상조약을 맺던 시기인 1883~1884년에 발행된 한국 최초의 근대적 신문이다. 이 신문에 실린 기사들 중 외국의 물산이나 통상조약에 관한 기사 42편에서 추출한 신어 물명은 총 160개로, 의미 유형에 따라 나누어 보면 생활용품명이 53개, 직물명이 48개, 음식물명이 41개, 동물명이 18개였다. 해당 신어들의 중국어에서의 쓰임을 살펴보기 위해 영중사전인 Doolittle(1872), Lobscheid(1883)을 검토하였고, 일본어에서의 쓰임을 살펴보기 위해 영일사전인 高橋新吉(1869), Hepburn(1886)을 검토하였다. 분석 결과 중국계가 61.9%, 일본계가 27.5%로 나타나 중국계의 우세가 확인되었고, 중국계와 일본계 한자어의 비중은 단어의 의미 유형이나 번역의 방식에 따라 차이가 있었다.

This paper is a study of modern object names in Hanseongsunbo and aims to reveal their origins through comparison with Chinese and Japanese dictionaries published in the late 19th century. Hanseongsunbo was the first modern Korean newspaper published from 1883 to 1884 during the Joseon Dynasty’s consecutive signing of commercial treaties with Western countries, and many articles on foreign affairs and international treaties were published in this paper. A total of 160 modern object names were extracted from the 42 articles on foreign products or trade treaties: 53 names of household items, 48 textile names, 41 food names, and 18 animal names. The English-Chinese dictionaries, Doolittle (1872) and Robscheid (1883) were examined to confirm the use of the object names in question in Chinese, and the English-Japanese dictionaries, Takahashi (1869) and Hepburn (1886) were reviewed to examine their use in Japanese. According to the analysis, 61.9% of the object names were borrowed from Chinese, and 27.5% from Japanese. In a nutshell, in the case of neologism of object names appeared in Hanseongsunbo, Chinese dominance was confirmed. However, the proportion of Chinese and Japanese borrowed words differed by the word’s semantic classification and the type of translation.

본 논문의 목적은 제자백가 학파별 정명론에서 名이 일대일로 지칭하는 대상이 무엇임을 분석·비교하여 인격수양 및 정치윤리에서 유가 정명론의 德이 갖는 기준적인 역할을 재조명하는 것이다. 공자뿐 아니라 순자, 후기묵가, 공손룡 등의 정명론은 모두 명실일치를 주장하지만, 그 내용은 서로 사뭇 다르다. 본 논문에서는 각 학자에 따라 명실의 일치를 판단하는 엄격함의 정도가 다른 것이 아니라 다만 정명을 판단하는 기준이 서로 다르며, 그러므로 공맹은 德, 순자는 狀, 공손룡은 位 등과 名의 일대일 대응을 이룬다는 점을 검토하려고 한다. 이러한 비교는 두 가지 의미를 갖는다. 첫째로는 德 중심의 유가 정명론은 名-德을 동일시하는 명분론과는 다르다는 것을 보일 수 있다. 또한, 位를 중심으로 하는 공손룡의 명실론은 정치윤리적인 함의가 없이 언어 자체에 대한 이론이라는 주류 해석과는 달리 정치와 윤리가 분리되어야 한다는 적극적인 주장을 하는 것이며, 이는 정치윤리적인 의미가 없는 것이 아니라 새로운 정치윤리 확립으로 이어진다는 것을 보일 수 있다. 내면의 德에 얽매이지 않는 정치를 추구하는 새로운 정치윤리와 비교했을 때, 유가의 정명론은 도덕을 중심으로 끝없는 자기반성과 변화를 추구하는 이론임을 재확인할 수 있다.

This paper aims to bring to light the significance of Kongzi’s theory on rectifying names by comparing the theories on names of the philosophers Kongzi, Mengzi, Xunzi, and Gongsun Longzi. Different scholars have discussed their theories on rectification of names as variants of one-name-one-object theory, differing in strictness. However, this paper contends that the above mentioned philosophers have respective standards for judging the identity of the object, making it more of a difference of standard rather than varying degrees of strictness. When compared to theories of Xunzi who discusses the different shapes of the object, and Gongsun Longzi who introduces the concept of differing levels of significance in a single noun, it becomes clear that Kongzi’s theory centers on the concept of virtue as the standard for judgment of rectification. Kongzi’s theory of names is closely related to his political philosophy that a ruler should cultivate his moral perfection in order to win and maintain the title of a ruler.