Earticle

Objective To identify the normal range, distribution, and age-dependent differences in the cephalic index (CI) of Korean children with normal brain development and develop a classification of the current CI for Korean children up to 7 years of age. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 1,389 children who visited our hospital in the emergency room between October 2015 and September 2020 because of suspected head injuries. Finally, 1,248 children (741 male and 507 female) were enrolled after excluding abnormal medical or familial history and divided into 10 groups by age. The CI was measured using brain computed tomography and calculated according to the following equation: cephalic width/cephalic length×100. Results The averages of CI by age groups were as follows: 89.29 (0?3 months group, n=44); 91.41 (4?6 months group, n=63); 89.68 (7?9 months group, n=62); 87.52 (10?12 months group, n=41); 87.64 (≥2 years group, n=243); 86.63 (≥3 years group, n=178); 85.62 (≥4 years group, n=232); 85.77 (≥5 years group, n=201); 85.15 (≥6 years group, n=75); and 85.34 (≥7 years group, n=109). The CI of Korean children in normal brain development was confirmed to be large, showing a notable difference compared to that of Caucasians. Conclusion The current CI of Korean children will provide a valuable reference for diagnosing and treating cranial deformities, especially dolichocephaly and brachycephaly as well as to monitor the morphology of the cranium in clinics.

In the early development of parthenogenetic embryo, cytoplasm and nucleic acid fragmentation may be a cause of lower embryo development. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether embryonic development and apoptosis factors can be reduced by controlling the in-vitro culture environment by the addition of hormones, pregnancy serum and uterine milk. Our study showed that the activity of Casp-3 increased within the cytoplasm when artificially used hormones to induce the incubation environment, and PCNA's manifestation was low. However, the addition of pregnant serum appeared to lower the Casp-3 activity compared to the other groups. In addition, MMP-9 activity was increased and early embryo development and cytoplasmic fidelity were also increased. Therefore, the results of the present study showed that the use of gestational serum in the development of parthenogenetic embryo inhibit apoptosis and increases cytoplasmic reorganization by natural environmental control in in vitro culture.

The Purpose of this study was to compare the different of normal development and walking characteristics of children with spastic cerebral palsy, and to guide theraputic approach for improve on walking. Key contributions from normal development of standing and walking, abnormol walking pattern of children with spastic cerebral palsy are studies. Spastic cerebral palsy includes an increased factors of problem in standing, walking : These are deformity of lowerextremities, arm used for balancing, asymmetic walking, abnormal walking patterns, build .up Treatment goal is to normal walking patterns. and to prevent secondary deformity. In this study, normal walking is very important factors in daily activities, then to recovery function of children with cerebral palsy, its need more adapted several method.

The baby makes very great strides in the first year of his life. The developmental principles may be summarised as follows : first, the continuous process from conception to maturity, second, the physical manifestation of neural maturation, third, the cephalocaudal direction, from proximal to distal, fourth generalized mass activity to specific individual responses, fifth, reflex dominance to integration. The stages of normal movement development an head control, rolling creeping(on belly), sitting crawling(on hands and on knees), standing and walking. The knowledge of normal movement development needs for the assessment treatment and management of C.N.S. injuried infant.

본 연구는 디지털 장비(FRA 510 S)를 활용하여 한국의 20대 정상 성인의 균형능력을 평가하고 균형지표를 만들고 자 한다. 본 연구 참여자는 근골격계, 신경계 질환이 없는 20대 정상 성인 남녀 각각 50명씩 참여를 하였다. 데이터 분석은 반복측정 분산분석을 사용하였다. 본 연구 결과 남, 여 모두 평평한 바닥과 밸런스 패드(47cmx39cmx5.5cm)에서 눈을 뜨고 있을 때보다 눈을 감고 검사를 진행하였을 때 체중심의 이동이 많은 것을 확인하였다. 그리고 남, 여 성별에 따른 차이는 없었다. 추후 연구에서는 정상 노인의 균형능력을 평가하여 한국의 정상 성인의 균형지표를 만들고 균형능력이 손상된 환자 평가에 적용이 가능할 것이라고 생각된다.

This study intends to evaluate the balance ability of Korean adults in their 20s and create balance indicators using digital equipment(FRA 510 S). The study participants participated in 50 men and women in their 20s without musculoskeletal and nervous system diseases. For data analysis, Repeated Measures ANOVA was used. As a result of the study, it was confirmed that the movement of the body weight was higher when the eyes were closed and the test was performed than when the eyes were opened on a flat floor and a balance pad(47cmx39cmx5.5cm). And there was no difference according to the gender of men and women. In a future study, it is considered that the balance ability of normal elderly people will be evaluated, and the balance index of normal adults in Korea will be created and applied to the evaluation of patients with impaired balance ability.

본 연구는 일반인들이 흔히 경험하는 우울상태인 일상우울(normal depression)을 측정하는 척도를 개발하고 타당화하는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 전국의 일반인 97명을 대상으로 한 초점집단면접 자료와 일상우울 특성집합을 기초로 예비문항을 개발하였으며, 이를 토대로예비연구와 본연구를 실시하여 총 17개 문항의 일상우울척도를 개발하였다. 예비연구에서는 일반인 518명의 자료를 분석하여 남성용 30 문항, 여성용 35문항이 개발되었으며 남녀 공통문항은 29개였다. 본 연구에서는 일반인 440명의 자료를 분석하여 남녀성인에게 모두 사용할 수 있는 최종 17개 문항이 선정되었다. 신뢰도를 검증한 결과, 높은 내적 일관성을 보였다. 요인분석결과, 1요인으로 확인되었으며 양호한 합치도를 보여 요인 타당도가 지지되었다.

The purpose of this study is to develop and validate the normal depression scale, which measures depression experienced by general people. To achieve this purpose, we performed preliminary study and main study in community-based sample, and decided 17 items for this normal depression scale. In the preliminary study, the data of 518 participants were used for analysis and 30 items for male and 35 items for female were chosen. In the main study, the data of 440 participants were used and 17 items were chosen. The result of reliability testing shows high internal consistency and good test-retest reliability. And the result of factor validity indicates 1 factor model and fair goodness of fitness of the model.

장애음성을 판별할 수 있는 소프트웨어가 개발 될 경우, 원격의료와 언어치료 등 여러 융복합 분야에서의 활용도가 매우 높다. 본 논문은 성대 진동에 대한 변화율을 나타내는 의료정보인 음향학적 파라미터와 신호처리 기반 고차 통계량에 기반을 둔 파라미터를 융합하여, CART(Classification And Regression Trees) 분석을 통해서 정상/장애음성 판별 프로그램을 구현하였다. 사용된 음향학적 파라미터는 Jitter(%)와 shimmer(%)이다. 그리고 본 연구에서 제안된 고차통계량 기반 파라미터는 왜도(Skewness)와 첨도(Kurtosis)의 평균과 분산이다. Kay Elemetrics의 데이터베이스에서 무작위로 발췌된 정상음성 53명, 장애 음성 173명의 /아/ 발화를 이용하여 결정트리(Decision tree) 기반 장애음성 판별을 위해 평균적으로 83.15%의 성능을 보이는 알고리즘을 구현하였다. 그 결과를 바탕으로 추후 상용화를 고려하여 사용자 친화적인 프레임 워크에 의해 컨텐츠를 생성하는 융복합형 기능이 포함된 장애음성 판별 프로그램을 개발하였다.

If the software is developed to analyze the speech disorder, the application of various converged areas will be very high. This paper implements the user-friendly program based on CART(Classification and regression trees) analysis to distinguish between normal and pathological voices utilizing combination of the acoustical and HOS(Higher-order statistics) parameters. It means convergence between medical information and signal processing. Then the acoustical parameters are Jitter(%) and Shimmer(%). The proposed HOS parameters are means and variances of skewness(MOS and VOS) and kurtosis(MOK and VOK). Database consist of 53 normal and 173 pathological voices distributed by Kay Elemetrics. When the acoustical and proposed parameters together are used to generate the decision tree, the average accuracy is 83.11%. Finally, we developed a program with more user-friendly interface and frameworks.

Unexpected postoperative changes, such as growth in rib hump and shoulder unbalance, have been occasionally reported after corrective surgery for scoliosis. However there has been neither experimental data fer explanation of these changes, nor the suggestion of optimal correction method. Therefore, the numerical study was designed to investigate the post-operative changes of vertebral rotation and rib cage deformation after the corrective surgery of scoliosis. A mathematical finite element model of normal spine including rib cage, sternum, both clavicles, and pelvis was developed with anatomical details. In this study, we also developed a special program which could convert a normal spine model to a desired scoliotic spine model automatically. A personalized skeletal deformity of scoliosis model was reconstructed with X-ray images of a scoliosis patient from the normal spine structures and rib cage model. The geometric mapping was performed by translating and rotating the spinal column with an amount analyzed from the digitized 12 built-in coordinate axes in each vertebral image. By utilizing this program, problems generated in mapping procedure such as facet joint overlapping, vertebral body deformity could be automatically resolved.

일본에서는 ‘대도시권화’와 ‘지방소멸’이라는 변화에 대응한 공간전략의 마련에 고심해왔다. 2000년대 초반부터는 인구 감소, 장기불황, 전통산업 쇠퇴에 관한 위 기의식이 더욱 고조되었으며, 이에 대응하기 위한 새로운 국토공간전략을 준비해 왔다. 우리나라도 일본과 마찬가지로 인구 감소, 저성장, 산업구조 변화 등과 같은 대내외적 여건 변화가 심화될 것으로 예상되고 있다. 저성장, 저출산·고령화, 산업 구조 변화 등의 메가트렌드는 우리 국토공간의 유례없는 변화를 예고하고 있는 상 황이다. 이에 본 연구는 일본의 국토, 도시 및 지역정책에 관한 노력을 고찰하고, 우리 나라의 국토 및 도시의 공간구조 재편 논의에 관한 시사점을 제공하고자 한다. 먼 저, 본 연구는 일본이 1990년대부터 시작된 경제적 위기상황을 극복하기 위한 여 러 노력들을 고찰하며, 이러한 노력이 ‘공간전략’과 긴밀히 맞물려 있음을 고찰했 다. 특히, 일본의 대도시권, 중소도시, 농산어촌의 공간 정책이 ‘압축+연계 전략’ 속에 어떠한 방식으로 구현되고 있는 지를 검토했다. 이후, 일본의 국토공간전략 수립에 관한 논의를 바탕으로 우리나라 국토공간전 략 구상에 관한 다음과 같은 두 가지 큰 방향을 정리했다. 첫째로, ‘성장하는 대도 시권’과 ‘축소·쇠퇴하는 중소도시’를 함께 고려할 수 있는 공간전략을 구상해야 한다. 둘째, 압축+연계 공간전략을 기반으로 한 국토공간전략은 국가 및 지역 경제 정책과의 정합성을 높이도록 구상되어야 한다. 이상의 국토공간전략에 관한 논의 는 저성장, 저출산·고령화라는 거대한 변화 속에서 도시 간 상생발전의 미래상을 제시하고 있다는 점에서 그 의의가 있다.

In Japan, there has been a huge migration of young people from regional areas to three major metropolitan areas of Tokyo, Osaka and Nagoya from the 1950’s. On the other hand, there have been a growing number of regional areas struggling to maintain a certain level of public or private services due to insufficient population density. A gradual increase in regional polarization has been reinforced by decreasing job opportunities in non-metropolitan regions. Japanese government introduced the spatial concept of “compact and networks” by developing ‘Grand Design of National Spatial Development towards 2050’ which aims to respond to the challenges Japan faces including an unprecedented population decreasing society, as well as economic depression. South Korea have the similar problems as the Japan has undergone in the several decades. The main purpose of this study is to provide a rich discussion of spatial development strategies by reviewing Japanese government’s recent efforts to reshape spatial structures. This paper suggests that firstly, spatial development strategies should reinforce effective collaboration between growing metropolitan areas and adjacent areas in decline. Secondly, regional industrial policies need to be tightly linked with ‘compact and networks’ spatial strategies in order to not only develop the local economies, but also improve the productivity of the entire nation.

Although Rap GTPases of the Ras family remained enigmatic for years, extensive studies in this decade have revealed diverse functions of Rap signaling in the control of cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, adhesion, and movement. With the use of gene-engineered mice, we have uncovered essential roles of endogenous Rap signaling in normal lymphocyte development of both T- and B-lineage cells. Deregulation of Rap signaling, on the other hand, results in the development of characteristic leukemia in manners highly dependent on the contexts of cell lineages. These results highlight crucial roles of Rap signaling in the physiology and pathology of lymphocyte development.

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) play important roles in various cellular functions including proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. We showed that MAPKs are developmentally regulated in the rat kidney. p38 MAPK (p38) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) were strongly expressed in the fetal kidney, whereas c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) was detected predominantly in the adult kidney. The inhibition of p38 or ERK in organ culture resulted in reduced nephron formation with or without reduced kidney size. On the other hand, persistent fetal expression pattern of MAPKs, i.e., upregulation of p38 and ERK and downregulation of JNK, was observed in the cyst epithelium of human renal dysplasia, ovine fetal obstructive uropathy, and pcy mice, a model of polycystic kidney disease. Furthermore, activated p38 and ERK induced by cyclic stretch mediated proliferation and $TGF-{\beta}1$ expression in ureteric bud cells, probably leading to cyst formation and dysplastic changes. Inhibition of ERK slowed the disease progression in pcy mice. Finally, ERK and p38 were inactivated in the early embryonic kidney subjected to maternal nutrient restriction, characterized by reduced ureteric branching and nephron number. Thus, MAPKs mediate the development of normal and diseased kidney. Their modulation may result in novel therapeutic strategies against developmental abnormalities of the kidney.

Monochromatic green light-emitting diodes (LED) light stimuli influences the posthatch growth performance of chicks. This study was undertaken with the following objectives: i) to examine whether the green LED light stimuli induces an overheating effect by determining weight loss rate of fertile eggs during incubation period; ii) to look for the development of eyes and other primary organs at different ages of embryos and newly hatched chicks. Arbor Acres fertile broiler eggs (n = 480) were randomly assigned to 3 incubation groups and exposed to continuous white light, green light, or a dark environment (control) from the first day to 19 d of incubation. The light sourced from LED lamps with the intensity of 30 lx at eggshell level. The results showed that either green or white light stimuli during incubation did not significantly affect the weight loss rate of fertile eggs, hatching time, hatchability, chick embryo, or body weight (BW), the weight percentage of heart, liver, and eyes, as well as obvious systematic abnormalities in eye weight, side-to-side, back-to-front, or corneal diameter from 15 d of embryogenesis to 6 d of posthatch (p>0.05). Compared with the dark condition, green light stimuli during incubation tended to increase feed intake (p = 0.080), improved the BW gain of chicks during 0 to 6 day posthatch (p<0.05), and increased the percentage of pectoral muscle to the BW on 3- and 6-day-old chicks. In addition, embryos or chicks in green light had lower weight percentage of yolk retention on 19 d of embryogenesis and 1 d of posthatch in comparison to those in dark or white group (p<0.05). These results suggest that providing 30 lx green LED light stimuli during incubation has no detrimental effect on the development of eyes, heart and liver of embryos and hatchlings, but does have potential benefits in terms of enhancement of the chick growth during the early posthatch stages. In addition, the fertile broiler eggs stimulated with 30 lx green LED light during incubation does not cause an overheating effect.

"Epigenetics" means the study of heritable changes in gene-activity without changes in DNA sequences. Methylation of the cytosine residue in a CpG dinucleotide sequence is a characteristic of the vertebrate genome. In vertebrates, methylation of DNA mainly occurs at the 5′-position of cytosine in a CpG dinucleotide forming 5-methylcytosine. Methylation of DNA plays a profound role in transcriptional repression of gene expression through several mechanisms. Generally, DNA of inactive genes is more heavily methylated than that of active ones; conversely demethylation of DNA reactivates gene expression in vivo and in vitro.