Earticle

As the rate of visual information interchange on the Internet increases, image encryption has become a key method to secure image information. Here, an efficient image encryption technique was investigated. It employed Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Secure Force Algorithm (SF), along with using chaotic maps' transpositions on bit-level to remove the deep correlations between pixels. This study examined the efficiency of the technique with respect to security analysis, using entropy, histogram, correlation, NPCR, UACI, and sensitivity tests. The obtained results were outstanding, the average entropy was 7.999 (theoretical value is 8). Besides that, the coefficient correlation was almost zero which means that plain and ciphered images have no relevance to each other. Ciphered image's histograms were fairly uniformed, confirming that ciphered images have no statistical resemblance to original images and making no suggestions about how to implement statistical attacks. Because the proposed cryptosystem is more stable in the face of prevalent attacks, it can be used for secure applications and secure communication.

본 연구의 목적은 Salmonella 표준균주 4(ATCC 3종, KCTC 1종)와 분리균주 2종 모두 6종을 대상으로 Thin aggregative fimbriae(박층 응집 섬모)에 해당하는 유전자 csgA와 csgB 를 각각 비교하여 아미노산 돌연변이와 염기서 열 돌연변이를 유전자 서열분석법으로 관찰하는 것이었다. 균주들의 유전자 서열을 분석한 후에 분석한 결과는 비교 적 적은 아미노산 돌연변이가 관찰되었다. Salmonella csgA 유전자에서는 Ser20→Gly(AGT→GGT), csgB 유전자에 서는 Asp25→Ala(GAT→GCT)와 Lys66→Thr(AAA→ACA)으로 각각 아미노산 돌연변이와 뉴클레오티드 서열 (nucleotide sequence) 돌연변이가 관찰되었다. Salmonella 6종의 균주에서 S. typhimurium – TH 균주에서 높은 비율인 2개의 아미노산 돌연변이가 관찰되었으며, 반면에 S. typhimurium ATCC 13311 균주와 S. typhimurium KCTC 1925 균 주에서는 nucleotide sequence 변이가 관찰되지 않았다. 이상의 결과로 볼 때에 아미노산 돌연변이 탐색연구에 S. typhimurium – TH 균주의 csgA & csgB 유전자는 유전자서열 연구에 유용하다고 판단한다.

The purpose of this study was investigated to observe the relatively low amino acid mutations in six different strains of ATCC or KCTC Salmonella strains (four species and two isolates). The mutations in the strains were to be detected and compared with the genes csgA and csgB corresponding to the Thin aggregative fimbriae. Amino acid mutations in the strains were observed from Ser20→ Gly(AGT→GGT) in the csgA gene, Asp25→Ala(GAT→GCT) and Lys66→Thr(AAA→ACA) in the csgB gene. Among the six strains, the two most common amino acid variations were observed in S. typhimurium - TH strains. On the other hand, no mutation of nucleotide sequence was observed in the strains of S. typhimurium ATCC 13311 and S. typhimurium KCTC 1925. In conclusion the genes csgA and csgB in the strains may be useful for the evaluation and detection of amino acid mutation.

본 연구의 목적은 안암동 1·2가 일대의 도시한옥 주거지 및 내외부 공간 변화를 통해 현재 도시한옥의 변화양상을 이해하는 것이다. 이를 통해 도시한옥이 지속 가능한 주거유형으로 유지되기 위해 요구되는 부분이 무엇인지 살펴보고자 하였다. 도시한옥은 근대기 도시지역에 우리의 전통한옥의 특징과 조영원리를 기반으로 도시조직과 환경을 고려하여 건축된 새로운 주거유형이다. 따라서 대량공급, 분양, 규격화된 건축재료의 사용 등 근대기 주택으로서의 특징을 담고 있다. 이후 도시한옥에서는 다양한 변화의 양상이 나타난다. 이러한 변화는 한옥이 여전히 생명력을 가지고 지속가능한 건축유형으로 유지되고 있음을 반증하는 것이지만 다른 한편 도시한옥으로서의 원형과 특징을 잃어가는 부정적인 면도 있다. 조사지역의 도시한옥 평면의 변화양상을 살펴보면 먼저 물리적 변화에서는 공간의 윤곽변화, 마감재료, 평면구성의 변화로 정리할 수 있으며, 실의 기능 및 성격의 변화에서는 물리적 변화에 따른 실들의 재배치로 정리할 수 있다. 이러한 변화의 원인과 결과를 파악하고 이해하는 것은 도시한옥이 현대 주거의 한 유형으로 자리매김하는데 도움이 될 것이다.

The purpose of this study is to understand the changing patterns of urban hanok architecture by studying the evolution of exterior and interior spaces in hanok residential area, concentrated in Anam-dong1-2ga. Through this, we aimed to find the factors required for the sustainability of the urban hanok as a form of residential architecture suited for dwelling purposes. The urban hanok is a new form of housing found in modern cities - it capitalizes on the characteristics and construction principles of traditional hanok architecture, while also taking consideration of the surrounding urban structure and environment. Therefore, this type of architecture still retains certain characteristics of modern residences not only in their use of standardized construction materials but also via the viability of mass construction and distribution. Thus, one can witness various patterns of change in urban hanok. These changes, on the one hand, demonstrate that the hanok has retained its viability as a maintainable form of architecture, while also exhibiting negative changes in the sense that such transformations take away the original form and unique attributes of hanok. In analysing the area chosen for the study, one can summarize that patterns of physical change in urban hanok include changes in contour, finishing materials and plan compositions. Patterns of change in the function and characteristics of each room include the rearrangement of the function of rooms caused by the physical changes. Understanding the reasons and outcomes behind such changes may contribute to the maintenance of the urban hanok as a contemporary form of residential architecture.

이동통신망에서는 한정된 채널을 효과적으로 할당하기 위한 여러 연구들이 진행되고 있다. 이동국에서 호를 요청하면 교환국에서 각 기지국에 속한 이동국에 채널을 할당한다. 채널할당방식에는 크게 고정채널할당방식, 동적채널할당방식 그리고 이를 조합한 하이브리드방식이 있다. 본 논문에서는 채널을 할당 할 때 채널 간 간섭을 최소로 하고 채널을 할당하기까지의 시간과 횟수를 최소화하는 방안을 제안한다. 본 논문에서는 제안하고자 하는 알고리즘은 기지국, 제어국, 교환국 등 특정 장비당 채널수에 상관이 없이 범용으로 사용할 수 있는 시스템 모델을 기준으로 제안하였으며 기존의 통신사업자들이 통계를 근거로 채널을 할당하는 유사한 고정방식과 할당 시 기존의 방식과는 개선된 방식을 제시한다. 시뮬레이션을 통해 다른 방식과 비교 검토하여 제안 방식의 효율성을 검증한다.

If a mobile station requests a channel allocation in its mobile networks, the switching center assigns a channel to a mobile station that belongs to each base station. There are three kinds of channel allocation schemes; a fixed channel allocation, a dynamic channel allocation and a hybrid combination of these two forms. In assigning a good frequency, it is our intention to provide quality service to our customers as well as to use resources efficiently. This paper proposes methods of assigning frequencies that minimize interference between channels and that also minimize the amount of searching time involved. In this paper, we propose an algorithm to per specific equipment, regardless of the number of channels that can be used as a general-purpose system, such as base stations, control stations, central office model is proposed, the existing operators manner similar to the fixed channel allocation based statistics and assigned when the conventional method and the improved method is proposed. Different ways and compared via simulations to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Glucosamine (UDP-N-acetyl)-2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase (GNE) myopathy is caused by mutations in GNE, a key enzyme in sialic acid biosynthesis. Here, we reported a case of GNE that presented with atypical mild clinical feature and slow progression. A 48-year-old female had a complaint of left foot drop since the age of 46 years. Electromyography (EMG) and muscle biopsy from left tibialis anterior muscle were compatible with myopathy. Genetic analysis led to the identification of c.1714G>C/c.527A>T compound heterozygous mutation, which is the second most frequent mutation in Japan as far as we know. Previous research has revealed that c.1714G>C/c.527A>T compound heterozygous mutation is a mild mutation as the onset of the disease is much later than the usual age of onset of GNE myopathy and the clinical course is slowly progressive. This was the first case report in Korea of the clinicopathological characteristics of GNE myopathy with GNE (c.1714G>C/c.527A>T compound heterozygous) mutation.

Warfarin is a frequently prescribed anticoagulant in rehabilitation patients. Adverse drug reactions of warfarin were reported as bleeding and cutaneous microvascular thrombosis. Major bleeding, such as intracranial hemorrhage and psoas hematoma, in patients receiving anticoagulation therapy is a rare condition, but sometimes very serious complication that can even be fatal. Patient-specific factors (eg, age, body size, race, concurrent diseases, and medications) explain some of the individual variability in warfarin dose, but genetic factors, which influence warfarin response, explain a significantly higher proportion of the variability in the dose. There are two identified genes that are responsible for the main proportion of the genetic effect: CYP2C9, which codes for the enzyme cytochrome P450 2C9 that metabolizes S-warfarin, and VKORC1, which codes for warfarin’s target, vitamin K epoxide reductase. We report a case of intolerance to warfarin dosing, due to impaired drug metabolism in a patient with CYP2C9*1/*3 and VKORC 1173TT. Fortunately, there are no severe complications.

Background: Uncoupling proteins 2 (UCP2) plays an important role in energy regulation, previous studies suggested that UCP2 is an excellent candidate gene for human obesity and growth-related traits in cattle and chicks. The current study was designed to detect the genetic variation of UCP2 gene, and to explore the association between polymorphism of UCP2 gene and growth, carcass and meat quality traits in rabbits. Results: A synonymous mutation in exon 1 and four variants in the first intron of the UCP2 gene were identified by using PCR-sequencing. The synonymous mutation c.72G>A was subsequently genotyped by MassArray system (Sequenom iPLEXassay) in 248 samples from three meat rabbit breeds (94 Ira rabbits, 83 Champagne rabbits, and 71 Tianfu black rabbits). Association analysis suggested that the individuals with AA and AG genotypes showed greater 70 d body weight (P < 0.05), 84 d body weight (P < 0.01), ADG from 28 to 84 days of age (P < 0.05), eviscerated weight (P < 0.01), semi-eviscerated weight (P < 0.01) and semi-eviscerated slaughter percentage (P < 0.05), respectively. Additionally, the individuals with AA and AG genotype had a lower pH value of longissimus muscle (P < 0.01) and hind leg muscle (P < 0.05) after slaughter 24 h. Conclusions: These findings indicated that UCP2 could be a candidate gene that associated with growth performance, body composition and meat quality in rabbits, and this would contribute to advancements in meat rabbit breeding practice.

Distal myopathies; Exome sequencing; LDB3; Korean; Mutation

Diagnostic exome sequencing (DES) is a powerful tool to analyze the pathogenic variants leading to development delay (DD) and intellectual disability (ID). Recently, heterozygous de novo mutation of the histone acetyltransferase encoding gene KAT6B has been recognized as causing a syndrome with congenital anomalies and intellectual disability, namely Say-Barber-Biesecker-Young-Simpson (SBBYS) syndrome. Here we report a case of SBBYS syndrome in a third generation Korean family affected with a missense mutation in KAT6B, c.2292C>T p.(His767Tyr) identified by DES. This is the first confirmed familial inherited mutation of the KAT6B reported worldwide. Our case emphasizes again the importance of basic physical examination and taking a family history. Furthermore, advances in genetic diagnostic tools are becoming key to identifying the etiology of DD and ID. This allows a physiatrist to predict the disease’s clinical evolution with relative certainty, and offer an appropriate rehabilitation plan for patients.

Mutations in the adenylosuccinate synthase 1 (ADSSL1) gene, resulting in adenylosuccinate synthase deficiency, are a rare genetic anomaly characterized by muscular weakness, elevated serum creatine kinase levels, and pathological muscle findings. However, these clinical symptoms are similar to those observed in many other myopathies, increasing the risk of misdiagnosis. In an era of rapidly expanding genetic knowledge, the authors sought to verify the diagnostic utility of electromyography for genetic disorders. Through combined electrophysiological and genetic studies, a patient initially thought to have Becker’s muscular dystrophy was conclusively diagnosed with ADSSL1 mutagenic myopathy. This case underscores the importance of re-evaluating diseases that do not follow the typical clinical progression of traditional myopathies, especially in light of recent diagnostic advancements.

Next-generation sequencing, such as whole-genome sequencing, whole-exome sequencing, and targeted panel sequencing have been applied for diagnosis of many genetic diseases, and are in the process of replacing the traditional methods of genetic analysis. Clinical exome sequencing (CES), which provides not only sequence variation data but also clinical interpretation, aids in reaching a final conclusion with regards to genetic diagnosis. Sequencing of genes with clinical relevance rather than whole exome sequencing might be more suitable for the diagnosis of known hereditary disease with genetic heterogeneity. Here, we present the clinical usefulness of CES for the diagnosis of hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP). We report a case of patient who was strongly suspected of having HSP based on her clinical manifestations. HSP is one of the diseases with high genetic heterogeneity, the 72 different loci and 59 discovered genes identified so far. Therefore, traditional approach for diagnosis of HSP with genetic analysis is very challenging and time-consuming. CES with TruSight One Sequencing Panel, which enriches about 4,800 genes with clinical relevance, revealed compound heterozygous mutations in SPG11. One workflow and one procedure can provide the results of genetic analysis, and CES with enrichment of clinically relevant genes is a cost-effective and time-saving diagnostic tool for diseases with genetic heterogeneity, including HSP.

Familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP), a genetic disease showing the autosomal dominant inheritance pattern was first reported by Andrade in 1952. There are three precursor proteins of amyloid inducing FAP: transthyretin (TTR), Apolipoprotein A-1, and Gelsolin. Among these three proteins, abnormal TTR expression by point mutation is most frequently discovered in FAP. Although TTR type FAP has been treated and classified according to clinical findings in the past, it is classified genetically in these days. Since the substitution of methionine for valine at position 30 is most common gene mutation, TTR type FAP is divided into Val30Met type FAP and uncommon non-Val30Met type FAP. Because Asp38Ala mutation type is rarely reported in uncommon non-Val30Met type FAP, we are reporting the clinical characteristics and disease progression of non-Val30Met Type FAP with Asp38Ala Mutation.

South Korea is experiencing intermittent avian flu outbreaks, and the situation is becoming worse because the majority of response efforts are concerned with post-emergence treatment instead of prevention. In this situation, the accuracy of the vaccine should be increased and a method of predicting the mutation of the virus is needed. The aim of this study was therefore to predict the mutation of H5N1 virus HA sequence among domestic poultry. Through analyzing the migratory routes of birds, it was found that the same birds that were infected with H5N1 in Korea were also present in China and Japan and shared breeding grounds. We then used BLAST to obtain molecular evidence that confirms that the AI in China and Japan spreads to Korea with mutations. The HA sequences from previous outbreaks were analyzed for their mutations, and this historical data was used to train a predictive model. Analysis revealed that if the Ka/Ks ratio was over 1, the mutation was preserved. If the Ka/Ks ratio was less than 1, the peaks of the Ka/Ks profiles showed diverse, various mutations. And if the Ka / Ks was significantly low, the mutation did not occur. As a result, based on the Ka/Ks ratios of the AI HA sequences from China and Japan, it was possible to predict which parts of the HA sequence in Korea will be mutated. This will help with vaccine development.

Everett (2005) and Wolfe (2016a, b) claim, against Chomsky’s, that culture constrains language, and language is not innate, but a man- made artifact. Their claim is strikingly false in contrast with uniformity, rapidity, critical period, and degenerated data as proposed by Chomsky (1965; 1968; 1972) for explaining language acquisition (growth). However, Chomsky’s (1996; 2010; 2012) claim, which proposes that language faculty is a result of mutation(s), “a great leap forward,” also has many fallacies. First, it is against information theories like the one proposed by Gitt (1996; 2007) that information is a mental and not a material quantity. It is also observed by scientists like Yang (2010) and Gitt (1996; 2007) that mutation(s) do not add new, complex, and specified information. Chomsky’s assumption of language faculty by mutation(s) cannot account for this observation. Chomsky’s language faculty by arbitrary mutation(s) also cannot explain the working together of speech anatomy and the built-in brain for the framework of intelligence of language use and for language faculty itself. I propose that the innate language faculty claimed by Chomsky can be accounted for without difficulty by irreducible complexity and specified complexity claimed by Behe (1996) and Dembsky (1999), respectively.