Earticle

이 연구는 1980년부터 2012년까지 교원 현직연수 관련 연구 동향을 사전에 설정된 분석 기준에 따라 분석하는데 목적이 있다. 분석 결과, 교원 현직연수 관련 연구는 1980년대에 거의 이루어지지 않았고 1990년대에 들어서면서 학술지를 통해 본격적으로 연구논문이 증가하기 시작하였다. 둘째, 교원 현직연수 연구는 일반적인 연수관련 논문이 0편(46%)으로 가장 많았고, 그 다음 교과관련 연수 23편(25%), 정보화관련 연수 19편(20%), 비교과관련 연수 8편(9%)순으로 나타났다. 셋째, 연구 주제는 ｢현직연수의 평가와 효과 분석｣ 27편(29%), ｢프로그램 구성 및 연수모형 개발·적용｣ 26편(28%), ｢교원 현직연수제도 및 체제 개선｣ 25편(27%), ｢교원 현직연수 참여 실태 및 요구 분석｣ 15편(16%) 순으로 연구된 것으로 나타나 전체적으로는 각 주제별로 큰 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 활용된 연구방법은 문헌연구가 42편(45%), 양적연구 36편(39%)으로 주류를 이룬 가운데, 혼합연구는 8편(9%), 질적연구는 7편(7%)으로 상대적으로 적었다. 다섯째, 현직연수 관련 연구는 초⋅중등교육이 분리되어 이루어지기 보다는 모두를 대상으로 하는 연구가 월등하게 많았다.

The purpose of this study was to analyze research trends of teacher in-service education, based on classified criteria derived from the review of its related literature during 1980-2012. As a result, research on teacher in-service education sparsely appeared in the 1980s and began to increase from the 1990s. Second, concerning research areas, general in-service education related papers(46%) were on the top in their numbers, followed by subject-matter related in-service education(25%), information related(20%) and non-subject-matter related ones(9%). Third, regarding research themes, 'evaluation and effectiveness analysis on in-service education(29%)was ranked the 1st in numbers of research, followed by 'constructing, developing, and adapting in-service education programs and models'(28%), 'improving teacher in-service education system'(27%), and 'analyzing conditions and demands to participate in in-service education'(16%). Fourth, among research methods, literature review(45%) was the most frequently used in in-service education research, followed by quantitative methods(39%) and mixed methods(9%). Qualitative methods(7%) were the fewest out of all the major research methods. Fifth, from the perspective of research target, in-service education related research usually incorporated both elementary and secondary schools rather than separated them into independent object.

본 연구는 지역아동센터 서비스와 취약계층 청소년의 학교적응에 대한 통합적 이해를 도모하기 위해 양적연구와 질적연구의 상호보완을 목적으로 혼합연구를 실시하였다. 이를 위해 「지역아동센터아동패널」을 활용하여 양적연구를 실시하고, 지역아동센터를 이용하는 청소년의 심층 인터뷰를 토대로 질적 연구를 수행한 순차설명설계 방법으로 진행하였다. 혼합 연구 결과, 지역아동센터 서비스는 다양하고 복합적으로 취약계층 청소년의 학교적응에 긍정적 영향을 미쳤고, 자아탄력성의 간접효과가 나타났다. 한편, 지역아동센터 교사 지지는 통계적으로 유의하지 않았으나 질적 연구에서 지역아동센터 교사지지 중요성은 강조되었다. 또한, 지역아동센터 내 프로그램화된 서비스만이 아닌 대상, 공간, 구조, 시스템 등을 통해 취약계층 청소년의 학교 적응에 순기능을 하고 있음이 드러났다. 이에 지역아동센터 서비스의 질적 강화와 교사의 전문성 강화 등 현장과 학계, 유관기관들을통한 증거기반 결과물을 누적하여 취약계층 청소년의 학교적응 증진을 위해 다 체계적으로 노력해야 할 것이다.

This mixed Methods study was conducted to complement the quantitative and qualitative research in order to provide an integrated understanding of the community child center services and school adaptation of vulnerable adolescent. This research was sequential explanatory design, It conducted a quantitative analysis on Community Child Center Panel Data and a qualitative analysis based on the in-depth interviews with adolescents using community child center. The result of this study were as follows, The community child center services have yielded various and complex positive effects on school adaptation of vulnerable adolescents and showed the indirect effect of ego-resilience. In the other hand, supports for teachers of community child center was not statistically significant, but the importance of teachers of supports was emphasized in qualitative research. In addition, The objects, spaces, structures, and systems of community child center centers are a positive function as a school adaption for vulnerable adolescents. Therefore, in order to enhance the adaptation of vulnerable adolescents to the school, it is necessary to accumulate evidence-based results through field, academia and related institutions, such as strengthening the quality of services at Community Children centers and enhancing the professionalism of teachers.

Ssuk-injeolmi (쑥인절미), a traditional Korean glutinous rice cake containing Ssuk (mugwort) historically prepared by steaming, is nutritionally limited by its high glycemic index, low dietary fiber, and adhesive texture that poses dysphagia risk for elderly consumers. This study developed a modified Ssuk-injeolmi by partially substituting glutinous rice with brown rice and oat flour at four ratios (GR100, GR80, GR70, GR65) and evaluated the effects of grain substitution and cooking method (steaming vs. boiling) on colorimetric properties, texture profile, post-cooking moisture uptake, proximate composition, and predicted glycemic index. Steamed samples exhibited consistently higher lightness, greater moisture retention, and lower hardness and chewiness than boiled counterparts, attributed to more uniform starch gelatinization under indirect heat, scientifically validating steaming as the superior and traditionally appropriate cooking method for Ssuk-injeolmi. Among steamed formulations, GR70 (glutinous rice: brown rice: oat = 70:20:10) achieved the most favorable textural profile with the lowest chewiness, gumminess, and adhesiveness among substituted groups. Grain substitution progressively increased dietary fiber from 1.22 g/100 g (GR100) to 2.51 g/100 g (GR70) and reduced the predicted glycemic index from 82 to 77.6, consistent with the hypoglycemic effects of oat β-glucan and brown rice bran fiber. Caloric content remained comparable across formulations (224–235 kcal/100 g). Steamed GR70 Ssuk-injeolmi is identified as the most favorable reformulation, delivering reduced adhesiveness, more than double the dietary fiber of the control, and a lower predicted glycemic index while maintaining comparable caloric content. These findings demonstrate that evidence-based grain substitution and traditional steam cooking can synergistically improve the nutritional quality and textural safety of a culturally significant ethnic food without compromising its identity, offering a replicable reformulation framework for other traditional glutinous rice-based foods in Korean and East Asian cuisines targeting health-conscious and aging consumer populations globally.

This review explores the factors that improve meat protein digestibility and applies the findings to the development of home meal replacements with improved protein digestion rates in older adults. Various methods improve the digestion rate of proteins, such as heat, ultrasound, high pressure, or pulse electric field. In addition, probiotics aid in protein digestion by improving the function of digestive organs and secreting enzymes. Plant-derived proteases, such as papain, bromelain, ficin, actinidin, or zingibain, can also improve the protein digestion rate; however, the digestion rate is dependent on the plant enzyme used and protein characteristics. Sous vide processing improves the rate and extent of protein digestibility, but the protein digestion rate decreases with increasing temperature and heating time. Ultrasound, high pressure, or pulsed electric field treatments degrade the protein structure and increase the proteolytic enzyme contact area to improve the protein digestion rate.

Background: Fermentation is an age old technique of preserving food in many communities. A wide range of fermented products are prepared by varying the types of raw materials, utensils, and fermentation times. Several fermented foods are consumed in Swaziland. A survey of the types of fermented foods, preparation methods, and utensils used was done in the Hhohho region of Swaziland. The current study aimed at documenting the preparation methods of emahewu, emasi, umcombotsi, and buganu at household levels. Methods: Detailed fermentation steps were documented for umcombotsi, emahewu, buganu, and emasi. Five constituencies, called tinkhundla, were randomly selected from the 14 found in the Hhohho region of Swaziland. At each inkhundla, households that were known to regularly prepare the fermented foods were identified with the assistance of local community leaders and were interviewed. A semistructured questionnaire was used for the face-to-face interviews. Results: With respect to preparation procedures and practices, all respondents indicated that they had prepared different fermented foods at one time or another. The most commonly prepared and readily available fermented foods were umcombotsi (alcoholic beverage), emahewu (nonalcoholic beverage), buganu (marula wine), and emasi (spontaneously fermented milk). Both men and women indicated that they prepared umcombotsi, and only women reported that they prepared emahewu, buganu, and emasi. Umcombotsi was mainly prepared for sale, while buganu, emahewu, and emasi were for sale as well as for household consumption. Umcombotsi was mostly prepared by mixing maize meal, unmilled sorghum malt (magayiwe), and brown sugar (3 kg) in water (20 L). The initial stage involved cooking the mixture to gelatinize the starch, followed by fermentation at ambient temperature (25?30°C) for about 72 hours. The whole preparation process takes about 4?5 days. Emahewu was prepared by mixing maize meal (1 kg) with water (5 L) and cooking to make a soft porridge. The cooled porridge was left to ferment at room temperature. Some reported adding sugar or a peeled potato to aid the fermentation process. Emasi was prepared by letting raw milk to naturally ferment at room temperature (25?30°C) in either metal or plastic containers (buckets) for 2?3 days. Buganu was prepared from marula fruit (amaganu) juice and pulp mixed with water (10 L) and sugar (2 kg). The mixture was allowed to ferment at ambient temperature for about 3 days, sieved, and then served. Conclusion: Umcombotsi, emahewu, buganu, and emasi were the fermented foods commonly prepared at a household level in the Hhohho region, Swaziland. The main ingredient used for preparing umcombotsi and emahewu was maize meal. Unmilled sorghum malt was also added during preparation of umcombotsi. However, typically no malt was added during the preparation of emahewu. Buganu and emasi also play an important role in the diet and socioeconomic activities of the population in Swaziland.

Botulinum toxins are neurotoxic modular proteins composed of a heavy chain and a light chain connected by a disulfide bond and are produced by Clostridium botulinum. Although lethally toxic, botulinum toxin in low doses is clinically effective in numerous medical conditions, including muscle spasticity, strabismus, hyperactive urinary bladder, excessive sweating, and migraine. Globally, several companies are now producing products containing botulinum toxin for medical and cosmetic purposes, including the reduction of facial wrinkles. To test the efficacy and toxicity of botulinum toxin, animal tests have been solely and widely used, resulting in the inevitable sacrifice of hundreds of animals. Hence, alternative methods are urgently required to replace animals in botulinum toxin testing. Here, the various alternative methods developed to test the toxicity and efficacy of botulinum toxins have been briefly reviewed and future perspectives have been detailed.

The development of methods for the identification of irradiated foods helps enforce national and international regulations on labelling to ensure the consumer's free choice to buy irradiated or unirradiated foods. and the availabilityof such methods may assist the promotion of international trade in irradiated food products and help prevent abuse of the technology. A number of approaches to determine the physical , chemical, microbiological and biological changes that occur in foods treated with ionizing radiation have been studied. However no single method is universally applicable. Among physical measurements, the leading methods of indentification are electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy and thermoluminescence(TL). ESR is an established non-destructive method for the analysis of free radicals from their traps and TL is the emission of light from irradiated mineral extracts by heating. Viscosity of carbohydrate polymers by causing chain breaks by irradiation, measuring the impedance of potatoes and detection of gases produced radiolytically are promising techniques for identification purposes. Irradiated water-containing foods show significant supercooling when monitored with a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), which can be applied to identifying irradiated ones.

Rapid progress and widespread outbreak of COVID-19 have caused devastating influence on the health systems all around the world. The importance of countermeasures to tackle this problem lead to widespread use of Computer Aided Diagnosis (CADs) applications using deep neural networks. The unprecedented success of machine learning techniques, especially deep learning networks in medical images, have led to their recent prominence in improving efficient diagnosis of COVID-19 with increased detection accuracy. However, recent studies in the field of security of AI-based systems revealed that these deep learning models are vulnerable to adversarial attacks. Adversarial examples generated by attack algorithms are not recognizable by the human eye and can easily deceive the state-of-the-art deep learning models, therefore they threaten security-critical learning applications. In this paper, the methodology, results and concerns of recent works on robustness of AI based COVID-19 systems are summarized and discussed. We explore important security concerns related to deep neural networks and review current state-of-the-art defense methods to prevent performance degradation.

Ayurveda (the science of life) is one of the branches of Vedas. It is regarded as upaveda of Atharva Veda. It is a steam of knowledge coming down from generation to generation since eternity parallel to Vedic literature which is why its emergence has been said to be from the creator (Brahman) himself prior to the creation. It is taken as eternal because nobody knows when it was not there. In Ayurveda, food is considered to affect the mind as well as the body. By understanding how to prepare foods best suited to our minds and bodies, we can utilize nutrition as a source of healing. Food is the most essential to sustain a good life and the same food if consumed inappropriately becomes the root cause of many diseases. So, proper knowledge about food and its importance should be known by all human beings to have better benefits from it.

Through the analysis of the coordination mechanism of the supply chain system of China's automobile manufacturing industry, the factors affecting the supply subsystem, the manufacturing subsystem, the sales subsystem, and the consumption subsystem are sorted out, the supply chain coordination index system based on the influence factor of four subsystems is established. The evaluation models of the coordination degree in the subsystem of the supply chain, the coordination degree among the subsystems, and the comprehensive coordination degree are established by using the efficiency coefficient method and the collaborative entropy method. Experimental results verify the accuracy of the evaluation model using the empirical analysis of the collaborative evaluation index data of China's automobile manufacturing industry from 2000 to 2019. The supply chain synergy of automobile manufacturing industry was low from 2001 to 2005, and it increased to a certain extent from 2006 to 2008 with a small growth rate from 0.10 to 0.15. From 2009 to 2013, the supply chain synergy of automobile manufacturing industry increased rapidly from 0.24 to 0.49, and it also increased rapidly but fluctuated from 2014 to 2019, first rising from 0.68 to 0.84 then dropping to 0.71. These results provide reference for the development of China's automobile manufacturing supply chain system and scientific decision-making basis for the formulation of relevant policies of the automobile manufacturing industry.

With increasing interests in renewables, more consumers are installing an energy storage system (ESS) in their backyards, and thus, the ESS will play a critical role in the emerging smart grid. Due to mechanical properties, however its operational dynamics must be well understood before connecting the ESS to the smart grid (and eventually to an IT system). To this end, we investigate charging and discharging processes in detail. This paper, then, proposes methods for four type tests (state of charge test, conversion efficiency test, response time test, and ramp rate test) that can assess the dynamics of the ESS. The proposed methods can capture accurate delay values of mechanical processes in the ESS, and it is expected for those values to help design real-time communication systems in the smart grid involving the ESS.

Generally, existing parallel main-memory spatial index structures to avoid the trade-off between query freshness and CPU cost uses light-weight locking techniques. However, still, the lock based methods have some limits such as thrashing which is a well-known problem in lock based methods. In this paper, we propose a distributed index structure for moving objects exploiting the parallelism in multiple machines. The proposed index is a lock free multi-version concurrency technique based on the D-Stream model of Spark Stream. The proposed method exploits the multiversion nature of D-Stream of Spark Streaming.

A real-time digital holographic display is the core technology for the next-generation 3DTV. Holographic display requires a considerably large amount of calculation. If generating a large number of digital holograms is intended, the amount of calculation and the time required increase exponentially. This is a significant obstacle in a real-time hologram service. This paper proposes an algorithm that increases the speed of generating a Fresnel hologram by using a recursive addition operation covering the entire coordinate array of a digital hologram. The 3D object designed to calculate the digital hologram uses a depth-map image produced by computer graphics. The proposed algorithm is a technique that performs the computer-generated holography (CGH) operation with only recursive addition of all of the hologram's coordinates by analyzing the regularity between the 3D object and the digital hologram coordinates. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm increases the operation speed by 70% over the technique using the conventional CGH equation and by more than 30% over the previously proposed recursive technique.

For real time dynamic simulation, two different subsystem synthesis methods with independent generalized coordinates have been developed and compared. In each formulation, the subsystem equations of motion are generated in terms of independent generalized coordinates. The first formulation is based on the relative Cartesian coordinates with respect to moving subsystem base body. The second formulation is based on the relative joint coordinates using recursive formulation. Computational efficiency of the formulations has been compared theoretically by the arithmetic operational counts. In order to verify real-time capability of the formulations, bump run simulations of a quarter car model with SLA suspension subsystem have been carried out to measure the actual CPU time.

The effects of cultivation methods (cultivation of curled-shaped type, M-1; conventional cultivation, M-2; growing after treatment with a growth regulator, M-3; cultivation by the combination of M-1 and treatment with oak charcoal, M-4) on the quality characteristics of soybean sprouts were studied by the measurement of growth characteristics. This study also investigated the changes in shelf-life stability of the new soybean sprouts (NSB) using M-4, which was cultivated with oak charcoal and treated with antimicrobial Citrus sunki seed extract. Among the soybean sprouts grown for six days at the high temperature and humidity environment (90$\pm$5% RH, 25$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$), M-1 revealed no significant difference in terms of quality, such as the harvest yield, the rot rate and the growth characteristics when compared with M-2. M-3 showed no significant difference in growth characteristics, of hardness, and sensory evaluation scores when compared with the soybean sprouts grown by conventional methods. NSB had a low number of total microorganisms and had a better appearance after five days of storage than did the control group (M-2). These findings demonstrate that chemical-free and clean soybean sprouts can be grown by combining oak charcoal and antimicrobial Citrus sunki seed extract, thereby meeting the consumer demand for safe, chemical free sprouts.

Much of modern medical research are supported by statistics and machine learning techniques. For the reliability of these studies, it is important to measure the effectiveness of the developed models in making predictions on real medical data. Cross validation is a tool, which provides a principled method of measuring the effectiveness of models and comparing models with each other. This paper presents theoretical and empirical analysis of common cross validation methods. Using sample logistic regression model along with with six different validation methods, comparative analysis has been conducted. The model was developed to determine the level of thyroglobulin hormone, thyroid cancer marker. The marker indicates an increased risk of thyroid cancer metastasis, and is commonly used in metastasis diagnosis. Whereas, literature does not provide a single threshold of thyroglobulin value, indicating an increased risk of metastasis. This paper confirms that one of the main reasons of this lack, is the high variance of the developed models. This research argues that the use of the validation technique also influences both: measures of the model quality and the threshold value. The results show a high discrepancy in the determination of threshold values. However, iterative methods (such as sampling and bootstrap) seem to produce more stable outcomes.

In this paper, we present an overview of Nearest neighbor (NN) methods, which are frequently employed for solving classification problems using supervised learning. The article concisely introduces the theoretical background, algorithmic, and implementation aspects along with the key applications. From an application standpoint, this article explores the challenges related to the 5G and beyond wireless networks which can be solved using NN classification techniques.

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Text clustering is one of the most commonly used methods for detecting themes or types of documents. Text clustering is used in many fields, but its effectiveness is still not sufficient to be used for the understanding of Arabic text, especially with respect to terms extraction, unsupervised feature selection, and clustering algorithms. In most cases, terms extraction focuses on nouns. Clustering simplifies the understanding of an Arabic text like the text of the Quran; it is important not only for Muslims but for all people who want to know more about Islam. This paper discusses the complexity and limitations of Arabic text clustering in the Quran based on their themes. Unsupervised feature selection does not consider the relationships between the selected features. One weakness of clustering algorithms is that the selection of the optimal initial centroid still depends on chances and manual settings. Consequently, this paper reviews literature about the three major stages of Arabic clustering: terms extraction, unsupervised feature selection, and clustering. Six experiments were conducted to demonstrate previously un-discussed problems related to the metrics used for feature selection and clustering. Suggestions to improve clustering of the Quran based on themes are presented and discussed.