Earticle

One of the typological characteristics of Chinese is the diversification of individual classifiers. Among the diverse individual classifiers is the general classifier ‘ge,’ which is applied to a wide range of nouns, and it is combined with different nouns by crossing over semantic categories. Therefore, while past research examines the progress of ‘gehua’ from both diachronic and synchronic aspects and makes arguments on that basis, there has been no discussion or prediction focusing on the linguistic changes in the future. This paper will present a study that predicts the direction of the development of a ‘gehua’ phenomenon, if it exists, in order to overcome the limitations of past research. In the meantime, this paper also attempts to find the clues of such development in the dialects whose classifier-noun combination appears different from that of Putonghua. In order to examine the patterns of changes if the scope of application of ‘ge’ is extended in the future, this article explores three types of nouns in Putonghua, that is, Inanimate Nouns related to ‘road’ and/or ‘river’ that are combined with ‘tiao,’ event nouns that are combined with ‘jian,’ and ‘cloud’ and/or ‘flower’ nouns that are combined with ‘duo.’ For the dialects, research on existing literature was carried out and additional surveys with the native speakers of those dialects were performed where necessary. After analyzed, the classifiers in respective dialects appeared very differently when combined with the nouns listed above, and consistent implicative relations were discovered as well. As argued in 이지은(2018), this article confirms that the expansion of the scope of application of ‘ge’ shows lexical diffusion, and that the stability of the semantic association with specific classifiers is an important mechanism. Other mechanisms observed in this paper include: ∙ Hyponyms are combined with ‘ge’ more easily than hypernyms because they are more specific. ∙ The nouns that have clear individualities and boundaries are combined with ‘ge’ more readily than other nouns. ∙ The nouns more frequently in spoken language are combined with ‘ge’ easily. However, all these mechanisms are not applied comprehensively to the nouns of every semantic class, whereas there is a complex operation of various factors at play. Thus, the implicative relationships drawn upon in this paper should be seen as a broader tendency, not as an absolute rule.

接觸에 의하여 음운규칙이 인접 지역으로 擴散되는 과정과 또 그 규칙이 개별 어휘에 점진적으로 적용되어 변화가 수행되는 과정을 육진방언의 구개음화를 통해 미시적으로 관찰하고 기술하였다. 먼저 변화에 영향을 줄 수 있는 언어태도 등 사회적 요인을 언급하였다. 노년 층 화자들은 주로 교육을 통해 공적 통용어로서 권위를 가진 조선족 표준어를 차용하였다. 화자의 언어태도 및 표준어와의 접촉은 구개음화 규칙을 촉발시키는 요인이 되었다. 구술 발화를 통해 얻은 자료를 분석한 결과, 고유어는 개신율이 10% 내외로 낮지만 한자어는 50%가 넘어 대조적이다. 개신을 입은 한자어 중 일부는 차용어다. 제보자 중 이질 방언 화자 집단에서 사는 제보자는 개신율이 상대적으로 높았다. 이는 개신형을 쓰는 인접 방언 화자와의 接觸도 영향을 주었음을 시사하는 것이다. 규칙이 형성되는 과정은 다음과 같다. 먼저, 접촉에 의하여 차용된 개신형은 어휘부 내에서 비개신형과 공존하는데, 화자는 두 어형을 발화 환경에 따라 선택적으로 사용하고 또 대조하는 과정을 거쳐 점차 대응 규칙을 형성하게 된다. 이후 體系的 對應을 거쳐 개신형을 생산할 수 있는 規則으로 발전한다. 개별 어휘의 대응에서 시작되어 체계적 대응에 이르는 과정은 곧 구개음화 환경을 지닌 어휘들의 구조기술상의 특징과 그에 대응하는 개신형(차용, 유추 등에 의한)을 바탕으로 一般化를 꾀하는 과정이다. 규칙에 의하여 개신형이 생산되면 이 개신형은 변이형의 형태로 보수형과 함께 어휘부 내에 공존하다가 결국 개신형만이 남게 된다. 한편, 어휘 확산과 어휘 사용 빈도는 상관관계를 맺고 있다. 초기 구개음화 단계에서는 출현 빈도가 높은 어휘일수록 개신이 빠르다. 그리고 규칙 적용은 어휘형태소 내부에서 시작되어 점차 문법형태소로 확대된다.

Neogrammarian regularity hypothesis represents the phonetically gradual, lexically abrupt sound change. Lexical diffusion, on the contrary, suppose the phonetically abrupt, lexically gradual sound change. According to Labov, Neogrammarian change type and lexical diffusion change type coexist in sound change, so these two seemingly oppositional theories, in fact, mutually complementary. In this respect, lexical diffusion contributed to the study of sound change by fundamentally broadening its horizons.

The topic suggested for this paper is the effect of linguistic developments and synchronic standardization. I take the assumption to be tested here is the hypothesis to the effect that language change is as well as was in the past balanced between language development and standardization. I illustrate this with one aspect of the recent lexical diffusion or spreading of the innovation paradigms of verb class ‘바라->바래-’(to wish) in addition to other similar cases of verb stems, such as ‘놀라->놀래-(to be surprised), 모자라->모자래-(to be deficient), 나무라->나무래-(to reproach)’ et cetera in now-days Korean. As a result, out of this study concerned, I could draw a concluding remark that a on-going natural morphological change with regard to suffix '-i' in synchronic Korean can be slowed or stymied by the process of standardization and enforcement of strict written various form of norms. All in all, I'd like to suggest in this paper that the tension between natural developments in folk spoken language and strict standardization has led to a linguistic rift between every day life of communication and Modern Korean.

This study examines lexical innovation and diffusion by viewing neologisms as context-based categories. Focusing on the Korean expressions 1-inbun (one portion) and insaeng-N (life-N), the research analyzes spoken and online corpora to trace how these terms acquire evaluative and pragmatic functions through metonymic expansion and constructional stabilization. The results show that both expressions appear more frequently and spread more rapidly in online non-face-to-face environments than in face-to-face conversations. Furthermore, their neologistic use exhibits topic dependency: 1-inbun is primarily activated in contexts of goal setting and role performance, while insaeng-N is prominent in sharing personal tastes and experiences. The study also finds that these expressions coexist with their original dictionary meanings as polysemous resources. These findings suggest that the conventionalization of neologisms is a composite process driven by genre conditions, topic-based meaning adjustment, and the routinization of discourse functions, rather than mere frequency.

A 35-year-old male presented with atypical aphasia following left anterior choroidal artery infarction associated with distal internal carotid artery dissection. He presented with 1) lexical-semantic deficit without semantic impairment, 2) frequent surface errors (both surface dyslexia and dysgraphia), and 3) intact non-word reading/repetition (preserved sub-lexical route), suggesting deficit in the phonological output lexicon. Diffusion-tensor tractography analysis revealed disruption in the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus and inferior longitudinal fasciculus, which might serve as potential subcortical neural correlates for phonological output lexicon.