Earticle

IEEE 802.11 네트웍에서 핸드오버는 반복되는 인증 및 키교환 절차를 요구하며, 이는 seamless 무선랜 서비스를 제공하는데 있어 큰 방해요소가 된다. 이 논문에서는 IEEE 802.11f를 이용한 빠른 키교환 및 인증 방법을 제안한다. 특히, IEEE 802.11i의 4-way 핸드쉐이크를 표준에 벗어나지 않게 수정하므로써 pre-authentication을 이용했을 때 생길 수 있는 perfect forward secrecy문제를 해결한다. 제안하는 방법은 IEEE 802.11f의 context block과 IEEE 802.11i의 핸드쉐이크만을 이용하며, 핸드오버 시에 AAA 서버와의 통신을 요구하지 않으므로써 효율성을 높였다.

Handover in IEEE 802.11 requires repeated authentication and key exchange procedures, which are an obstacle to seamless services of wireless LAM. We propose a fast authentication and key exchange mechanism using IEEE 802.11f. Especially, by proposing a modified version of the 4-way handshake of IEEE 802.11i, we solve the perfect forward secrecy problem that arises when the pre-authentication is adopted. The scheme can be implemented only using the Context Block of IEEE 802.11f and the 4-way handshake of IEEE 802.11i without involving authentications server's interaction or non-standard behavior between access points. Our scheme is applicable to devices not supporting the us-authentication of IEEE 802.11i and also, it can substitute the pre-authentication when the pre-authentication is failed.

Hypsizygus marmoreus is a mushroom with abundant flavor and medicinal properties. However, its application is limited by problems such as long cultivation period, low biological efficiency, and microbiological contamination; therefore, there is a substantial need for development of new cultivars of this species. In this study, 55 strains of H. marmoreus were subjected to inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) analysis to identify markers for the selection of mother strains for breeding from the collected germplasm. ISSR 13 and 15 were confirmed as polymorphic markers. The three strains (KMCC03106, KMCC03107, and KMCC03108) with white cap color were found to be genetically closely related upon UPGMA analysis of both ISSR 13 and 15. Based on the PCR analysis results for ISSR 15, the collected germplasm were differentiated into three groups according to the strain collection year. Thus, ISSR 15 could be a marker for determining the phylogeny of cap color and genetic variations according to the strain collection year. These results suggest that ISSR markers can be effective tools for the selection of mother strains for breeding of H. marmoreus.

Twenty Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers were used to assess genetic diversity of 64 Agaricus strains including 45 A. bisporus strains and other 19 Agaricus spp. ISSR primers, (GA)T, (AG)YC, (GA)C and (CTC) amplified PCR polymorphic bands between the Agaricus species or within A. bisporus strains. PCR polymorphic bands were inputted for UPGMA cluster analysis. The varieties, Saea, Saedo, Saejeong and Saeyeon that have recently been developed in Korea were involved in the same group with closely genetic relationship of coefficient similarity over 0.92, whereas, other Korean strains were genetically related to A. bisporus strains that were introduced from USA, Eroupe and Chinese. Furthermore, ISSR-PCR polymorphism could potentially be used to identify homokaryon isolates.

Expression of claudin 11 (CLDN11), a tight junction (TJ) protein, was examined in the Korean soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus maackii) testis. Spermatogenesis began during the breeding season and peaked at the end of the breeding season. Spermiation started in summer and peaked in autumn. The deduced amino acid sequence of P. maackii CLDN11 was similar to those of avian and mammalian species. During the nonbreeding season when spermatogenesis and testosterone production were active, testicular Cldn11 levels were high. In the seminiferous epithelium, strong, wavy CLDN11 strands parallel to the basement membrane delaminate the spermatogonia, and early spermatocytes are in the open compartment. Zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1) was found within the CLDN11 strands parallel to the basement membrane or at the outermost periphery of the seminiferous epithelium close to the basal lamina. During the breeding season, when circulating testosterone levels and spermatogenic activity was low, testicular CLDN11 level was lower than those during the nonbreeding season. CLDN11 was found at apicolateral contact sites between adjacent Sertoli cells devoid of the postmeiotic germ cells. At this time, lanthanum tracer diffused to the adluminal compartment of seminiferous epithelium. In cultured testis tissues, testosterone propionate significantly increased the level of Cldn11 mRNA. In P. maackii testis, CLDN11 participates in the development of the bloodtestis barrier (BTB), where the CLDN11 expression was coupled with spermatogenic activity and circulating androgen levels, indicating the conserved nature of TJs expressing CLDN11 at the BTB in amniotes.

The ongoing adoption of 5G will increase the data traffic, throughput, multimedia services, and power consumption for future wireless applications and services, including sensor and mobile networks. Multipath fading on wireless channels also reduces the system performance and increases energy consumption. To address these issues, device-to-device (D2D) and cooperative communications have been proposed. In this study, we propose two inter-clustering models using the relay selection method to improve system performance and increase energy efficiency in cooperative D2D networks. We develop two inter-clustering models and present their respective algorithms. Subsequently, we run a computer simulation to evaluate each model's outage probability (OP) performance, throughput, and energy efficiency. The simulation results show that inter-clustering model II has the lowest OP, highest throughput, and highest energy efficiency compared with inter-clustering model I and the conventional inter-clustering-based multirelay method. These results demonstrate that inter-clustering model II is well-suited for use in 5G overlay D2D and cellular communications.

Purpose: This study examined the inter-rater reliability of cervical proprioception, dynamic balance ability, and ankle dorsiflexion range of motion using STARmat^®, which is a practical clinical tool that can provide practitioners and patients with quantitative and qualitative results. Methods: Thirty healthy young subjects were enrolled in this study, and two well-trained physical therapists participated as a tester. Two testers measured the cervical joint position error at the starting position after neck flexion, extension, side bending, and rotation; three dynamic balance tests, including anterior excursion, anterior reaching with single leg balance, and posterior diagonal excursion; and ankle dorsiflexion range of motion using STARmat^®. The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to determine the inter-rater reliability of the tests. Results: The inter-rater reliability for the cervical proprioception ranged from moderate to good (0.66 to 0.83), particularly for flexion (0.82), extension (0.70), right side bending (0.73), left side bending (0.71), right rotation (0.83), and left rotation (0.66). For the dynamic balance, the inter-rater reliability ranged from good to excellent (0.87 to 0.91), particularly for anterior excursion (0.86), posterior diagonal excursion (0.87 to 0.89), and anterior reaching with a single leg balance (0.90 to 0.91). In addition, for the ankle dorsiflexion range of motion, the ICC for the inter-rater reliability ranged from 0.95 to 0.96. Conclusion: STARmat^® is a reliable tool for measuring cervical proprioception, dynamic balance tests, and ankle dorsiflexion range of motion in healthy young adults.

System Architecture Evolution (SAE) with Long Term Evolution (LTE) has been used as the key technology for the next generation mobile networks. To support mobility in the LTE/SAE-based mobile networks, the Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIP), in which the Mobile Access Gateway (MAG) of the PMIP is deployed at the Serving Gateway (S-GW) of LTE/SAE and the Local Mobility Anchor (LMA) of PMIP is employed at the PDN Gateway (P-GW) of LTE/SAE, is being considered. In the meantime, the Host Identity Protocol (HIP) and the Locator Identifier Separation Protocol (LISP) have recently been proposed with the identifier-locator separation principle, and they can be used for mobility management over the global-scale networks. In this paper, we discuss how to provide the inter-domain mobility management over PMIP-based LTE/SAE networks by investigating three possible scenarios: mobile IP with PMIP (denoted by MIP-PMIP-LTE/SAE), HIP with PMIP (denoted by HIP-PMIP-LTE/SAE), and LISP with PMIP (denoted by LISP-PMIP-LTE/SAE). For performance analysis of the candidate inter-domain mobility management schemes, we analyzed the traffic overhead at a central agent and the total transmission delay required for control and data packet delivery. From the numerical results, we can see that HIP-PMIP-LTE/SAE and LISP-PMIP-LTE/SAE are preferred to MIP-PMIP-LTE/SAE in terms of traffic overhead; whereas, LISP-PMIP-LTE/SAE is preferred to HIP-PMIP-LTE/SAE and MIP-PMIP-LTE/SAE in the viewpoint of total transmission delay.

클라우드 컴퓨팅의 도입과 활용으로 클라우드 서비스를 제공하는 많은 업체가 생겨났다. 또한, 기존에 다양한 서비스 사업자들도 클라우드 형태의 서비스를 제공하기 위해 클라우드 환경으로 이동하여, 사용자들에게 클라우드를 이용한 다양한 형태의 서비스가 제공되고 있다. 이러한 클라우드 기반의 서비스를 이용하기 위하여 사용자 인증 및 인가, 관리기술은 중요한 문제로 대두하고 있다. 특히, 타 클라우드 간 IAM(Identity and Access Management) 기술을 이용하기 위해서는 인증 및 인가 기술이 새롭게 적용되어야 한다. 이 기술은 타 클라우드 사용자 간의 손쉬운 자료 공유와 정보전달 등에 꼭 필요하다. 본 논문에서 제안하는 시스템은 사용자가 이미 가입한 기관의 인증 정보를 이용하여 타 클라우드 서비스를 이용하고자 한다. 한 기관의 클라우드 사용자가 타 기관의 클라우드 서버에 접근하여 자료를 획득하려고 할 때, 인증 정보 중 일부를 IAM 서버로 전달한다. 그 후 각 기관이 사전에 정해 놓은 Access Agreement를 이용하여 타 기관의 정보 접근 권한을 부여받는다. 사용자는 시스템을 통해 확인된 접근 권한을 토대로 타 기관의 정보에 접근할 수 있다. 이러한 방법을 이용하여 효율적이고 보안상 안전한 클라우드 간의 인증 시스템을 제안한다.

With the adoption of cloud computing, the number of companies that take advantage of cloud computing has increased. Additionally, various of existing service providers have moved their service onto the cloud and provided user with various cloud-based service. The management of user authentication and authorization in cloud-based service technology has become an important issue. This paper introduce a new technique for providing authentication and authorization with other inter-cloud IAM (Identity and Access Management). It is an essential and easy method for data sharing and communication between other cloud users. The proposed system uses the credentials of a user that has already joined an organization who would like to use other cloud services. When users of a cloud provider try to obtain access to the data of another cloud provider, part of credentials from IAM server will be forwarded to the cloud provider. Before the transaction, Access Agreement must be set for granting access to the resource of other Organization. a user can access the resource of other organization based on the control access configuration of the system. Using the above method, we could provide an effective and secure authentication system on the cloud.

Using data on the U.S. automobile industry between 1979 and 1999, we have investigated the impact of inter-divisional domain overlap on a division's product differentiation vis-$\grave{a}$-vis sister divisions. The results show that the higher the level of inter-divisional domain overlap, relative to the focal division's own domain, the higher the chances of locating a new product closer to the existing products of a sister division, thereby decreasing product differentiation vis-$\grave{a}$-vis this sister division. We argue that this is due to a high level of similar capabilities between the two divisions and the division with less distinctive capabilities may have little choice but to launch a new product that is close to the products of the other division.

Ultrasonography (US) is a recent technique that has proven to be useful for assessing muscle thickness and guiding the rehabilitation decision-making of clinicians and researchers. The purpose of this study was to determine the inter-rater reliability of the US measurement of transversus abdominis (TrA), internal oblique (IO), and external oblique (EO) thicknesses for different probe locations and measurement techniques. Twenty healthy volunteers were recruited in this study. Muscle thicknesses of the transversus TrA, IO, and EO were measured three times in the hook-lying position. The three different probe locations were as follows: 1) Probe location 1 (PL1) was below the rib cage in direct vertical alignment with the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS). 2) Probe location 2 (PL2) was halfway between the ASIS and the ribcage along the mid-axillary line. 3) Probe location 3 (PL3) was halfway between the iliac crest and the inferior angle of the rib cage, with adjustment to ensure the medial edge of the TrA. The two different techniques of thickness measurement from the captured images were as follows: 1) Muscle thickness was measured in the middle of the muscle belly, which was centered within the captured image (technique A; TA). 2) Muscle thickness was measured along a horizontal reference line located 2 cm apart from the medial edge of the TrA in the captured image (technique B; TB). The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC [3,k]) was used to calculate the inter-rater reliability of the thickness measurement of TrA, IO and EO using the values from both the first and second examiner. In all three muscles, moderate to excellent reliability was found for all conditions (probe locations and measurement techniques) (ICC=.70~.97). In the PL1-TA condition, inter-rater reliability in the three muscle thicknesses was good to excellent (ICC=.85~.96). The reliability of all measurement conditions was excellent in IO (ICC=.95~.97). Therefore, the findings of this study suggest that TA can be applied to PL1 by clinicians and researchers in order to measure the thickness of abdominal muscles.

최근 WLAN과 차세대 이동통신의 결합 서비스와 관련하여 이종 네트워크의 연동에 대한 요구가 증대되고 있다. 또한 무선 네트워크에서 원활한 밀티미디어 서비스와 QoS 보장의 중요성이 대두되고 있다. 따라서 무선 이종 네트워크에서 원활한 멀티미디어 서비스와 QoS 보장에 관련된 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 WLAN과 WiBro 이종 네트워크에서 멀티미디어 서비스 및 QoS의 연속성을 제공하기 위해서 새로운 연동 방안을 제안한다. 그리고 제안한 연동 방안을 바탕으로 inter-network vertical handover 알고리즘과 QoS-aware MAC 알고리즘을 제공한다. 또한 NS-2 시뮬레이션을 사용하여 성능을 비교, 분석 한다.

The integration of WLAN and beyond 3G mobile networks offers the possibility of achieving anytime and anywhere Internet access. Moreover the requests for seamless multimedia services and the Quality of Service (QoS) support have been one of key issues in wireless networks. Therefore the researches relative to seamless multimedia service and QoS over heterogeneous wireless networks have been progressing rapidly. In this paper, we propose inter-working architecture for supporting seamless multimedia service and QoS over WLAN and WiBro networks. Based on the proposed inter-working architecture, we also provide both the seamless handover architecture such an inter-network vertical handover and the QoS-aware wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) scheme. In addition, we evaluate and compare the performance by Network Simulator-2 (NS-2) simulations.

To support the objectives of next-generation networks, Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite communications have attracted significant attention. In large-scale LEO constellations, Inter-Satellite Links (ISLs) are crucial for satisfying a range of network requirements. This work provides a comprehensive overview of ISLs from three perspectives. First, we introduce the ISL communication technologies, with an emphasis on satellite constellations and laser-based ISLs. Next, we explore the role of ISLs in traffic delivery within satellite networks, focusing on topology control, traffic scheduling, and routing strategies. Finally, we highlight key applications of ISL-enabled network systems, including their integration with Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS).

Background The production of personalized short leg brace (SLB) and insole orthoses using three- dimensional (3D) printing offers efficiency and addresses limitations of traditional methods involving plaster molds. To fabricate 3D printing orthoses, a 3D scanner capable of acquiring personalized models of individual lower limb segments is necessary. Thus, investigating the reliability and validity of clinical application of a 3D scanner is a foundational step in customized orthoses production. Purpose To verify the reliability and validity of lower leg and foot measurement data related to the SLB fitting process obtained through 3D lower limb scanning equipment. Study design A cross-sectional and repeated-measures study design Methods This study involved 40 adult participants. Inter-rater reliability of a novel 3D scanner was assessed through measurements performed by two different raters within a 3-day interval. Criterion validity of the 3D scanner was verified through comparison with physical measurements. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were used to investigate inter-rater reliability and criterion validity for measurement variables of the 3D scanner equipment. Results The inter-rater reliability for the 3D scanner showed excellent correlation with ICC 0.90 or higher for most measurement variables. For the validity of the 3D scanner, ICC values of rater A ranged from 0.84 to 0.96 (p<0.01) and those of rater B ranged from 0.91 to 0.99 (p<0.01). The average ICC value was 0.86 for navicular height, medial malleolus height, and lateral malleolus height variables. However, most ICC values showed very good and reliable correlation. Conclusions The inter-measurement reliability of each measurement variable through test-retest of the 3D scanner equipment showed a high level of good correlation. There was a high level of correlation for most measurement variables between caliper measurements directly performed by the rater and 3D scanner measurements. Therefore, production and clinical application of 3D printing-based personalized SLB and insole orthoses could correct, manage, and treat various musculoskeletal diseases of the lower extremities through clinical use of 3D scanner equipment.

Domain generalization aims to learn a domain-invariant representation from multiple source domains so that a model can generalize well across unseen target domains. Such models are often trained with examples that are presented randomly from all source domains, which can make the training unstable due to optimization in conflicting gradient directions. Here, we explore inter-domain curriculum learning (IDCL) where source domains are exposed in a meaningful order to gradually provide more complex ones. The experiments show that significant improvements can be achieved in both PACS and Office?Home benchmarks, and ours improves the state-of-the-art method by 1.08%.

Objective To investigate the inter-rater agreement using the Videofluoroscopic Dysphagia Scale (VDS).Method The present study was designed as a multicenter, single-blind trial. A Videofluoroscopic Swallowing Study (VFSS) was performed using the protocol described by J.A Logemann. Thick-fluid, pureed food, mechanically altered food, regularly textured food, and thin-fluid boluses were sequentially swallowed. Each participant received a 3 ml bolus followed by a 5 ml bolus of each food material, in the order mentioned above. All study procedures were video recorded. Discs containing these video recordings in random order were distributed to interpreters who were blinded to the participant information. The video recordings were evaluated using a standardized VDS sheet and the inter-rater reliability was calculated. Results In total, 100 patients participated in this study and 10 interpreters analyzed the findings. Inter-rater reliability was fair in terms of lip closure (k: 0.325), oral transit time (0.253), delayed triggering of pharyngeal swallowing (0.300), vallecular residue (0.275), laryngeal elevation (0.345), pyriform sinus residue (0.310), coating of the pharyngeal wall (0.310), and aspiration (0.393). However, other parameters of the oral phase were lower than those of the pharyngeal phase (0.06-0.153). Moreover, the summation of VDS reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.556) showed moderate agreement.Conclusion VDS shows a moderate rate of agreement for evaluating the swallowing function. However, many of the parameters demonstrated a lower rate of agreement, particularly the oral phase parameters.

Objective To examine inter-rater reliability of the Korean version Gross Motor Function Measure (K-GMFM-88)and the Gross Motor Performance Measure (GMPM) based on the video clips. Method We considered a sample of 39 children (28 boys and 11 girls; the mean age=3.50±1.23 years) with cerebral palsy (CP). Two pediatric physical therapists assessed the children based on video recordings. Results For the K-GMFM-88, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC3, 1) ranged from .978 to .995, and Spearman’s correlation coeffi cient ranged from .916 to .997. For the GMPM, ICC3, 1 ranged from .863 to .929, and Spearman’s correlation coeffi cient ranged from .812 to .885. With the gross motor function classifi cation system classifi ed according to the functional level (GMFCS I-II vs. III-V), the ICCs were .982 and .994 for the K-GMFM-88total score and .815 and .913 for the GMPM total score. There were good or high correlations between the subscales of the two measures (r=.762-.884). Conclusion The K-GMFM-88 and GMPM are reliable tools for assessing the motor function of children with CP. These two methods are highly correlated, which adds more reliability on them. Thus, it is advisable to use K-GMFM-88 and GMPM for children with CP to assess gross motor function.

Objective To investigate the inter-rater agreement for the clinical dysphagia scale (CDS). Method Sixty-seven subjects scheduled to participate in a video-fl uoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) were preexamined by two raters independently within a 24-hour interval. Each item and the total score were compared between the raters. In addition, we investigated whether subtraction of items showing low agreement or modifi cation of rating methods could enhance inter-rater agreement without signifi cant compromise of validity. Results Inter-rater agreement was excellent for the total score (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC): 0.886). Four items (lip sealing, chewing and mastication, laryngeal elevation, and reflex coughing) did not show excellent agreement (ICC: 0.696, 0.377, 0.446, and κ: 0.723, respectively). However, subtraction of each item either compromised validity, or did not improve agreement. When redefi ning ‘history of aspiration’ and ‘lesion location’ items, the inter-rater agreement (ICC: 0.912, 0.888, respectively) and correlation with new videofluoroscopic dysphagia score (PCC: 0.576, 0.577, respectively) were enhanced. The CDS showed better agreement and validity in stroke patients compared to non-stroke patients (ICC: 0.917 vs 0.835, PCC: 0.663 vs 0.414). Conclusion The clinical dysphagia scale is a reliable bedside swallowing test. We can improve inter-rater agreement and validity by refining the ‘history of aspiration’ and ‘lesion location’ item.

스케일러블 HEVC에서 상위계층의 계층 간 예측에서 기본계층의 부호화 잔차 영상에 대한 업샘플링 된 결과를 참조하여 예측하게 된다. 본 논문에서는 고효율 영상 압축 기반 스케일러블 부호화 (Scalable Extension of High Efficiency Video Coding)에서 상위계층 잔차 데이터 예측에 대한 개선 기법을 제안한다. 제안하는 적응적 필터 선택 기법은 스무싱 필터와 샤프닝 필터를 사용함으로써 계층 간 예측 방법에서 효율을 향상시킨다. 기존의 업샘플링 필터와 두 개의 필터를 추가하여 율-왜곡 비용함수 기반의 경쟁기법을 통한 계층 간 예측 알고리즘을 SHVC 5.0에 구현함으로써 Y, U, V 컴포넌트에 대한 평균 1.5%, 2.1%, 1.7%의 BD-rate 향상을 보여준다.

Scalable extension of High Efficiency Video Coding (SHVC) standard uses the up-sampled residual data from the base layer to make a residual data in the enhancement layer. This paper describes an efficient algorithm for improving coding gain by using the filtered residual signal of base layer in the Scalable extension of High Efficiency Video Coding (SHVC). The proposed adaptive filter selection mechanism uses the smoothing and sharpening filters to enhance the quality of inter-layer prediction. Based on two filters and the existing up-sampling filter, a rate-distortion (RD)-cost fuction-based competitive scheme is proposed to get better quality of video. Experimental results showed that average BD-rate gains of 1.5%, 2.1%, and 1.7% for Y, U and V components, respectively, were achieved, compared with SHVC reference software 5.0, which is based on HEVC reference model (HM) 13.

This paper examines two contemporary Korean films?A Letter from Kyoto (2023) and Moonlit Winter (2019)?through the lens of connections: between mothers and daughters, between lovers, and ultimately between South Korea and Japan. In this paper, I ask how mother-daughter relationships can redirect Inter-Asia Cultural Studies by shifting attention from state-level reconciliation to the intimate labor of ordinary women. Bringing the field into conversation with Korean feminist film scholarship, I develop the mother-daughter bond as a method of inter-Asian reading: locating the material anchor in which a relationship to Japan has survived, identifying the institutional silence that made that relationship unspeakable, situating the daughter’s generational position, and following the acts of care she undertakes. I argue that repair emerges not through state narratives or grand gestures, but through sustained acts of care?writing letters, asking questions, and making journeys together?that constitute the mother-daughter bond as a vehicle of inter-Asian connection.

A. bisporus is the fifth most cultivated mushroom in Korea, and approximately 10,757 tons were cultivated in 2015. The genetic diversity of collected strains in Korea and commercial cultivars was analyzed using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. ISSR markers known to be comparable among A. bisporus spp. were selected from various markers. Totally, 16 markers, namely the ISSR markers 807, 808, 810, 811, 834, 835, 836, 841, 842, P3, P8, P17, P22, P30, P38, and P39, were evaluated to discriminate between ASI 1110, 1114, 1115, 1238, 1246, 1365, 1366, and 1369 for selecting suitable markers in 16 markers. The ISSR markers P31, P38 and P39 exhibited various fingerprints that could help classify the strains in species. Using the three markers, genetic relationships among 39 strains, including commercial cultivars, such as SaeA and SaeYeon, were analyzed using the UPGMA method. The results of the analysis of the genetic relationships between commercial cultivars and collected strains in Korea confirmed that the commercial cultivars were different from the collected strains in Korea. These results suggested that the ISSR markers P31, P38, and P30 could be used for selecting the commercial cultivars of A. bisporus.