Earticle

기존의 임베디드 시스템은 Intel x86 계열의 CPU를 장착한 PC(Personal Computer) 플랫폼에 기반하여 구현되었는데, 이는 PC 환경에서 개발된 많은 솔루션들을 이용할 경우 전체적 인 제품 개발 기간을 단축할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 제품의 신뢰성을 높일 수 있기 때문이다. 또한 PC 플랫폼 기반의 임베디드 시스템은 데이터 저장을 목적으로 하는 경우가 많아 주로 대용량 하드디스크를 데이터 저장장치로 사용한다. 최근 하드디스크의 용량은 빠른 속도로 증가하고 있는 반면에 하드디스크의 구동 준비 시간이 30초 이상으로 길어지는 문제점이 발생하고 있다. 길어진 하드디스크의 구동 준비 시간은 시스템의 부팅 시간에 영향을 미쳐 전체 시스템의 부팅 시간이 길어지고 사용자의 불편함을 가중시키게 된다. 본 논문에서는 대용량 저장장치를 지원하는 PC 플랫폼 기반의 임베디드 시스템에서 리눅스 커널이 빠른 부팅을 수행할 수 있도록 개선된 시스템 구조와 동적 디스크 장치 검사 기법을 제안하고, 성능을 평가하여 제시한다.

Most of embedded systems have been developed practically based on the PC platform equipped with Intel x86 CPU since it is able to reduce the total time for product development and improve the reliability of product by making use of a variety of solutions developed for a long time in the PC environment. Also, embedded systems based on PC-platform mainly use a high-capacity hard disk as data storage device for applications intending to store multimedia data. Recently, while the capacity of hard disk is increasing rapidly, the start-up ready time of hard disk is growing longer more than 30 seconds. The lengthened start-up ready time may delay the booting time of embedded system seriously, weighting users down with inconvenience. This paper proposes the refined system architecture and the dynamic IDE device probing method for fast booting of linux kernel in the embedded system based on PC platform with high-capacity hard disks, and the performance of proposed methods is evaluated and presented.

本 論文은 中世의 무로마찌(室町)時代에 口語用法으로 널리 使用된 否定中止法 接續助詞인 「いで」를 朝鮮資料 중, 당시 口語를 상당히 많이 反映하고 있는「捷解新語」(原刊本1676刊行. 改修本1747刊行. 重刊本1781刊行)의 原刊本·改修本·重刊本을 中心으로 해서 크리스탄 資料 및 日本國內資料등 當時의 資料를 結合的으로 檢討하고 分析하여 「いで」의 表記 및 發音과 用法을 두명하고자 했다. 그 結果,「いで」의 表記와 發音에 대해서는 原刊本의「いんて」의 かな表記 및 한글音注「인뎨」와 改修本과 重刊本의「いて」表記 및 한글音注「이뎨」는 당시의 「いで」의 發音을 反映한 것으로 推定된다. 그러나 原刊 本에 보이는「いんて」의 「ん」表記는 原刊本에 많아 보이는 다른 濁音前鼻音의 大部分의 用例, 예를 들면 「-ほど(흔도)」「-をから(낭가라)」등의 용례에서 보이는 바와 같이 濁音前鼻音의 發音을 文字로써 表記하지 않은 点으로 보아 富時의 濁音前鼻音은 文字化 되지 않은 것으로 생각된다. 따라서 原刊本에 보이는「いんて」의「ん」表記는 濁音前鼻音을 나타낸 表記가 아니고, 當時의「いで」의 濁音前鼻音이 撥音과 거의 類似한 發音이었다는 것으로 인해 같은 不定(打ち消し)의 意味를 가진 不定(打ち消し)助動詞「ん」을 類推하게 되어「いんて」로 잘못 表記된 것으로 推定했다. 「いで」의 用法에 대해서는 原刊本에 보이는「いで」의 前接語와 改修本· 重刊本에 보이는 前接語에 많은 差異를 보이고 있다. 즉 原刊本에서는 動詞의 未然形에 接續되는 것이 많고,「まるせいんて」와 같은「まるする」가 接續되는 用例가 3例밖에 보이지 않으나, 改修本·重刊本에서는 動詞의 未然形에 接續되는 用例는 減少하는 대신에「まする」「なさる」「ござる」등과 같은 尊敬語, 謙讓語, 鄭重語가 接續되는 用例가 많이 增加되는 것으로 보아改修本과 重刊本의 改修의 鄭重化를 상당히 反映하고 있다는 事實도 알 수 있었다. 「いで」의 한글 對譯에서는 原刊本의「아니+用言」의 形을 改修本·重刊本의 양쪽에, 또는 重刊本에서만「-디(지) 아니」의 形으로 改修하고 있다. 이것은「捷解新語」의 改修本과 重刊本에서의 日本語文 語順으로 對譯하여 對譯에 充實하려고 하는 改修方針을 엿볼 수 있다. 그리고 尊敬法과 謙讓法에 대한 한글의 對譯의 有無 등의 差異가 3本을 통해서 볼 수 있었다. 또한 原刊本의 한글 對譯을 改修本과 重刊本에서 口蓋音化된 表記 등이 많이 보여,전체적으로 당시의 韓國語의 變遷을 많이 反映하고 있다는 事實도 엿볼 수 있었다. 특히「捷解新語」의 原刊本과 改修本·重刊本의 3本을 통한 否定中止法 接續助調「いで」用法의 變遷은 日本語의原刊本의 俗語體系, 改修本과 重刊本에서의 敬語體系 등이 당시의 日本國內文獻文과 크리스탄 文獻과 比較해 본 結果, 당시의 日本語를 상당히 잘 反映하고 있고, 한글 對譯에서도 原刊本과 改修本·重刊本의 對譯을 比較해 본 結果, 改修本·重刊本에서의 口蓋音化 現象, 母音의 變化, 子音의 變化 등의 音韻體系와 文法 變化 등은 당시의 韓國語의 狀態와 變遷을 잘 나타내고 있는 것으로 생각된다.

Distributed software development is becoming a common practice among developers. Factors such as the development environments improvement, their extensibility, and the emergence of social networking software are leading factors. They lead the development process (both co-located and geographically distributed) to a practice that: 1) improves the team’s productivity, and 2) encourages and supports the social interaction among the teams’ members. The above factors along with the distributed development emergence, Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) evolution, and the social media advances got the attention of the software development teams, and made them consider how to better assist the social nature of software developers, and the social aspects of software development, including activity awareness of team members’ progress, their presence, collaboration, communication, and coordination around shared artifacts. IDEs are the most commonly used tools by developers and programmers. Integrating the most needed development tools inside the IDE, makes it a Collaborative Development Environment (CDE), and embedding a variety of social software features within a CDE helps support distributed development teams. It also creates a new genera of tools called Social Development Environments or “SDEs” as it is commonly called. This article discusses the origins and development of “SDEs”. It reflects and presents the research into development environments, explaining their role in supporting the communication and coordination needs of development teams. Also, it presents the effect of embedding social network features in such environments. It presents some emerging SDEs and future work. Finally, it concludes by introducing a new model named 5-star that classifies, and helps to evaluate and compare the collaborative tools. 5- star presents a new way to compare and evaluate the SDE systems based on their supported features. It bases the comparison on five major categories including: Communication, Coordination, Collaboration, Awareness & Presence, and Social networking (SN) tools.

현재 데이터의 양은 인터넷 관련 비즈니스/전자상거래 등 인터넷 프로토콜(IP) 네트워크를 이용한 저장 장치의 데이터 증가를 가져오게 되었다. 본 논문에서는 펜티엄 프로세서, 고속 이더넷 IDE RAID 시스템 (IDE RAID Controller와 IDE 디스크로 구성)과 iSCSI(Internet Small Computer System Interface) 프로토콜을 이용하여 저렴한 비용으로 비교적 우수한 성능의 리눅스 기반의 저장장치 시스템을 설계 구현하였다. 또한 저장장치 시스템의 벤치마크 프로그램인 ioZone을 사용하여 SCSI RAID 시스템으로 구성된 저장 장치 시스템과의 성능을 비교 분석하여 가격대비 성능이 비교적 우수함을 보여준다. 끝으로. 향후 SATA(Serial ATA)를 이용한 저장장치 시스템의 전망을 가늠해본다.

A unimorph piezoelectric cantilever generator with an interdigitated electrode (IDE) was developed for vibration energy harvester applications driven in the longitudinal mode. Hard lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramic with a high $Q_m$ of 1,280 was used as the piezoelectric active material. Ten PZT sheets produced by tape casting were laminated and co-fired with an Ag/Pd IDE at $1,050^{\circ}C$ for 2 h. The approximately $280{\mu}m$-thick co-fired PZT laminate with the IDE was attached to a stainless steel substrate with an adhesive epoxy for the fabrication of an IDE unimorph cantilever. Its energy harvesting characteristics were evaluated: an output power of $1.1{\mu}W$ at 120 Hz across the resistive load of $700k{\Omega}$ was obtained, corresponding to a normalized power factor of $4.1{\mu}W/(G^2{\cdot}cm^3)$.

본 논문에서는 기억소자인 Flash Memmory를 이용하여 기존의 하드디스크와 동일하게 동작하는 IDE & SCSI 디스크를 개발하였다. 모터방식을 이용하고 있는 기존의 하드디스크는 충격 및 외부요인에 의해 쉽게 디스크가 손상되는 단점을 가지고 있으나 본 논문에서 개발한 Flash Memory를 이용한 Disk는 충격에 강할뿐 만 아니라 외부 자극에도 강하다는 특징을 가지고 있다. 또한 소형화 및 경량화 그리고 소비 전력이 적기 때문에 자동차, 선박, 산업용에서 그 활용가치가 크며, 더불어 군사용으로써도 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

IDE(Integrated Development Environment)는 임베디드 소프트웨어 개발의 생산성과 코드 질을 높이는 데 중요한 역할을 한다[1]. 그러나 임베디드 리눅스용 응용 소프트웨어 개발은 통합된 개발 환경보리는 명령 라인 기반의 개발 도구들을 통하여 개발되고 있다[2]. 이와 같은 개발 환경은 사용자에게 불편함을 주어 프로그램 개발의 생산성을 저하시킬 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위한 임베디드 리눅스용 응용 소프트웨어 재발을 위한 IDE를 개발하였다. 본 연구의 IDE는 소스 프로그램 편집, 컴파일, 실행 등의 기능을 프로젝트 기반으로 수행하며, 원격 디버거 원격 모니터 등의 다른 독립적인 개발 도구들을 관리하는 기능을 포함한다. 본 연구의 IDE는 ETRI에서 개발 증인 정보가전용 응용 소프트웨어 통합 개발 환경인 Esto에[3] 포함되어 구현되었다.

Characteristics of a wireless sensor powered by the IDE (interdigitated electrode) embedded piezoelectric cantilever generator were analyzed in order to evaluate its potential for use in wireless sensor applications. The IDE embedded piezoelectric cantilever was designed and fabricated to have a self-resonance frequency of 126 Hz and acceleration of 1.57 G, respectively, for the mechanical resonance with a practical conveyor system in a thermal-power plant. It produced maximum output power of 2.81 mW under the resistive load of $160{\Omega}$ at 126 Hz. The wireless sensor module is electrically connected to a rectifier capacitor with capacity of 0.68 farad and 3.8 V for power supply by the piezoelectric cantilever generator. The unloaded capacitor could be charged as a rate of approximately $365{\mu}V/s$ while the capacitor exhibited that of 0.997 mV/min. during communication under low duty cycle of 0.2%. Therefore, it is considered that the fabricated IDE embedded piezoelectric cantilever generator can be used for wireless sensor applications.

At present, it is possible to manufacture electrodes down to several micrometers (~ ㎛) using inkjet printing technology owing to the development of precision ejection heads. Inkjet printing technology is also used in the manufacturing of bio-sensors, electronic sensors, and flexible displays. To reduce the difference between the electrode design/simulation performance and actual printing pattern performance, it is necessary to analyze and optimize the processable area of the ink material, which is a fluid. In this study, process optimization was conducted to manufacture an IDE pattern and fabricate an impedance sensor. A total of 25 IDE patterns were produced, with five for each lamination process. Electrode line width and height changes were measured by stacking the designed IDE pattern with a nanoparticle-based conductive ink multilayer. Furthermore, the optimal process area for securing a performance close to the design result was analyzed through impedance and capacitance. It was observed that the increase in the height of stack layer 4 was the lowest at 4.106%, and the increase in capacitance was measured to be the highest at 44.08%. The proposed stacking process pattern, which is optimized in terms of uniformity, reproducibility, and performance, can be efficiently applied to bio-applications such as biomaterial sensing with an impedance sensor.

Background/Aims: This study investigated the antiviral effects of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) monotherapy in nucleos(t)ide analogue (NA)-naive and NA-experienced chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. Methods: CHB patients treated with TDF monotherapy (300 mg/day) for ≥12 weeks between December 2012 and July 2014 at a single center were retrospectively enrolled. Clinical, biochemical, and virological parameters were assessed every 12 weeks. Results: In total, 136 patients (median age 49 years, 96 males, 94 HBeAg positive, and 51 with liver cirrhosis) were included. Sixty-two patients were nucleos(t)ide (NA)-naive, and 74 patients had prior NA therapy (NA-exp group), and 31 patients in the NA-exp group had lamivudine (LAM)-resistance (LAM-R group). The baseline serum hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA level was 4.9±2.3 log IU/mL (mean±SD ), and was higher in the NA-naive group than in the NA-exp and LAM-R groups (5.9±2.0 log IU/mL vs 3.9±2.0 log IU/mL vs 4.2±1.7 log IU/mL, P<0.01). The complete virological response (CVR) rate at week 48 in the NA-naive group (71.4%) did not differ significantly from those in the NA-exp (71.3%) and LAM-R (66.1%) groups. In multivariate analysis, baseline serum HBV DNA was the only predictive factor for a CVR at week 48 (hazard ratio, 0.809; 95% confidence interval, 0.729?0.898), while the CVR rate did not differ with the NA experience. Conclusions: TDF monotherapy was effective for CHB treatment irrespective of prior NA treatment or LAM resistance. Baseline serum HBV DNA was the independent predictive factor for a CVR. (Clin Mol Hepatol 2015;21:41-48)

물리적으로 분산된 개발자들은 분산 페어 프로그래밍 지원 시스템을 활용하여 페어 프로그래밍을 수행할 수 있다. 하지만 원격 화면 공유기능 위주의 기존 CSCW 기반의 분산 페어 프로그래밍 지원 시스템들은 많은 개발자들이 분산 페어 프로그래밍을 수용하기에는 사용의 접근성, 용이성 등의 측면에서 미흡한 점이 많다. 본 논문에서 우리는 소프트웨어 개발자들이 분산 페어 프로그래밍을 수용하기 적합한 형태의 시스템 모델로서 IDE(Integrated Development Environment) 기반의 분산 페어 프로그래밍 시스템을 제안한다. 본 시스템의 GUI와 사용자 시나리오는 분산 페어 프로그래밍이 용이하도록 개발되었으며 디자인 패턴 을 적용하여 확장성이 높도록 시스템을 설계하고 자바언어로 구현하였다. 본 연구결과는 기존의 상업용 IDE에서 분산 페어 프로그래밍 기능과 GUI를 구현하는 개발자들에게 도움이 될 것이다.

In distributed office, the pairs can program together using a distributed pair programming system. Many CSCW tools featuring remote screen sharing function have insufficient usability, accessibility to introduce many developers to distributed pair programming. In this paper, we suggest a distributed pair programming system based on IDE, which many developers will accept and use easily. We have do#eloped a user scenario and GUI of the system, making distributed pair programming easier and designed with high extensibility by adapting design patterns and implemented in Java language. Our findings will be of significant help to developers dealing with implementation of distributed pair programming function into some commercial IDE.

Background/Aims: Studies have shown that nucleos(t)ide analogue (NA) treatment can reduce the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients, but it is unclear which NA is most effective. We performed a meta-analysis and systematic review comparing the efficacies of NAs in CHB patients. Methods: We searched literature databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies that analyzed the hepatic biochemical response, virological response, seroconversion rate, drug resistance rate, and HCC incidence rate in CHB patients treated with NAs. Meta-analyses were performed with RevMan and Stata/SE software. Results: Twelve cohort studies and one RCT were selected, in which entecavir (ETV), lamivudine (LAM), telbivudine (LdT), and/or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) were evaluated in CHB patients. The meta-analysis showed that ETV was superior to LAM with regard to the HCC incidence (p<0.001), biochemical response (p=0.001), virological response (p=0.02), and drug resistance (p<0.001), and ETV was superior to LdT with regard to the virological response (p<0.001) and drug resistance (p<0.001). We found no significant difference between ETV and TDF with regard to the HCC incidence (p=0.08), biochemical response (p=0.39), virological response (p=0.31), serological conversion (p=0.38), or drug resistance (p=0.95). NA-treated patients with pre-existing cirrhosis had a 5.49 times greater incidence of HCC than those without cirrhosis (p<0.001). Conclusions: ETV or TDF should be used for long-term first-line monotherapy in CHB patients according to the current guidelines. Standardized protocols are needed for future studies of ETV and TDF to facilitate conclusive comparisons. Patients with cirrhosis are at significantly elevated risk for HCC, despite the benefits of NA treatment.

Although the prevalence of chronic hepatitis B has decreased considerably in recent years due to widespread use of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine, its prevalence still remains high in adults, and this can place a significant burden on health care in areas with endemic HBV. Since the introduction of nucleos(t)ide analogues (NUCs), there has been marked improvement in the care of patients with chronic hepatitis B, resulting in increased survival. However, the emergence of drug resistance in patients treated with NUCs is a major concern. The number of multi-drug resistant patients is increasing, and many patients may not respond to the currently available drugs. In this review, we describe the current status of NUC therapy for antiviral-naive and -resistant patients.

2015 개정 교육과정 이후, 국내 중·고등학교의 소프트웨어 교육에서 파이썬이 주요 프로그래밍 언어로 채택되었다. 이에 따라 효과적인 프로그래밍 교육을 지원하기 위한 적합한 IDE 선택이 중요해졌다. 본 연구에서는 국내 교육 현장에서 사용되고 있는 대표적인 IDE들을 대상으로 설치 및 접근 용이성, 사용자 인터페이스 및 편의성, 디버깅 및 실행 시각화 기능, 확장성, 수업 활용성의 다섯 가지 관점에서 비교 분석을 진행했다. 분석 결과, IDLE은 접근성이 뛰어나지만 기능이 제한적이었고, Thonny와 Mu는 초보 학습자의 이해를 돕는 시각화와 간결한 인터페이스가 강점이나 고급 프로그래밍에 한계가 있었다. 반면 PyCharm과 VS Code는 심화 학습에 적합하지만 초보자에겐 복잡했고, 클라우드 기반 IDE는 접근성과 원격수업 활용에서 효과적이었다. 결론적으로, 단일 IDE를 모든 교육 상황에 적용하기보다 학습자의 수준과 목적에 따라 적절히 선택하는 것이 효과적임을 확인하였다.

Since the 2015 revised curriculum, Python has been widely adopted as the primary programming language in middle and high school software education in Korea. Consequently, selecting an appropriate IDE to effectively support programming education has become crucial. This study comparatively analyzed representative IDEs used in Korean educational contexts based on five criteria: installation and accessibility, user interface and convenience, debugging and execution visualization, extensibility, and classroom usability. The findings indicated that IDLE provided excellent accessibility but had limited functionality. Thonny and Mu were beneficial for beginners due to their visualization features and simple interfaces but showed limitations in advanced programming. Conversely, PyCharm and VS Code were suitable for advanced learning but were overly complex for beginners. Cloud-based IDEs demonstrated strengths in accessibility and remote classroom environments. Ultimately, the study recommends choosing IDEs based on the learners' levels and educational objectives rather than relying on a single IDE across all educational scenarios.

Background/Aims: Relapse has been reported after stopping nucleos(t)ide (NUC) therapy in the majority of chronic HBeAg negative hepatitis patients. However, the ideal treatment duration of HBeAg negative chronic hepatitis B (CHB)is not well known. We investigated the frequency of relapse in HBeAg negative CHB patients receiving NUC therapy. Methods: The NUC therapy was discontinued at least 3 times undetectable level of HBV DNA leave 6 months space in 45 patients. Clinical relapse was defined as HBV DNA >2,000 IU/mL and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or aspartate aminotransferase (AST) >2 times of upper limit of normal range. Virological relapse was defined as HBV DNA >2,000IU/mL. Results: Clinical relapse developed in 16 (35.6%) and 24 (53.3%) patients after stopping therapy at 6 months and 12months off therapy, respectively. Virological relapse developed 22 (48.9%) and 33 (73.3%) patients at 6 months and 12months off therapy. The factors such as age, gender, cirrhosis, baseline AST, ALT, HBV DNA levels, treatment duration,and consolidation duration were analyzed to investigate the predictive factors associated with 1 year sustained response. Of these factors, cirrhosis (86.1% in CHB, 22.2% in LC) was significantly associated with 1 year virological relapse rate. Baseline HBV DNA and total treatment duration tended to be associated with virological relapse. Conclusions: Virological relapse developed in the majority (73.3%) of HBeAg negative CHB patients and clinical relapse developed in the half (53.3%) of patients at 1 year off therapy. Cirrhosis may be associated with the low rate of virological relapse. (Clin Mol Hepatol 2013;19:300-307)