Earticle

Parking gear is essential parts of automotive to park on flat or slope ground. Hot forging has been, usually, used to manufacture the parking gear. The die is important to perform the hot or cold forging. The objective of this study is to investigate the thermal characteristics, such as thermal stress and heat transfer, of die through numerical analysis. As the results, The location of the most damage of die due to thermal stress was gear groove among upper plane of die. The safety factor was decreased with quadratic curve as increasing temperature. Furthermore, as the result of heat transfer, the change of energy such as heat flux, which could be influenced the damage of die, was showed the maximum value in corner of upper plane of die.

Hot forging is widely used to manufacture many industrial parts such as machine, automotive and so on. It is important to simulate the relations or characteristics between preform and die before designing the die. The purpose of this study is to investigate the forging characteristics of parking gear with nonlinear gear groove, thus the behaviors of preform can be predicted in advance and finally they can be applied to die design. As the results, since the distributions of high effective strain rate of parking gear were less than 3%, it was predicted that the manufacturing of parking gear with nonlinear gear groove might be possible. Furthermore it was observed that, in this study, the effective stress of bottom die was lower than that of top die.

현재 유기공방에서는 전통기술로 하나의 방짜유기 숟가락을 만들기 위해 10단계의 작업 공정을 거쳤으며, 형태 제작에 큰 영향을 주는 열간 단조는 3~4단계의 과정을 거친다. 열간 단조를 통해 방짜유기 숟가락의 미세조직은 수지형상의 α상이 미세화되고 잘게 분산되었으며, 두드림이 가해진 부분의 α상에는 쌍정이 생성되었다. 또한 α상은 가해지는 망치질에 따라 점점 다각형에서 원형으로 변형되었다. 이 과정에서 서로 근접한 α상은 합쳐지는 현상이 발생하 였고, 담금질 후에도 합쳐진 상태로 존재하였다. 이처럼 여러 개의 α상이 합쳐진 미세조직은 방짜조성의 청동유물에서 도 관찰되는 것으로 기술체계의 연관성을 보여준다. 방짜조성의 Cu-22%Sn 합금을 대상으로 실시한 열간 단조 실험 결과, 주조 당시 형성된 수지상의 감소율은 가공횟수에 따라 비례했으며, 두드림 작업에 의한 결정립의 미세화는 재질의 강도를 높이는 효과를 준 것으로 판단된다. 고대 유적에서 출토된 청동유물과 전통 유기공방에서 만든 방짜유기에서 동일하게 관찰되는 메자국은 문헌으로 남아 있지 않은 고대의 방짜유기 기술체계가 오늘날의 방짜유기 전통기술로 전승되었음을 보여준다.

Currently, the fabrication of a high-tin bronze spoon by traditional manufacturing techniques involves 10 steps in the bronze ware workshop. Hot forging has a major influence on manufacturing and involves two to three steps. The dendritic α-phase in the microstructure of the high-tin bronze spoon is refined and finely dispersed through hot forging. In addition, twinning is observed in the α-phase of the hammered part, and the α-phase microstructure gradually transform from a polygon to a circular shape due to hammering. In this process, the adjacent α-phases overlap with each other and remain combined after quenching. The microstructure with the overlapping is also observed in bronze artifacts, and this shows the correlation with technical system. The results of the experimental hot forging of Cu-22%Sn alloys show that the decrease in in the amount of the dendritic microstructure, which forms during casting, is in proportion to the number of processing steps and that the refined grain obtained by hammering contributes to the improvement in the strength of the material. From the hammering marks, which are observed on both the bronze artifact excavated from archaeological sites and on the high-tin bronze spoon produced in the traditional workshop, it is presumed that the knowledge regarding the unrecorded manufacturing system of bronze ware in ancient times has been passed down in a traditional way up to the system used currently.

This study elucidates the effect of wear resistance in Forging S45C. Three wear factor which are wear loss, coefficient of friction and friction force could conduct an experiment of wear-resistance test. First of all, wear test of ball-on-disk has been performed using steel balls to determine the variation of wear characteristics. Finally, the coefficient of wear was calculated by the Archard wear equation in hot forging S45C.

The composite used in this paper was prepared by hot-pressing ball-milled Mg alloy powders, in which NiTi shape memory alloy fibers in a row were sandwiched. The microstructure and property were examined. It is shown that the composite consisted of a homogenous matrix with uniformly distributed NiTi shape memory alloy fibers, recrystallization took place in the Mg alloy matrix which was subjected to plastic deformation an adequate bonding formed between the matrix and fibers; the density and tensile strength of the composite increased after the hot-forging; the hot-forging process is capable of improving properties of the composite.

The process design of hot forging, asymmetric to symmetric rib-web shaped steel, which is used for the turnout of express rails has been studied. Owing to the great difference in shape between the initial billet and the final forged product, it is impossible to hot forge the rail in a single stage operation. The numerical simulation for hot forging of asymmetric shape to symmetric shape was carried out by using commercial FEM code, DEFORMTM-2D. For comparison with the simulation results, a experiment of flow analysis using plasticine was also carried out. The results of the flow experiment showed good agreement with those of the simulation.

Generally, forging process has been known to enhance most of the mechanical properties by developing the continuous metal flow across the forged stocks. However, we have found out that forging of Al 6061 did not always give the enhancement of the mechanical properties but the degradation of the original characteristics, especailly for a extruded Al 6061. There are several candidates for the culprit of this unfavorable phenomenon. We have been trying to clear out the cause of the mechanical degradation of the forged a extruded Al 6061. One of the most plausible causes seems to be that the particles containing Mn and/or Cr is coarsened and redistributed preferencially onto grain boundaries due to a repetitive exposure in an elevated temperature condition. On the other hand, a continuously cast Al 6061 did not show any strength degradation after a hot forging under the same process condition with the extruded Al 6061.

Ti-8Ta-3Nb, as a new biomaterial, was prepared by cast and swaging process. Their deformation behavior of Ti-8Ta-3Nb alloy has been characterized on the basis of its flow stress variation obtained from the true strain rate compression testing in the temperature of $700-900^{\circ}C$ and strain rate of $0.001-10\;s^{-1}$. At the strain rates lower than $0.1\;s^{-1}$ and the all temperature ranges which consist of two phase ${\alpha}+{\beta}$ as well as single ${\beta}$ phase fields, the flow curves show a small degree of flow softening behavior. In contrast, the shapes of the flow curves at other strain rates indicate unstable behavior. The shapes of the flow curves were similar in both as-cast and swaged specimen as well as in both ${\alpha}+{\beta}$ phase and ${\beta}$ phase. The flow stress data did not obey the kinetic rate equation over the entire regime of testing but a good fit has been obtained in the intermediate range of temperatures ($750-850^{\circ}C$). In this range, a stress exponent value of about 7.7 in as-cast specimens and about 6.2 in swaged specimens with an apparent activation energy of about 300 kJ/mol and about 206 kJ/mol respectively have been evaluated.

An artificial neural network (ANN) model was applied to simulate the phase volume fraction of titanium alloy under isothermal and non-isothermal hot forging condition. For isothermal hot forging process, equilibrium phase volume fraction at specific temperature was predicted. For this purpose, chemical composition of six alloy elements (i.e. Al, V, Fe, O, N, and C) and specimen temperature were chosen as input parameter. After that, phase volume fraction under non-isothermal condition was simulated again. Input parameters consist of initial phase volume fraction, equilibrium phase volume fraction at specific temperature, cooling rate, and temperature. The ANN model was coupled with the FE simulation in order to predict the variation of phase volume fraction during non-isothermal forging. Ti-6Al-4V alloy was forged under isothermal and non-isothermal condition and then, the resulting microstructures were compared with simulated data.

This article mainly introduces the research of closed forging on 20MN hot die forging presses. After transforming of the equipments, optimizing of die design and improving of die-manufacturing precision, gear blanks used in car gearbox have been forged out without fins successfully.

The objective of this study is to introduce the new possibility of sensing technology based on inductive displacement sensors to monitor the status of wheel position in the hot forging process. In order to validate effectiveness of proposed sensing technology, the indirect forging force measurement with displacement sensor was applied into a typical closed hot forging die-set used for the manufacturing of flange bolts. The locations to implement the displacement sensor were selected carefully by simulating forming process and static structural. From the measurement results of the forging force change during one hot forging cycle, it was found that the proposed monitoring system can provide useful information to understand the detailed behaviors of die-set in the closed hot forging process.

In this paper the stress-strain curves of bearing steels at hot working conditions are obtained by compression test with a computer controlled servo-hydraulic Gleeble 3800 testing machine and elongations and reductions of area of the bearing steels are obtained by tensile test with a computer controlled servo-hydraulic Gleeble 1500 testing machine. These tests have been focused to obtain the flow stress data and optimal hot forging conditions under various conditions of strain rates and temperatures. The strain rate sensitivity exponent and reduction of area of the materials are evaluated. Experimental results are resented for various conditions of temperatures and strain rates.

The piston engine is an essential component in automobiles. Since the piston is used in a high temperature and high pressure environment, the piston needs to be manufactured to achieve high strength and high durability. In addition, cost reduction is also an important consideration. In conventional forging, an additional heat treatment after hot forging is necessary to ensure proper mechanical properties for heavy-duty engine pistons. The newly developed manufacturing method lowers production costs by saving manufacturing time and reduces energy consumption. The current paper describes the hot forging of an engine piston made from 38MnSiVS5 micro-alloyed steel using controlled cooling. The finite element analysis was used to check for possible problems and suitable press capacity. Hot forging experiments were then conducted on a 2500tons crank press to evaluate feasibility of the proposed material and process. To check the mechanical properties after hot forging, the forged specimens were tensile tested, and the microstructures were examined in order to compare the results with the conventionally forged material. The skirt region of the as-forged 38MnSiVS5 piston showed better material properties compared to the conventional material. In addition, the total production time was reduced by about 80% as compared to conventional forging.

Since fastener bolt for airplane require high specific strength and corrosion resistance, Ti-6Al-4V alloy is widely used. However, the Ti-6Al-4V bolt is generally manufactured by cutting and rolling because of their poor workability. The aim of present work is to develop hot forming technology for high strength Ti-6Al-4V. Various heat-treatments were applied to specimen in order to increase hot-workability and prevent galling with die Multiple forging were simulated with FE code to determine optimum process parameters including specimen temperature, strain rate, local strain, and thermal shrinkage. Forged samples were heat-treated again to increase their mechanical properties.

Hot-forging Process and die design was made for a large-scale compressor wheel of Ti-6Al-4V alloy with 2-D FE analysis. The design integrated the geometry-controlled approach and dynamic materials modelling(DMM). In order to obtain the processing contour map of Ti-6Al-4V alloy based on DMM, compression tests were carried out in the temperature range of 915$^{\circ}C$ to 1015$^{\circ}C$ and the strain range of 10$\^$-3/s$\^$-1/ to 10s$\^$-1/. In the die design of the compressor wheel using the rigid-plastic FE analysis, forging dimensional accuracy, the capacity of the forging machine and defect-free forging were considered as main design factors. The microstructure of hot forged wheel using the designed die showed a typical alpha-beta structure without forging-defects.

가스터빈에 사용되는 소재는 여타 금속소재에 비하여 고온 기계적 특성은 우수한 반면 상대적으로 단조성이 떨어지기 때문에, 금속소재의 단조성에 대한 이해와 단조 공정별 장단점을 파악하여 단조공정 설계에 반영하여야 한다. 가스터빈용 Ni합금의 경우 고온기계적 성질은 결정립 크기에 크게 의존한다. 결정립 크기는 기계적 성질에 직접적으로 영향을 미치는데, 동적재결정의 경우 초기 결정립크기, 변형률, 변형속도, 온도 뿐만 아니라 결정립계에 석출된 제2상에 의해서 크게 영향을 받기 때문에 이들 상의 고용온도를 파악하여 단조공정 설계에 반영하여야 한다. 유한요소법으로 변형률과 온도분포를 해석함으로써 단조품 내의 결정립 분포를 효과적으로 예측할 수 있다. 다단계 단조 경우, 최종 단조품의 결정립 크기는 단계별 단조 온도 및 변형률 배분 등에 따라 변하므로 이를 고려하여야 한다.