Earticle

This study aimed to compare demographic characteristics, working conditions, and MSD hazardous factor exposure between construction and non-construction workers using the 7th Korean Working Conditions Survey data, and to analyze factors affecting work-related health problems among construction workers to empirically identify their health vulnerabilities. This study utilized raw data from 50,195 respondents of the 7th Korean Working Conditions Survey conducted by the Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency in 2023. Variables included musculoskeletal disorder risk factors, atypical work arrangements, health problems, and work-relatedness. Descriptive statistics, -tests, and logistic regression analyses were performed. Construction workers were predominantly male (86.7%) with notable aging trends (43.0% aged 51-65). Construction workers showed significantly higher exposure to MSD hazardous factors compared to non-construction workers. Construction workers are exposed to significantly more musculoskeletal hazardous factors and experience work-related health problems more frequently than non-construction workers. Tailored occupational safety and health management measures considering the specificity of the construction industry are needed, and urgent development of health protection measures through work environment improvement for construction workers is required.

본 연구는 장시간 서서 업무를 수행하는 간호사를 대상으로 테이핑요법이 하지불편감 및 피로에 미치는 효과를 파악하여 간호사의 건강 문제 중 하지 순환시스템 문제를 예방하기 위한 건강교육 프로그램 개발에 근거자료로 제시하고자 하였다. 연구방법은 정형외과 병동에서 5일 연속 낮번 근무를 하는 여자 간호사를 대상으로 테이핑요법 을 적용한 비동등성 대조군 전후 설계를 이용한 유사 실험연구이다. 자료수집은 2020년 11월 2일부터 12월 18일 까지였으며, B광역시에 소재한 2개의 정형외과 전문병원에서 실험군 30명, 대조군 30명, 총 60명을 모집하였다. 자료는 SPSS WIN 22.0 프로그램을 활용하여 카이제곱 검정, t-test와 paired t-test로 분석하였다. 연구결과 실험군은 대조군보다 하지불편감(t=-1.27, p=<.001)과 피로 점수(t=-0.60, p=<.001)가 낮았으며, 통계적으로 유의 하게 효과가 있는 것으로 확인되어 테이핑요법이 매우 효과적인 간호중재임이 증명되었다.

This study is presented as evidence for developing a health education program to prevent lower extermity circulatory system problems among nurses’s health problem by identifying the effects of taping therapy on lower extermites discomfort and fatigue for nurses who stand for long periods of time. The study method is a similar experimental study using a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design in which taping therapy was applied to female nurses who work day shifts for 5 consecutive days in an orthopedic surgery ward. Data collection was from November 2 to December 18, 2020, and a total of 60 nurses, 30 in the experimental group and 30 in the control group, were recruited from two orthopedic surgery hospitals located in B city. The data were analyzed by chi-square test, t-test and paired t-test using the SPSS WIN 22.0 program. As a result of the study, the experimental group had lower extermities discomfort(t=-1.27, p=<.001) and fatigue score(t=-0.60, p=<.001) than the control group, and it was confirmed that there was a statistically significant effect. It has been proven that taping therapy is a very effective nursing intervention.

Purpose : This study estimated the cost of social loss due to night work based on the results of previous studies and special health checkups. Methods : In 2017 and 2018, based on the actual number of people who actually took special health checkups due to night shifts, we looked at the losses in terms of individuals, businesses, and society. Among these, individuals and social losses were estimated. Results : The cost of social loss due to night work was estimated. The estimated amount was 448,957,481,610 won in 2017 and 474,721,824,613 won in 2018. Conclusion : Through this study, additional research is needed on the number of night work days affecting health problems in Korea. In addition, it is necessary to study the social health as well as physical and mental health of night work.

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the knowledge level of first-time mothers regardingdigestive health issues in infancy and to examine the utilization of healthcare facilities forsuch problems. Methods: Data from 119 first-time mothers of infants under 6 months ofage were analyzed. Descriptive statistics, t-test, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)were conducted using the SPSS software. Results: The average correct response ratefor first-time mothers’ knowledge of digestive health problems in infancy was 61.9%. The highest correct response rate was observed for infantile colic, while diarrhea had thelowest. Less than 50% of mothers received education on infant digestive health problemsacross all categories. Among digestive health problems in infancy, diarrhea exhibited thehighest rate of healthcare utilization, whereas infantile colic had the lowest. First-timemothers’ knowledge of digestive health problems in infancy varied based on maternalage (t=-3.66, p<.001), education level (t=-2.26, p=.026), and planned pregnancy (t=3.24,p=.002). Moreover, mothers who received education on infant digestive health problemsdemonstrated better overall knowledge of digestive health problems. Conclusion: Therate of education regarding digestive health problems during infancy among first-timemothers was < 50%. Furthermore, mothers educated on infant digestive health issues exhibitedimproved knowledge. Therefore, it is necessary to provide appropriate pre-educationto primiparous common gastrointestinal health issues in infants.

Purposes: The purposes of this study are to describe the health problems experienced by VLBW premature infants and their health care services utilization during the first year of life Method: Eighteen mothers of VLBW premature infants completed a survey questionnaire, asking socioeconomic/demographic information, health/ developmental problems experienced by their infants, and their use of health care services. Results: Of the 18 infants, 78% experienced respiratory problems such as cold/running nose and wheezing during the first year and 33% experienced gastrointestinal problems such as vomiting, diarrhea and constipation. Twelve (67%) infants visited the emergency department at least one time and 10 infants (56%) were hospitalized at least once during their first year of age. Interestingly, infants without chronic lung disease visited the emergency department more than infants without chronic lung disease (p=.213). Infants living in non-disadvantaged neighborhoods were hospitalized more than infants living in disadvantaged neighborhoods (p=.000). Conclusions: Health care providers should initiate educating mothers, particularly those living in disadvantaged neighborhoods, about post-NICU discharge health care needs of their VLBW premature infants while their infants were still in the NICU so that unnecessary visits to the emergency department and rehospitalizations can be possibly prevented.

Purpose The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between bullying and exposure to bullying and the health problems in the primary school children. Methods This study was conducted on 92 parents and 92 students who were sixth grade students in two primary schools in Izmir. The data were collected using the Peer Bullying Scale Adolescent Form and the Identification of Health Problems Form. The data were analyzed through χ2 analysis and odds ratios with a 95% confidence interval. Results About forty-nine percent of the students (48.9%) was male, 51.1% of them was female and the average age was 11.6 ± 0.53 years. It was found that students who had high scores for being exposed to bullying were significantly more likely to experience headache, feeling bad, crying restlessness, nervousness,sleeping problems, dizziness; whereas students who had high bullying scores were significantly more likely to experience only poor appetite. Conclusions Students exposed to bullying have more health problems than the bullying students. It is recommended that programs designed to prevent the negative effects of bullying be developed.

Purpose: Disability is a significant problem and is accepted globally as a health priority in childhood. Like nonvisually impaired children, visually impaired children also need to use health services during childhood. The purpose of this study was to determine the health problems of visually impaired children. Methods: A descriptive design was used. The subjects were 74 children with visual impairment attending primary school (aged 5e14 years), who agreed to participate and whose parents gave permission. Data were collected via physical examination including questionnaires and a physical assessment form. The health screening included physical measurements for height, weight, blood pressure, dental health, hearing, and scoliosis. Results: The mean age of children was 10.43 ± 2.9 years. When the health screening results of children were examined, it was found that 25.7% of the children were overweight or obese, 35.1% of them had dental problems, 27.0% had hearing problems, and 39.2% had scoliosis risk. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were normal in 91.8% and 93.2% of the children, respectively. Conclusions: These findings showed the important role of school health nurses in performing health screenings directed at visually impaired children who constitute a special group for school health services. Health screening for height, weight, dental health, hearing, and scoliosis is suggested for visually impaired children.

Purpose: To adapt a questionnaire in the Persian language measuring working conditions and health problems among nursing personnel. A further aim was to test the validity and reliability of the questionnaire. Methods: The adapted questionnaire was based on three well-established questionnaires. Physical working conditions items were from Nurse Early Exit Study. Psychosocial working conditions scales were included from Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire which contains two scales on general and mental health as well. The Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire was the origin of the musculoskeletal disorders questions. During the culture adaptation process, an expert panel method was used. To achieve equivalence between the sources and target version, some changes were made by the expert panel. Then the questionnaire was examined in the field for face validity and construct validity (n ¼ 92) among Iranian nursing personnel from two hospitals. Construct validity was assessed using a priori hypothesized correlations of the outcomes with exposures. Finally the adaptation process was completed by reliability assessment using Cronbach’s alpha and Intra-class Correlation Coefficient (ICC). Results: The construct validity result was the correlation of the health outcome with the work-related exposure (physical rs ¼ .71 and psychosocial rs ¼ .66). In the reliability assessment, Cronbach’s alpha and ICC were .60 and .70 respectively. Conclusion: The findings show that the adapted questionnaire has an acceptable conceptual structure and provides reliable information from the nursing profession. Consequently, the questionnaire is applicable to work situation studies among nurses and other health care workers.

The impact of heat stress (HS) on reproductive performance and its problems in cows remains to be investigated in Bangladesh. The study was, therefore, aimed to evaluate the effect of HS on fertility and reproductive health problems of dairy cows in a selected area of Bangladesh. A total of 1,095 cows from 500 farms were included in this study. The climate-related data were recorded daily basis for every month in a year and temperature-humidity index (THI) values were calculated to determine the level of HS. Concurrently, data on fertility parameters [number of services per conception (NSC), conception rate (CR) and calving to the first service interval (CFSI)], and reproductive problems were collected through a pre-defined questionnaire. The results show that crossbred [Native x Holstein-Friesian, (HF)] cows were more vulnerable (p < 0.05) to a magnitude of HS effects considering physiological parameters of cows [age, body condition score (BCS), parity and milk yield]. Regarding fertility, HS had no effect on NSC, CR and CFSI in both native and crossbred cows (p > 0.05). The findings on the reproductive problems indicate that HS had significant influence on the prevalence of anestrus (χ2 = 21.814, p < 0.05) and retained placenta (χ2 = 24.632, p < 0.05) in cows. Of note, the prevalence of repeat breeding syndrome was 2.5 folds higher in stress condition than in no stress condition. Abortion and dystocia were not influenced by HS. In conclusion, HS does not influence the fertility parameters of cows studied; however, anestrus and retained placenta are likely to occur under HS conditions in cows.

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate health problems and factors related to work impairment of nurses working at community health centers. Method: Data were collected from May 2008 to July 2008 using a structured, self - reported questionnaire for general characteristics, work- related characteristics, health problems and work impairment. The subjects were composed of 434 nurses from 25 community health centers in Seoul. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis. Results: For present health problems, shoulder, back and neck pain were ranked the highest at (54.6%), followed by cold, GI trouble, and visual disorders. The average score of work impairment was 24.71(±7.14) out of 50.0. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the major factors that affect work impairment were age and number of health problems, and that these factors explained 15% of the work impairment. Conclusion: Age and number of health problems are the factors that have the greatest influence on work impairment. These findings indicate that the health condition of nurses at community health centers must be considered to improve the overall quality of nursing service.

=Health Problems and Health Services in Child Day Care Centers*

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the current urinary incontinence states in women above middle age dwelling in rural areas and their coping with the problems. Methods: The participants were 261 women above middle age. Data were collected from February to May, 2012 using a structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed with the SPSS/WIN 20 program. Results: The frequency of urinary incontinence in women above middle age was 45.4%. There were significant differences in urinary incontinence due to age, education, job status, frequency of delivery, and menstrual status. And, there were significant relations among urinary symptoms, difficulty of ADL, incontinence stress and depression. Frequently used coping-methods with urinary incontinence were washing frequently in order to avoid awful smell, paying attention to perineal cleaning, and going to restroom frequently. Conclusion: Community nurses who are in charge of primary health care ought to assess urinary incontinence and develop a urinary incontinence program that includes psychological and social factors.

본 연구는 정신건강의 어려움을 가지고 있는 공공임대주택 거주자의 삶과 이들에 대한 지원 경험을 탐색하기 위한 연구이다. 이를 위해 SH 서울주택도시공사의 ‘찾아가는 마음건강 서비스’를 이용한 서비스 이용자 5명을 대상으로 한 일대일 심층면접과 서비스 제공자 3명과 관련 기관 종사자 2명과의 포커스그룹인터뷰를 실시하였다. 그 결과 1개의 대주제, 3개의 주제, 13개의 소주제가 도출되었다. 대주제는 “외딴섬에서 열린 공간으로: 일상으로 조금씩 나아가기”로 분석되었으며 주제는 ‘질병, 고립, 빈곤, 중독의 문제와 힘겹게 살아가는 사람들(3개의 소주제)’, ‘찾아가는 마음건강 서비스의 과정과 결과(5개의 소주제)’, 정신건강 문제를 가진 임대주택 거주자들을 위한 지원방안(5개의 소주제)‘이라는 3개의 주제가 도출되었다. 이와 같은 주제 분석 결과를 토대로 정신건강의 어려움을 가지고 살아가고 있는 공공임대주택 거주자들의 삶을 지원하기 위한 사회복지 정책적, 실천적 제언을 하였다.

This study aims at investigating residents’ lives staying in public rental houses and experiences regarding ‘Visiting Mental Health Service’. For this purpose, the researchers practiced in-depth interviews with five service users of ‘Visiting Mental Health Service’ provided by SH Seoul Housing and Communities Corporation and conducted focus group interviews with three service providers and two workers of related agencies. The result showed one major theme, three themes, and thirteen sub-themes based on the result. The major theme was identified as “Moving from island to society: walking forward into daily life”. The three themes were 'People living with diseases, isolation, poverty, and addiction(3 sub-themes)', 'Process and result of ‘Visiting Mental Health Service’(5 sub-themes)', and 'Support plan for residents with mental health issues living in public rental housings(5 sub-themes)'. Based on the findings, the study made policy suggestions and practical recommendations that can support residents’ lives suffering from mental health issues living in public rental housing.

-The Effects of a Tailored Health Promotion Program on Self Efficacy, Health Problems and Quality of Life of Rural Residents

최근 사회양극화가 심화되면서 아동기 건강불평등 문제에 대한 인식 또한 높아지고 있다. 본 연구는 사회경제적 수준이 아동기의 신체적 정신적 건강문제에 미치는 영향이 어떠한지 살펴보고 사회경제적 수준과 건강문제의 관계에서 가족, 교사, 친구의 사회적 지지가 지니는 조절효과를 검증함으로써 아동기 건강불평등에 대한 이해를 높이고 건강불평등을 완화시키기 위한 방안을 찾고자 하였다. 이를 위해 서울 경기지역의 18개 지역아동센터를 통해 355명의 아동을 설문조사하였으며, 위계적회귀분석을 통해 조절효과를 검증하였다. 분석 결과 사회경제적 수준 변인은 아동의 신체적 정신적 건강문제에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나 사회경제적 수준에 따른 건강불평등 현상이 존재함을 확인할 수 있었다. 나아가 가족의 지지 변인은 사회경제적 수준과 신체적 정신적 건강의 관계에서 조절효과를 지니는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구결과를 볼 때 빈곤 아동의 신체적 정신적 건강을 증진시키기 위해 사회적인 관심과 노력을 기울여야 할 필요성이 크며, 이와 함께 빈곤가정 가족의 관계를 증진시키는 노력이 필요함을 알 수 있다.

In recent years, the awareness of the issue of childhood health inequality has raised with social polarization. This study examines the effects of socio-economic level on the physical and mental health problems of childhood and examines the moderating effects of social support of family, teachers and friends in relation to socio-economic level and health problems to find out ways to improve understanding of childhood health inequality and mitigate it. For this purpose, 355 children were surveyed through 18 community child centers in Seoul-Gyunggi area. The moderating effect was verified by hierarchical regression analysis. The results showed that socio economic level variable had a significant effect on the physical and mental health problems of children and it was confirmed that health inequality existed. Furthermore, family support variable has a moderating effect on the relationship between socioeconomic level and physical and mental health. There is great need for social attention and effort to improve the physical and mental health of poor children and it is also necessary to make effort to improve the family relations of families in poverty.

본 연구는 일반인을 대상으로 코로나19의 정신적 충격, 주관적 행복감, 가족관계문제, 정신건강문제의 관계를 확인하고 코로나19와 정신건강문제의 관계에서 주관적 행복감과 가족관계문제의 매개효과를 검증하는데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 서울, 부산, 대구, 인천, 광주에 거주 중인 만20세 이상부터 69세까지의 일반인을 대상으로 온라인 설문조사를 실시하였으며, 총 330명의 유효자료를 수거하였다. 본 연구의 효과성 검증을 위해 SPSS 22.0을 사용하여 Baron and Kenny(1986)가 제안한 매개효과 검증 절차에 따라 회귀분석을 실시하고, 매개효과의 통계적 유의성 검증을 위해 SPSS Macro를 활용하여 Bootstrapping를 실시하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 코로나19의 정신적 충격은 가족관계문제, 정신건강문제에는 정적인 상관이 있는 것으로 나타났고, 주관적 행복감에는 부적인 상관이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 코로나19의 정신적 충격, 주관적 행복감, 가족관계문제는 정신건강문제에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 코로나19의 정신적 충격과 정신건강문제의 관계에서 주관적 행복감과 가족관계문제의 매개효과를 검증한 결과 부분 매개하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 코로나19의 정신적 충격으로 인한 일반인의 정신건강문제를 위해 사회적, 심리적 개입에 대한 후속 연구의 필요성을 제안하였다.

The purpose of this study is to affirm the relationship between psychological shock of COVID-19, subjective happiness, family relationship problems, and mental health problems for the general public, and to verify the mediating effects of subjective happiness and family relationship problems in the relationship between COVID-19 and mental health problems. To this end, online surveys were conducted in the public, aged 20 to 69, who were living in Seoul, Busan, Daegu, Incheon, and Gwangju, through which valid data could be collected from a total of 330 respondents. To verify the effectiveness of this study, SPSS 22.0 was used to perform regression analysis according to the mediating effect verification procedure proposed by Baron and Kenny (1986), and bootstrapping was carried out using SPSS Macro to evaluate the statistical significance of the mediating effects. The findings are as follows. First, the psychological shock of COVID-19 was found to have a positive correlation with family relationship problems and mental health problems, and a negative correlation with subjective happiness. Second, it was found that the psychological shock of COVID-19, subjective happiness, and family relationship problems had a significant impact on mental health problems. Third, as a result of evaluating the mediating effects of subjective happiness and family relationship problems in the relationship between the psychological shock of COVID-19 and mental health problems, it was found to partially mediate. This study suggests the need for follow-up studies on social and psychological interventions to deal with the mental health problems of the general public due to the psychological shock of COVID-19.

-A Study the Health Problems of the Living-alone Elderly Using MDS-HC 2.0

Purpose: This study aimed to identify occupational stress and health problems as well as turnover reasons among leavers in novice nurses and to estimate factors which might affect turnover by comparing them to stayers. Methods: In this study, secondary analysis of data gathered from the Shift Work Nurse’s Health and Turnover studies, was carried out. The data were collected from 204 stayers who have been working for 18 months since 2018 and 48 leavers who left within the same period at two tertiary hospitals in Seoul. The reasons for turnover, occupational stress, and 8 types of health problems were recorded. The data were analyzed using SAS 9.4 to obtain descriptive statistics. In parallel, Pearson’s chi-squared test, Fisher’s exact test, and independent t-test were also conducted. Results: The main reasons for turnover were job stress and difficult interpersonal relationships in the workplace. Occupational stress of leavers was higher than stayers, especially in the subscales of interpersonal conflict, organizational system, lack of reward, and occupational climate. Among the 8 types of health problems, the depression prevalence of leavers was higher compared to stayers and showed marginal significance. Unexpectedly, the sleep disturbance prevalence of stayers was significantly higher compared to leavers. Conclusion: To reduce the turnover rate of novice nurses, education on how to cope with occupational stress is needed. A customized program for novice nurses to overcome the difficulties of interpersonal relations would be helpful.

Purpose: The aim of this qualitative study is to explore the health problems and coping experiences of middle-aged and elderly women in the community. Methods: A total of five focus group interviews were conducted with three groups of middle-aged and two groups of elderly women. All interviews were recorded and transcribed. Data were analyzed using the content analysis method. Results: Health problems were categorized as confusion caused by problems that are difficult to handle alone in the middle-aged group and suffering originated by confronting changes in roles and environment in the elderly group. The health problems included stress, suffering, anxiety and social withdrawal as subcategories for the middle-aged women, and the stress, sense of loss, fear, and limited social activities caused by their life events for the elderly women. Meanwhile, the contents of categories about coping were revealed as the beginning of care for the body and mind for healthy life in the middle-aged group and active practice with insight into a healthy lifestyle in the elderly group. While the middle-aged women focused on themselves, attempted changes and started to take care of themselves, the elderly women interacted with the outside world, hardened their mind, made efforts for a dignified death, and managed health by their own methods. Conclusion: There were differences in the experiences of middle-aged and elderly women in accepting their health problems and coping. Nursing interventions reflecting these findings can help to manage and promote the health of middle-aged and elderly women based on an integrated perspective.

본 연구는 탈북 청소년과 남한 청소년의 정신건강 문제를 비교하고, 성과 연령에 따라 차이가 있는지 살펴보고자 하였다. 탈북 청소년 202명과 남한 청소년 194명의 정신건강 문제를 탈북 청소년 심리상태검사(Psychological State Inventory for North Korean Adolescent Refugees; PSI-NKR-A)를 이용하여 측정하였다. 변량분석 결과, 일부 정신건강 문제들에서 출신지역, 성, 연령의 주효과가 있었다. 탈북 청소년이 남한 청소년에 비해 외상후 스트레스와 정신증 수준이 높았으며, 남한 청소년은 탈북 청소년에 비해 학업 스트레스가 심했다. 여학생이 남학생보다 우울, 신체화, 불안, 대인 예민성, 낮은 자존감, 학업 스트레스, 내재화 문제들이 많았으며, 심리적 부적응의 전반적인 지표에서 더 높은 점수를 보였다. 남자 청소년은 여자 청소년에 비해 품행 문제가 더 많았다. 고등학생은 중학생에 비해 우울, 신체화, 불안, 대인 예민성, 낮은 자존감, 학업 스트레스, 내재화 문제, 총점에서 모두 높은 점수를 보였다. 출신지역과 성 및 연령의 상호작용 효과는 외상후 스트레스, 불안 및 대인 예민성 척도에서 유의미하였다. 단순효과 분석 결과, 여자 탈북 청소년은 남자 탈북 청소년에 비해 외상후 스트레스와 불안 수준이 높았지만, 남한 청소년들에서는 그러한 성별 차이가 없었다. 남자 고등학생은 남자 중학생에 비해 불안과 대인 예민성 수준이 높았지만, 여학생들에서는 연령에 따른 차이가 없었다. 본 연구의 결과를 바탕으로 탈북 청소년에 대한 심리적 개입에서 고려해야 할 점들에 대해 논의하였고, 연구의 제한점 및 추후 연구 방향에 대해 제안하였다.

The purpose of this paper is to objectively evaluate the psychological difficulties of North Korean adolescent defectors living in South Korea (NKAD, N=202), by comparison with South Korean Adolescents (SKA, N=194). The scores on 11 scales of Psychological State Inventory for North Korean Adolescent Refugees (PSI-NKR-A) were compared across the country of origin, gender, and age. PSI-NKR-A is a brief self-report questionnaire designed to evaluate a broad range of psychological problems and symptoms of psychopathology of NKAD. MANOVA showed that NKAD had higher scores on Post-Traumatic Stress and Psychosis scales than SKA, while the latter had higher scores on Academic Stress. Female adolescent had higher scores on Depression, Somatization, Anxiety, Interpersonal Sensitivity, Low Self-Esteem, Academic Stress, Internalization Problems and Total Scores than Male adolescent, while the latter had higher scores on Conduct Problems. And High school students had higher scores on these scales than Middle school students. Interaction effects of country of origin by gender and gender by age on Post-Traumatic Stress and Anxiety, and Interpersonal Sensitivity scales were significant. Analysis of the simple main effect showed that NKAD Females had significantly higher scores on Post-Traumatic Stress and Anxiety scales than NKAD Males, but SKA had no difference on these scales on their gender. High school Male students showed higher scores on Anxiety and Interpersonal Sensitivity scales than Middle school Male Students, Female adolescent had no difference on these scales on their age. Based on these result, psychological intervention for North Korean adolescent defectors were discussed, and suggestion for future studies were described.