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This study attempted to quantify and present hands among the diagnostic elements for skeletal diagnosis. For this purpose, we extracted and studied the dimensions of women's hands according to age among the measurements of the 8th Korean Human Body Dimension Survey provided by Size Korea, the National Agency for Technology and Standards of the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, and analyzed three types of skeletal diagnosis: straight type, wave type, and natural type. Hand diagnosis factors such as hand size, finger length, finger joint size, and palm and back characteristics were subdivided and quantified by age. As a result of the study, the terms 'thin', 'thick', 'moderate', 'small', 'large', 'short', and 'long' are subjective diagnostic elements that can vary depending on the diagnostician's capabilities. It is expected to increase the objectivity and reliability of skeletal diagnosis by providing it in quantified form and to be used as basic data for analysis by type of skeletal diagnosis.

本研究旨在于量化呈现骨骼诊断的诊断要素之一——手. 为此, 本文抽取了产业通商 资源部国家技术标准院韩国尺寸协会提供的第8次韩国人体尺寸测量结果中, 基于年龄的女性 手部尺寸. 然后, 根据三种骨骼诊断类型, 将手分为直型, 波浪型, 自然型, 根据手部大 小, 手指长度, 指关节大小, 手心与手背等手部特征. 将手进行细分, 并按年龄进行了量化 分析. 本研究意义为如下, 本文将骨骼诊断分析要素术语, 如“薄”, “厚”, “中等”, “小”, “大”, “短”和“长”等主观诊断要素进行量化, 以期提高骨骼诊断的客观性和可靠性, 本研究可 作为骨骼诊断类型分析的基础数据.

PURPOSE: This study examined the changes in the handgrip strength, dexterity, and hand function according to the presence or absence of gloves and types of gloves. METHODS: Seventy-six adults in their twenties (male: 24, female: 52, mean age 21.04 years) were the subjects of this study. The handgrip strength, dexterity, and hand function were evaluated with bare hands without gloves, poly gloves, and latex gloves. The handgrip strength was measured using a dynamometer, and three pinch strength tests were performed: tip pinch, lateral pinch, and three-jaw pinch. The hand dexterity was evaluated using the Minnesota manual dexterity test, and the hand function was evaluated using the Jabson-Taylor hand function test. RESULTS: There was no difference in the grip strength depending on whether the gloves were worn. The hand grip, dexterity, and hand function showed significant differences according to the type of glove. Regarding the handgrip, dexterity, and hand function, the latex glove had the best function, and the poly glove had the lowest function. CONCLUSION: There was a difference in dexterity among the hand functions but no difference in grip strength according to the type of glove. The results suggest that the use of latex gloves in daily life be recommended.

Although instrument playing-based training has been repeatedly report-ed to improve functional hand movements including grasping, the at-tempts to present quantitative information on physiological mechanism of grasping have been relatively insufficient to determine the type and the intensity of the exercises involved. This study aimed to examine the muscle activation during hand percussion playing depending on the grasping type and the playing tempo. A total of twelve healthy older adults with a mean age of 71.5 yr participated in this study. Surface electrodes were placed on three grasping-related muscles: Flexor digi-torum superficialis, extensor digitorum, and flexor pollicis brevis. Partic-ipants were instructed to play with the egg shaker, paddle drum mallet and clave involving different types of grasp at three different tempi (i.e., 80, 100, and 120 bpm) and sEMG data were collected during each play-ing. Significantly greater muscle activation was generated with the small sphere type of egg shaker, compared to the handle type of paddle drum mallet and the small cylinder type of clave. Playing at faster tempo also elicited significantly greater muscle activation than at slower tem-po. With regard to the rise time of muscle activation, while tempo sig-nificantly affected the rise time, the time to peak muscle activation did not significantly change depending on the grasping type. This study confirmed that grasping pattern and the tempo of movement signifi-cantly influence the muscular activation of grasping involved in instru-ment playing. Based on these results, clinical implication for instrument selection and structured instrument playing would be suggested.

This paper describes the conceptual design of new robot hand by type synthesis. The conventional robot hands with rotational movement have bad controllability because the distance between the final rotational joint and the center of things grasped is changed according to the size of things grasped. This paper uses the systematic procedure of type synthesis and the knowledge for designing robot hands. The new 6-bar Watt I type conceptual robot hand with rectilinear translational movement is proposed.

본 연구는 임상간호사들의 벨트형 손소독제 활용에 대한 손소독 수행정도와 수행률, 손소독제 사용 만족도에 대한 효과를 파악하고자 수행된 연구이다. 연구수행을 위해 단일군 전후 유사실험 설계를 이용하였으며, 벨트형 손소독 제 활용에 대한 효과평가는 손소독 수행 정도, 손소독 수행률, 손소독제 사용에 대한 만족도로 자가보고형 설문지를 이용하여 측정하였다. 연구 대상자는 일 지역의 종합병원 병동의 임상간호사 50명을 대상으로 하였으며, 수집된 자료는 SPSS 23.0 프로그램을 이용하여 분석하였다. 연구결과, 벨트형 손소독제 사용 후의 손소독 수행 정도, 손소독 수행률, 손소독제 사용 만족도가 유의하게 높은 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구를 통해 벨트형 손소독제는 손소독 수행정도와 손소독 수행률을 향상시킬 수 있는 효과적인 방법임을 확인하였다. 따라서 임상실무에서 벨트형 손소독제를 활용한다면, 손소 독 수행 정도와 수행률 향상에 기여할 수 있을 것이다.

The aims of this study was to examine the effect on the hand disinfection performance, the performance rate, and the satisfaction with the use of the belt-type hand sanitizers in clinical nurses. The study is a one group pre-post test quasi-experimental design. Effectiveness of using the belt-type hand sanitizers was measured with a self-reporting questionnaire. As a result, the performance of hand disinfection and the performance rate were significantly higher after using the belt-type hand sanitizers, and also, the satisfaction with the use of the belt-type hand sanitizers was significantly high. The belt-type hand sanitizer is effective method to improve both hand disinfection performance and its performance rate. Therefore, if the belt-type hand sanitizer is used in clinical practice, it may contribute to the improving the hand disinfection performance and its performance rate.

이 연구에서는 전문스포츠 투기종목 지도자의 리더십 유형과 투기종목 선수의 성취목표지향성 및 스포츠 자신감 의 관계를 구명하는데 목적이 있다. 이러한 연구목적을 달성하기 위해 2020년 대한체육회의 태권도, 유도, 레슬링, 복싱 종목 선수로 등록한 고등학교와 대학교의 학생선수 220명에게 설문지를 사용하여 자료를 수집하였다. 수집된 자료는 통계 프로그램 SPSS 21과 AMOS 21을 활용하여 빈도분석, 확인적 요인분석, 신뢰도 분석, 상관관계분석, 구조방정식모 형 분석을 실시한 결과 다음과 같은 결과를 도출하였다. 첫째, 전문스포츠 투기종목 지도자의 리더십 유형은 성취목표지향 성에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 전문스포츠 투기종목 지도자의 리더십 유형은 스포츠 자신감에 유의한 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 전문스포츠 투기종목 선수의 성취목표지향성은 스포츠 자신감에 유의한 영향 을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

The purpose of the present study is to examine the relationship between the leadership type of elite combat sports instructors and the achievement goal orientation and sports confidence of combat sports athletes. In order to achieve such a research purpose, the study collected data by using surveys administered to 186 elite combat sports athletes. The collected data underwent frequency analysis, exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis through the use of the statistical program SPSS 22.0, arriving at the following conclusions. First, the leadership type of elite combat sports instructors appeared to have a partially positive and negative relationship with achievement goal orientation. Second, the leadership type of elite combat sports instructors appeared to have a partially positive and negative relationship with sports confidence. Third, the achievement goal orientation of elite combat sports athletes appeared to have a partially positive and negative relationship with sports confidence.

범지구 측위 시스템(GPS : Global Positioning System)은 미국 국방성에서 개발한 인공위성에 의한 측위 시스템으로 주로 군사용으로만 사용되던 GPS가 민간에게 개방된 것은 87년경이다. 이 시스템은 항공기와 선박의 항법, 미사일 유도 등 군사, 항법이 주목적이었으나, 그 이용 가능성은 무궁하여 측지 및 측량, 시가지 자동차 항법, GIS의 자료 구축 수단으로서 옹용 폭이 확대되고 있다. 최근 들어 국내에서도 GPS(Global Positioning System)를 이용한 임베디드 시스템 개발에 박차를 가하고 있으며, 연구 또한 활발하게 진행되고 있으며, 그 대표적인 적용 사례로는 Car Navigation과 96년 한강의 서강 대교 윌슨 아치 구간의 설치 시공에 DGPS(Differential GPS)를 이용하여 cm 정확도의 정밀 위치 유도를 한 것은 성공적인 사례로 평가된다. 또한 각급 지자단체, 정부 각 부처 기관에서의 사업수행에 GPS를 이용한 사례가 점진적으로 보고 되고 있으며, 그 예로 BIS(Bus Information System) 가 널리 확산되고 있는 현실이다. 또한 국립지리원의 전자지도(NGIS)의 DB를 바탕으로 GPS를 이용하여 추후에 물류 관리제 시스템의 연구가 활발해 질 것으로 전망된다. 본 논문에서는 GPS의 시스템을 이용하여 차량용이나, 토지 공사의 위치 측정에 사용하는 부피가 큰 임베디드 시스템이 아닌 도보나 등산객, 마라톤 선수들이 사용할 수 있는, 휴대하기 용이한 Hand Held의 Proto Type을 구현해 보았다.

GPS (Global Positioning System) made by the Department of Defense in U.S.A is positioning system to use satellite and initially it has been used only for the military forces but open to civilian in about 1987. This system has widely been used for not only surveying land, but also car navigation on the street and means to build up the data of the GIS. With GPS, recently our country is accelerating to make imbeded system and also the study on imbeded system is well under way. For example, Car navigation and the construction of the Seokang bridge between Willson Arch at Han river by using DGPS were evaluated as successful model to lead accurate location with the precision of the cm. The examples of the project performance with GPS has gradually been extended to the each department organization of the local and central government. for the example, It is true that BIS(Bus Information System) is widely spreading out. In addition, the study on the Distribution Maintenance System is expected to be well in progress to take advantage of GPS based on the data base of the NGIS(National Geography Institute System) of the NGI(National Geography Institute). This paper shows that we embodied not only the large imbeded system for car and finding the location in Korean Land Corporation but also the protype of the kinematics Wrist Held which is easily portable to pedestrian, climber and marathon runner.

In many cases, tasks are unpredictable and therefore not doable by special-purpose or pro-programble robots. So master/slave type robot hands which combine human perceptions with conventional robot hands are required as robot end effector. These also can be applied to hazardous worksites such as outer space, deep sea and nuclear power plant. In this study, master/slave type robot fingers with 3 joints each are designed and constructed. To control force accurately, TDT(tension difference type) torque sensors are constructed and attached toeachjoints of slave finger and new force reflecting control algorithm is suggested. Finally, experimental results show that the new control algorithm can be successfully applied.

In using both hands, everyone dominantly use one hand and it is called left-handedness or right-handedness person. Measurements of grip and pinch strength provide objective indexes to represent functional integrity of the upper extremity. This study was conducted for thirty female college students(19 right-handedness and 11 lefthandedness). For assessment of the type of handedness, questionnaire was used; for grip strength, Jamar dynamometer was used; for pinch strength, Jamar pinch gauge was used. In right handedness, the grip and pinch strength of the dominant right hand was significantly higher than those of the non-dominant hand. In addition, regular exercises were shown to give influences on reduction of strength gaps between dominant and non-dominant hands. In both groups of left and right handedness, the grip and pinch strength of the dominant hand were significantly higher than those of the non-dominant hand, and regular exercises were shown to give influences on reduction of strength gaps between dominant and non-dominant hand.

Purpose: Walking type cultivator used for weeding generated excessive handle vibration as well as bouncing motion depending on the weeding speed. This research was conducted to define a design factor of the rotary weeding blades for reducing soil reaction forces as well as hand vibration. Methods: The motion and forces acting on the rotary blades were reviewed to find out the most influencing parameter on hand vibration. The installation angle (IA) of the blade was selected and analyzed to determine the condition of no reaction force less. For removing the unnecessary upward soil reaction, the design factor theory of weeding blade was suggested based on geometrics and dynamics. For evaluation of design factor theory, the experiment in situ was performed base on ISO 5349:1. The vibration $a_{hv}$ and theoretical value $X_{MF}$ were compared with two groups that one was positive group ($X_{MF}$ > 0) and the other was negative group ($X_{MF}$ < 0). Results: $X_{MF}$ was derived from rotational velocity, forward velocity, disk diameter, weeding depth, blade's width and IA of blade. Two groups had significant difference (p < 0.05). In aspect of the group mean total exposure duration, positive group was 17.53% bigger than negative group. When disk radius 100, 150 and 200 mm, minimum IAs were $4{\sim}27^{\circ}$, $3{\sim}15^{\circ}$ and $2{\sim}10^{\circ}$, respectively. A spread sheet program which calculated XMF was developed by Excel 2013. Conclusions: According to this result, minimum IA of weeding blade for soil reaction reduction could be obtained. For reduction hand-arm vibration and power consumption, minimum IA is needed.

Purpose: In order to ensure that vegetable seedlings (with a soil block around their roots) are planted in an upright orientation after metering in a vegetable transplanter, they need to be dropped freely from a certain height. The walk-behind hand-tractor-powered machines do not have sufficient space to drop the seedlings from that height. In the present work, a hopper-type planting device was developed for the walk-behind hand-tractor-powered vegetable transplanter to ensure that the soil block seedlings are planted in an upright orientation. Methods: Various dimensionless terms were developed based on the dimensional analysis approach, and their effect on the planting of soil block seedlings in an upright orientation (planting efficiency) was studied. The optimum design dimensions of the hopper-type planting device were identified by the Taguchi method of optimization. Results: The ratio of the height of free fall to the sliding distance of the seedling on the surface of the hopper had the highest influence on planting efficiency. The planting efficiency was highest for plants with a height $15{\pm}2cm$. The plant handling Froude number, in interaction with the design of the hopper-type planting device, also significantly affected the planting efficiency. Of the hopper design factors, the length of the slide of the seedlings on the surface of the hopper was most important, and induced sufficient velocity and rotation to cause the seedling to fall in an upright orientation. An evaluation of the performance of the planting device under actual field conditions revealed that the planting efficiency of the developed planting device was more than 97.5%. Conclusions: As the seedlings were fed to the metering device manually, an increase in planting rate increased missed plantings. The planting device can be adopted for any vegetable transplanter in which the seedlings are allowed to drop freely from the metering device.

과거부터 상지 절단 장애인을 위한 여러 종류의 보조기가 개발되어 왔으며, 이 중 근전전동의수는 사용자의 편의성 향상을 목적으로 단순 파지 가능 사용에서 물체의 크기와 형태에 따라 다양한 손동작을 변환하여 사용하는 연구가 요구되어 왔다. 본 연구에서는 사람 손 크기와 손가락 움직임을 모사하여 모터와 웜 기어의 구동 메커니즘을 적용한 5 손가락 근전전동의수를 개발하였다. 이를 바탕으로 근전도 신호 입력을 통한 손가락의 독립적 제어를 위한 제어기를 개발하고, 대표 8가지 손동작 선정, 변환 조건 파라미터 선정을 통한 상태 전이 기반 손동작 변환 알고리즘을 제안하였다. 그리고 훈련과 사용성 평가 방법을 소개하고, 이를 바탕으로 손기능 전용 도구를 이용한 상지 절단 장애인 대상의 사용성 평가를 진행하여 알고리즘의 상용화 가능성을 확인하였으며, 반복적인 평가를 통한 사용자의 적응과 높은 수행 능력을 확인하였다.

Various types of assistive devices have been developed for upper limb amputees over the years, with myoelectric prosthesis particularly aimed at improving user convenience by enabling a range of hand gestures beyond simple grasping, tailored to the size and shape of objects. In this study, we developed a five-finger myoelectric prosthesis mimicking human hand size and finger movements, utilizing motor and worm gear mechanisms for stable and independent operation. Based on this, we designed a control system for independent finger control through electromyographic signal input, proposed a state transition-based hand gesture conversion algorithm by selecting representative eight hand gestures and defining conversion condition parameters. We introduced training and usability evaluation methods, and conducted usability assessments among upper limb amputees using dedicated tools, confirming the potential for commercial application of the algorithm and observing adaptive capabilities and high performance through iterative evaluations.

디스플레이 산업이 급속도로 발전함에 따라 touch screen 및 panel에 사용되고 있는 ITO(Indium Tin Oxide)박막의 표면저항에 대한 정밀 측정이 요구되고 있으며, 표면저항 측정은 주로 FPP(Four-Point Probe) 원리를 이용한 측정기를 사용하고 있다. 대부분의 면저항 측정기는 single 방식을 적용하고 있으나 이 방식은 가장자리 효과가 크며, 시료의 크기 및 두께와 핀 간격에 대한 보정계수를 적용하여야 하는 단점이 있다. 본 연구는 가장자리 효과가 거의 없고, 보정계수를 적용할 필요가 없는 dual 방식을 적용한 표면저항 측정기를 개발하였다. 개발된 표면저항 측정기는 휴대용으로 누구나 쉽고 정확하게 사용할 수 있으며, 측정 정확도는 지시값의 1.0 % 이하이고, 측정범위는 $4m{\Omega}/sq{\sim}20k{\Omega}/sq$ 이다.

박막재료 및 반도체의 면저항 측정에는 주로 Four Point Probe(FPP) 원리를 이용한 측정기를 사용하고 있다. FPP에 의한 측정방식은 single 및 dual configuration method가 있으며, dual configuration은 single configuration에 비해 probe spacing 변화나 시료의 가장자리 효과 등에서 측정편차가 적은 장점이 있어서 dual configuration 기술을 사용하는 추세이다. 개발된 휴대용 면저항 측정기는 dual configuration원리를 적용하여 제작되었으며, 박막재료의 면저항을 누구나 쉽고 정확하게 측정할 수 있도록 설계되었다. 또한 시료의 크기가 핀 간격에 비해 5배 이상 크면 보정계수를 거의 무시할 수 있는 장점이 있어 작은 시료라도 정확한 면저항을 측정할 수 있다. 이측정기의 측정 불확도는 지시값의 1 % 이하이고, 측정범위는 (2$\sim$2000)$\Omega/sq$이다.

The many cities are changing in the city form where the person and nature are mixed. Namely, the government invests many expense in tree field of distance space for the change in the green city. In this paper, we design and implement a tree growth management system using PDA built in 13.56MHz RFID reader and CBD(Component Based Development) for ubiquitous computing environments. Our system provides history management to increase business efficiency for location coordinate of tree and history information of tree which using RFID, the RFlD tag is attaching the new tree and that is inputting GPS location information in PDA and provides tree information of tree by location coordinate to history management. Finally, we show from a performance analysis that our system achieves about 85% average tree read rate of RFID under test scenario environments.

For lighting of dark and hazardous workplaces such as compartments of ships under construction, workers should use hand lamps of explosion-proof type. However, the heavy weight of such lamps has prevented most impatient workers from using such types of lamps extensively. In this paper, ire developed a light weight hand lamp of intrinsic safety type which reduced the weight a lot while maintaining or improving the lighting and explosion-proof function. We made a Prototype which consisted of lamp fixture and low/high frequency power supply. Testing results show that the hand lamp meets well all the explosion-proof testing requirements of the Korea Industrial Safety Corporation.

본 논문에서는 카메라형 OCR (Optical Character Reader) 기술을 이용해 오프라인 중고서점의 효율적 장서관리 시스템을 구축하기 위한 디지털 데이터화 관리시스템 방안을 제안한다. OCR은 광학적으로 인식할 수 있는 문자를 컴퓨터가 읽을 수 있도록 하는 기술이다. 원리적으로 문자 한 개를 수십 개의 모눈으로 분할해 특정한 모눈의 흑백 또는 자획형상 특징에 의해 문자를 판독한다. 이 논문에서는 OCR 기술을 활용함으로써 디지털 데이터화의 효과는 물론 적용 환경의 개선효과를 기대해 볼 수 있는 오프라인 중고서점 시장을 목표로 했다. 오프라인 중고서점에서 보유하고 있는 장서의 디지털 데이터화는 기업형 중고서점과의 경쟁에 있어서도 생존을 위해 필요한 요소이다. 카메라형 OCR 기술을 활용한 장서 디지털 데이터화는 오프라인 중고서점 판매자가 도서재고 검색 및 판매 관리 효율을 높이도록 도와줄 뿐 아니라, 도서판매 유형, 소비자 분석과 수요 예측을 가능하게 한다. 또한 소비자에게 오프라인 중고서점에서 보유하고 있는 희귀 장서와 중고서적들을 검색해 구입할 수 있는 편의를 제공할 것이다. 오프라인 중고서점 판매를 촉진하고 활성화시킨다면 출판의 선순환적 구조를 만드는 데 기여할 것으로 예상된다.