Earticle

본 연구는 대만의 클라우드 게이트 무용단 창립자이자 예술감독인 린 화이민 (Lin Hwai-min)의 마지막 전막 무용 작업인 <포모사> (Formosa, 2017)를 살펴 본다. 전직 기자이자 훈련된 저널리스트인 그는 춤을 통해 자신의 사회에 대한 자신의 관심을 표현하는 사회적 인식을 가진 안무가이다. 나는 먼저 <유산> (1978), <가족 초상화> (1997), <화이트 워터 & 더스트> (2014 년 더블 빌), <라이스> (2013)와 같은 대만의 주제에 기초한 그의 초기 작품들과 함께 그의 작품을 문맥화하여 <포모사>라는 전막 멀티미디어 작품에 이르게 되었는지 살핀다. 또한 린 화이민이 안무를 통해 자신의 시민권을 어떻게 수행하는지 밝히면서 동양(예 : 타이지 다오인, 중국 무술)과 서양 (예 : 발레, 마사 그레이엄 현대무용 테크닉)에서 영향을 받은 하이브리드화 된 클라우드 게이트 훈련을 설명한다.

This paper looks at Formosa (2017), the last full-length dance work by the founder and artistic director of Cloud Gate Dance Theatre of Taiwan, Lin Hwai-min. As a former writer and trained journalist, he is a socially aware choreographer who expresses his concern for his society through dance. I first contextualize his oeuvre with his earlier pieces based on the theme of Taiwan such as: Legacy (1978), Portrait of the Families (1997), White Water & Dust (2014 double bill), and Rice (2013), leading up to this full-length multi-media production. I also explain the hybridized Cloud Gate corporeal training from the East (e.g. taiji daoyin, Chinese martial arts) and the West (e.g. ballet, Martha Graham modern dance technique), as I unravel how Lin Hwai-min executes his citizenship through choreography.

자두를 이용한 기능성 가공식품 개발을 위하여 화학적 특성과 생리활성을 조사하였다. 자두의 일반성분은 단백질 1.9-6.2%(w/w), 지방 2.3-7.1%(w/w), 회분 3.5-4.1%(w/w), 탄수화물 84.1-88.7%(w/w) 이었다. 유기산은 oxalic acid, malic acid, succinic acid, acetic acid 등이 검출되었으나 대석조생은 acetic acid가 검출되지 않았다. 유리당은 sorbitol, glucose, fructose, sucrose가 확인되었다. 총 식이섬유와 총 페놀성 함량은 과피가 과육보다 많이 함유되었다. 자두 과피 에탄을 추출액의 DPPH에 대한 전자공여율은 BHA와 tocopherol 보다 높았으며 과육의 2배 이상 높게 나타났다. 아질산염소거율은 과육과 과피 모두 pH 1.2와 pH 3.0에서 97% 이상 높았으며 tyrosinase 저해활성은 88.5-100%로 아주 높았다. 자두의 SOD유사활성은 22.7-27.2%로 저조하였다.

Chemical characteristics and physiological activities of plums (Oishiwase and Formosa) were evaluated. Proximate composition of plums consisted of (w/w) 1.9-6.2% protein, 2.3-7.1% fat, 3.5-4.1% ash, and 84,1-88,7% carbohydrate. Organic acids, such as oxalic, malic, succinic, and acetic acids were detected, except in Oishiwse acetic acid was not detected. Free sugars consisted of sorbitol, glucose, fructose and sucrose. Total fiber and total phenolics compounds of plum rind were higher than those of flesh. Electron-donating abilities of rind ethanol extracts were higher than those of BHA and tocopherol, and were twofold higher than those of flesh extracts. Nitrite-scavenging abilities of rind and flesh extracts were significantly higher (over 97%) at pH 1.2 and 3.0. Tyrosinase-inhibitory activities ranged 88.5 to 100%. SOD-like activities of all extracts were weak at 22.7 to 27.2%.

1949년 10월 중국 대륙의 주인이 중화인민공화국 중앙인민정부로 바뀐 후, ‘중국의 대 표자는 누구인가’라는 문제와 일본의 통치에서 해방된 대만의 귀속문제는 국제정치무대의 중 요한 이슈가 되었다. 1943년 카이로 회담에서 약속한 대로라면 대만은 당연히 중국에 반환 되어야 한다. 그런데 전후 국제 상황에 예상하지 못한 일이 발생한 것이다. 즉 두 개의 중국 이 출현한 것이다. 대륙의 중국[중화인민공화국]은 대만은 자신에게 귀속되어야 한다고 주 장한 반면, 대만의 중국[중화민국]은 카이로에서 약속한 중국은 자신들이라고 주장하였다. 이 주장은 기본적으로 대만이 중국의 것임을 전제한 것이며, 이에 대한 갑론을박은 지금도 이어지고 있다. 그리고 그 사이에 많은 대만인들은 자신들의 정체성이 중국에 있다는 견해에 의문을 제기하고 있다. 20세기 중반까지 대만을 지칭하며 서구사회에서 통용되던 영문명칭 Formosa가 언제부 터인가 Taiwan으로 대체되었다. 본문은 이점에 착안하여 명칭을 통해서 본 대만의 연원을 검토하였다. 그리고 이 연구는 현재 대만인 스스로 의문을 제기하는 중국과의 관계와 매우 밀접한 관련이 있다. 대만은 적어도 400년 이상의 시간 속에 여러 외부 세력에 의해 정권이 만들어지고 문화 가 형성되었으며, 그 가운데 여러 족군이 공동체를 형성해 왔다. 그 과정에서 정치․문화적 으로 지난한 융합의 과정을 경험해 왔던 대만인들은 “나는 누구이며 여기는 어디인가?”라는 문제를 자신들만의 영역을 넘어 국제적인 문제로도 마주하게 되었다. 그렇기 때문에 대만인들에게 그들이 어떻게 불리고 표기되느냐의 문제는 곧 그들의 정체 성을 밝히는 가장 중요한 현실적 문제이기도 하며, 어쩌면 영원히 풀기 어려운 난제가 될 것 이다. 본 연구의 서술은 기존 여러 연구 성과들을 이용한 대만의 ‘이름’에 대한 이해에서 기존연 구들이 간과한 부분들을 재고찰하고 검토하는 구조로 진행하였다. 이 글은 대만의 역사를 찾 아가는 문제의 일부분이다. 특히 이 글에서 고찰을 시도하는 ‘이름의 문제’는 현재 대만의 정체성과 중국과의 갈등을 이해하는 데도 도움이 될 것이다. 이 연구의 문제의식 또한 여기 에 존재한다.

Ever since the ownership of Mainland China was shifted to the Central People’s Government of the People’s Republic of China in October, 1949, the question, ‘who is the representative of China?’ and the jurisdiction of Taiwan that was liberated from the control of Japan emerged as an important issue in the international political arena. According to the Cairo Declaration released in 1943, Taiwan should have been returned to China, but something unexpected came up in the postwar period, that is, the coexistence of two Chinas. One China in Mainland China (People’s Republic of China) argued that Taiwan should belong to the China, while the other China in Taiwan (Republic of China) argued that the China promised by the Cairo Declaration was itself. The argument was basically based on the premise that Taiwan is owned by China, and they are still at odds over this. In the meantime, many Taiwanese people have raised a question about the view that their identity is tied to China. Formosa, the English term that had been used to refer to Taiwan until the mid-20th century, started to be replaced at some point. The origin of Taiwan was discussed based on its name in the body of this study, which is very closely related to its relationship with China that Taiwanese people themselves raise a question about today. Taiwan has experienced changes in government and culture caused by various external forces over the past four hundred years, and in the midst of them various ethnic groups have formed communities. In the process, Taiwanese people who had to go through a long-lasting process of convergence both politically and culturally started to view the question, ‘who am I and where am I?’ as an international issue beyond their sole issue. For this reason, how they were called and named is the most important and real problem to Taiwanese people to define their identity, and at the same time would always be the crux that is difficult to solve to them. This study reviewed and discussed things that were overlooked in earlier studies on the understanding of the ‘name’ of Taiwan based on the findings of earlier studies. This is a part of the issue of searching for the history of Taiwan. In particular, ‘the issue of naming’ reviewed in this study would contribute to the understanding of the identity of Taiwan and their conflicts with China. Implications of this study also exist here.

Three grayanane diterpenoids (1-3) were isolated from Pieris formosa. 1 was identified as a new natural product and 2 and 3 as known grayanoside C and grayanotoxin XVIII on the basis of spectral analysis.

Vietnam emerged as a hot region for Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Southeast Asia since the accession to WTO in 2007. The FDI has been a key growth engine of Vietnamese manufacturing & processing industries. So it is difficult to discuss the Vietnamese economy without considering the FDI’s contribution. However the rapid industrialization and economic growth by FDI cause many side effects in Vietnam, and they lead to the social expense growing. This study accessed the side effects of the FDI by looking into the marine life disaster by Formosa Steel in 2016. The marine life disaster made the environment conservation a critical issue of corporate social responsibility (CSR), and it gave a real chance to think about the pros & cons of FDI for the sustainable development of Vietnam. This study analyzed what lessons can be taken from Formosa Steel’s wrongdoings from FDI’s social responsibility perspective. As a result it is more and more difficult for the FDI to maintain the cost leadership strategy only through cheap labor or ignoring the environmental expense. Both local NGOs and global NGOs began to demand the global standards for local OEM partners’ working condition and environment issue. In addition a more strict monitoring system by government and the ‘Rule of Law’ for all activities of FDIs are also strongly required in Vietnam.

Plum is a climacteric fruit and softening is a serious problem for storage and transportation. Thus $1{\mu}L{\cdot}L^{-1}$ of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) was applied to plums to prolong their shelf life and maintain quality. Japanese plums (Prunus salicina cv. Formosa) were stored at $20^{\circ}C$ and $0^{\circ}C$ for 14 days and 46 days respectively, with or without 1-MCP treatment. Fruits were treated with $1{\mu}L{\cdot}L^{-1}$ 1-MCP at $10^{\circ}C$ for 24 h. Ethylene production and respiration rate were strongly inhibited in 1-MCP-treated fruits at $20^{\circ}C$. It was also observed that there was less ethanol and acetaldehyde evaporation in 1-MCP-treated fruits stored at $20^{\circ}C$ compared to those in control fruits not treated with 1-MCP. Fruit qualities, such as firmness, titratable acidity (TA), skin color, and decay, changed more slowly in 1-MCP-treated fruits stored at $20^{\circ}C$ than in untreated fruits. There were no differences in the ethylene production or respiration rate between the groups of fruits stored at $0^{\circ}C$ throughout the experiment. Chilling injury was also inhibited by the application of 1-MCP during storage at $0^{\circ}C$. When the fruits stored at $0^{\circ}C$ with or without 1-MCP were transferred to $20^{\circ}C$ after 25 days, the differences in ethylene production and respiration rate, firmness, TA, TSS, and acetaldehyde and ethanol evaporation between the initial (after being stored at $0^{\circ}C$ for 25 days) and the final measurements (after being stored at $0^{\circ}C$ for 25 days and then transferred to $20^{\circ}C$ for three days) were lower in 1-MCP treated fruits than in non-treated fruits. The postharvest application of 1-MCP in Formosa plums showed positive effects at both $0^{\circ}C$ and $20^{\circ}C$ storage conditions with regard to quality, such as low ethylene production and low respiration rates, firmness, TA, ethanol, and acetaldehyde evaporation, chilling injury, and decay.

본 연구는 1-MCP가 'Formosa' 자두의 저장 중 품질 변화와 유통기간 연장에 미치는 효과를 밝히고자 수행하였다. 수확한 'Formosa' 자두를 균일한 크기와 색깔로 선별한 후 수확 당일 그리고 수확 후 1일 후에 걸쳐서 각각 1-MCP를 $1{\mu}L{\cdot}L^{-1}$ 농도로 $20^{\circ}C$에서 16시간 동안 처리하여 대조구(무처리)와 비교하였다. 1-MCP를 처리한 후 14일 동안 상온에서 자두의 연화도, 과중감소율, 가용성고형물 함량 변화, 산도, 그리고 과실의 색깔 변화를 측정하였다. 과중감소율과 과실연화도는 1-MCP 처리구가 무처리구에 비해서 적은 변화폭을 보여주었다. 1-MCP 처리 시기(수확당일 그리고 수확 후 1일) 간에는 따른 큰 차이는 없었다. 가용성고형물 함량에는 통계적 유의성은 없었으나, 1-MCP처리구의 과실에서는 산도와 과실의 색깔 변화가 무처리구에 비해서 적게 나타났다. 또한 1-MCP는 저장 중에 발생하는 과실의 부패병 억제효과를 나타내었다. 따라서 본 연구결과, 1-MCP 처리시기(${\geq}1$일) 연장은 상온저장시 과실의 경도, 산도, 과일 색깔 변화에 큰 영향을 미치지 않았으며, 또한 과실품질 유지에 실용성이 있는 결과를 보여주었다.

The effects of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) for controlling ripening processes such as weight loss, fruit softening, soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), and fruit skin color were investigated and also the possibility that 1-MCP can inhibit the development of brown rot was explored in 'Formosa' plum ($Prunus$ $domestica$ L.). Fruit were treated with $1{\mu}L{\cdot}L^{-1}$ 1-MCP on the day of harvest and one day after harvest for 16 h at ambient temperature ($20^{\circ}C$), followed by 14 days of shelf life. 1-MCP treatment delayed fruit softening, weight loss and changes in skin color and TA during the shelf life period, but did not affect SSC. These 1-MCP effects were similar with and without delayed treatment. 1-MCP treatment inhibited the development of brown rot caused by $Monilinia$ $laxa$ during storage. Our data shows that treatment delays of ${\geq}1$ day before 1-MCP application had no negative effect of fruit softening, fruit skin color, and TA at ambient temperature ($20^{\circ}C$). Overall, these results indicate that 1-MCP can be used to maintain the quality of non-refrigerated plums.

아메리카잎굴파리의 내부기생봉인 Neochrysocharis formosa의 산란과 기주체액섭취 선호성을 조사하였다. N. formosa는 기주유충의 몸 뒤쪽에 대부분 산란하였다. 온도 조건에 따른 일산란수와 일기주체액섭취수를 조사한 결과 온도가 높을수록 증가하는 경향이었으며 15, 20, 25, 3$0^{\circ}C$에서의 산란수와 체액섭취수의 비율은 각각 0.5, 0.9, 1.0, 1.0이었다. $25^{\circ}C$ 항온조건하에서 N. formosa의 총산란수와 기주체액섭취수는 각각 176개 188.7개이었으며 산란수와 기주체액섭취수 비율은 0.9이었고 암컷 수명은 11.8일이었다. 산란과 기주체액섭취는 주로 아메리카잎굴파리 3령유층을 선호하였다.

These studies were carried out to investigate the oviposition and host feeding characteristics of Neochrysocharis formosa Westwood, an endoparasitoid of Liriomyza trifolii. N. formosa female oviposited inside the abdomen at the rear end of the host larva. Number of eggs and host feeding per day of N. formosa tended to increase as temperatures go up. The ratio of oviposition and host feeding of N. formosa were 0.5, 0.9, 1.0 and 1.0 at 15, 20, 25, and 30$^{\circ}C$, respectively. In 25$^{\circ}C$, number of eggs and host feeding were 176.0 and 188.7, respectively, and aduly female longevity was 11.8 days. N. formosa female preferred to the 3rd rather than 1st and 2nd larva for oviposition and host feeding.

가지 시설재배 포장에서 아메리카잎굴파리 발생양상과 아메리카잎굴파리의 천적인 Neochrysocharis formosa (신칭: 굴파리푸른좀벌) 방사에 의한 밀도 억제 효과를 조사하였다. 황색끈끈이트랩에 아메리카잎굴파리 성충은 4월 하순부터 포획되기 시작하여 6월 상순부터 포획량이 증가하고 7월 상순까지 높은 밀도를 유지하다가 감소하였다. 봄 작형(5-7월)에서 N. formosa를 아메리카잎굴파리 유충 밀도가 엽당 0.2마리일 때부터 주당 2마리씩 3회 방사한 결과 조사 종료기인 7월 28일의 기생률은 90.1% 이었다. 가을 작형(8-10월)에서 유충밀도가 엽당 0.3마리일 때부터 주당 2마리씩 4회 방사한 결과 조사 종료기의 밀도 억제 효과는 무처리 대비 81.3% 이었으나 4차 방사이후 기생률은 $64.4{\sim}69.9%$로 약간 낮았다.

Occurrence of Liriomyza trifolii and its biological control efficacy using Neochrysocharis formosa were evaluated in two eggplant cropping systems of spring and autumn cultivation. L. trifolii adults began to be attracted on a yellow sticky traps from late April and they increased from early June. A high density of L. trifolii adults was maintained from middle June to middle July. The releases of two N. formosa per plant with 3 times as weekly intervals from May 25, 2004 for spring culture resulted control effect of 90.1% in parasitism to L. trifolii in late July. The releases of two N. formosa per plant with 4 times as weekly intervals from August 31, 2004 for autumn culture resulted control effect of 81.3% in population of L. trifolii with 64.4-69.9% in parasitism.

'Formosa' plums were picked at three maturity stages according to skin redness, treated with $1{\mu}L{\cdot}L^{-1}$ 1-MCP at $10^{\circ}C$ for 24 h and then stored for 21 days at $10^{\circ}C$. Ethylene production, respiration rate, firmness, color, TSS, TA, and ethanol concentration were determined. Total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant capacity were determined periodically by separating the flesh from the peel. Ethylene production and respiration rate were strongly inhibited in all stages of the 1-MCP-treated fruit, while ethylene production dramatically increased in all stages of non-treated fruit until 11 days after harvest, after which it decreased until the end of the experiment. The respiration rate of the stored fruit increased for 11 days in stages 1 and 2 and for 7 days in stage 3 and decreased after. 1-MCP-treated fruit in all stages showed delay in fruit quality changes such as firmness, TA, skin color, and ethanol concentration, but non-treated fruit did not. Total phenolic contents, total flavonoid contents and antioxidant capacity of 'Formosa' plums were not affected by 1-MCP treatment or maturity stage. However, those values were higher in the peel than in the flesh.

한국산 고등 균류의 항암성분을 연구하고자 강원도에서 채집한 붉은싸리버섯 Ramaria formosa $(Fr.)Qu\acute{e}l$. 로 부터 추출, 농축, 침전시킨후, 그 침전을 원심분리하고 Visking tube를 사용하여 정제한 결과 단백질-다당체를 얻었다. 이 물질의 항암 효과를 쥐에 이식된 sarcoma 180에 대하여 시험하였으며 50 mg/kg/day의 용량으로 10일간 투여한 결과 그 종양억제율은 66%였다. 8마리중 2마리에서는 완전한 종양 퇴화를 관찰하였다. 이 항암 성분을 화학적으로 분석하여 그 다당체의 대부분은 4종의 단당으로 구성되었고 단백질 부분은 14종의 아미노산으로 구성되어 있음을 밝혔다.

To investigate antitumor components of Korean higher fungi, the carpophores of Ramaria formosa $(Fr.)Qu\acute{e}l$. were collected in Gang Won Province and extracted with hot water. The extract was concentrated and precipitated by four volumes of ethanol. The precipitate was centrifugated and purified by dialyzing through Visking tube and a protein-bound polysaccharide fraction was obtained. The fraction was tested for antitumor activity against sarcoma 180 implanted in mice. The tumor inhibition ratio of the fraction was 66% in the dose of 50mg/kg/day for the period of ten days. The tumor in two of the eight mice was completely regressed. The components of the fraction were found to be a polysaccharide and a protein. The chemical analysis of the fraction showed that the polysaccharide moiety consisted of four monosaccharides and that the protein moiety contained fourteen amino acids.

The purposes of this study were to determine phenolic compounds and to evaluate antioxidant activities of plums (Soldam, Oishiwase and Formosa). Soldam contains the highest amount of total phenolics among cultivars (Formosa: 4.0%, Oishiwase: 3.3%, Soldam: 6.4% for total phenolic) as well as the total flavonoids of which constituents were mainly myricetin and anthocyanidin. The antioxidant activities were measured by DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging, and SOD-like activities. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of Korean plum extracts (200 ${\mu}g/mL$) showed more than 43%, and the Soldam turned out to be the highest : ID50 value: 160-177 ${\mu}g/mL$ for Formosa and Oishiwase; 58-64 ${\mu}g/mL$ for Soldam. The ABTS radical scavenging activity of Korean plum extracts (200 ${\mu}g/mL$) was found to be more than 50%. The SOD-like activity of Korean plum extracts (200 ${\mu}g/mL$) showed more than 70%. Among three kinds of cultivars, Soldam had the highest antioxidant activity. The nitrite scavenging activity of Soldam was 61.5%, which is the highest, compared with that of the other cultivars, about 50%. From these results, Korean plums turned out to be phytochemical rich fruit as well as to show high antioxidant activities.