Earticle

본 연구는 한국인 일본어학습자 17명에게 46개의 일본어 단어를 읽게 하여 발음의 피치패턴을 음향 분석하여 그 특징을 밝힌 것이다. 또한, 본 연구는 한국인 학습자의 피치패턴을 있는 그대로 기술하기 위해 기존의 선행연구들과는 달리 일본어 악센트형이라는 이론적 틀에서 벗어나 피치의 상승/하강이 있는 지 여부와 피치의 고저 변화폭에 주목하여 한국인 학습자의 일본어 피치패턴을 새롭게 분석하여 정리하고자 하였다. 실험결과 어두의 첫 번째 모라와 두 번째 모라의 높이가 같은 즉 어두 부분에서 피치 상승이 없는 예가 315개로 전체 조사어의 40%를 차지하였으며, 어두 상승이 있어도 피치 상승폭이 적은 예까지 합치면 532개로 전체 조사어의 69%를 차지한다. 또한, 어말 부분을 향해 점점 피치가 하강하는 하강형의 피치패턴도 596개로 전체 76%를 차지함을 알 수 있었다. 즉, 한국인 학습자의 일본어 피치패턴의 가장 큰 특징으로 어두 상승이 거의 없는 형태로 어말을 향해 피치가 하강하는 형태라고 할 수 있다. 한국인 일본어학습자 발화에는 [평판형, 두고형, 중고형, 미고형]이라는 일본어 악센트형과는 다른 모습의 11종류의 피치패턴을 관찰할 수 있어으며 11종류의 피치패턴은 크게 [편탄형, 하강형, 산봉우리형]의 3가지 패턴으로 분류할 수 있었다. 또한, 피치의 고저 변화폭이 일본인보다 적었으며 어두 자음이 유성음일 경우에는 [LH], 무성음일 경우에는 [HL]로 발음하는 경향도 확인할 수 있었다.

The purpose of this study is to explain the characteristics of the pitch pattern of Korean learners of Japanese by investigating the acoustic fundamental frequency (F0) of Korean speakers’ Japanese speech. This study used 46 Japanese words and participants comprised 17 Korean learners of Japanese in their 20s, all of whom had a Seoul dialect. To reconsider the pitch patterns of these Korean learners, we investigated the presence of rising or falling pitch and the pitch range width, as opposed to the Japanese accent pattern, which is “Hebangata, Atamadakagata, Nakadakagata, Odakagata.” The results of the production experiment indicated that Korean Japanese learners tend to pronounce words without using a rising pitch at the beginning of and a falling pitch at the end of a word. The percentage of words pronounced without a rising pitch pattern at the beginning of a word in the production experiment was 40% (315 words/tokens), whereas those pronounced by starting with a rising pitch was 29%, and, taken together with the former, 69% (532 words). In addition, the percentage of words pronounced with a falling pitch pattern toward the end of a word in the production experiment was 76% (596 words/tokens). In total, 11 types of pitch patterns were identified in the production of Korean learners of Japanese. These pitch patterns were roughly divided into three pitch groups, that is, Flat Pattern, Falling Pattern, and Yama (rising-falling) Pattern. It was also found that Korean learners’ F0 pitch range is narrower than that of Japanese native speakers. If a voiced consonant occurs at the beginning of a word, Korean Japanese learners tend to pronounce the “LH” pitch pattern, whereas if a voiceless consonant occurs at this position, they tend to pronounce a “HL” pitch pattern. Pronunciation of the beginning of a word initial thus affects the pitch pattern.

This study investigated the effect of fear of falling(FOF) on physical activity(PA) pattern in Korean femaleolder adults. The subjects were 94 Korean females aged 65-79. PA was measured by accelerometer and FOF by KoreanSurvey of Activities and Fear of Falling in the Elderly. Most of PA variables except time spent on low and vigorousPA showed significant correlation with FOF. However, there was significant difference between lower and higher FOFgroups in only one PA variable, time spent on moderate PA(modPA), with subjects’ age defined as covariate. In thisresult, modPA of higher FOF group was lower than that of lower FOF group. A multiple regression analysis with thesubjects’ age included as correction factor also showed that FOF significantly affect modPA. This study concludes thatFOF influences moderate PA level negatively with no effects on light and vigorous PA in Korean female older adults.

Numerical analyses have been performed to obtain the absorption heat and mass transfer coefficients and the absorption mass flux from a falling film of LiBr solution. In the present study, the behavior of laminar-wavy falling film in the vertical absorber was studied analytically and experimentally. The change of absorption performance on mean film thickness, wave amplitude, wave celerity was analysed. The heat and mass transfer equations are solved simultaneously to give the temperature and concentration variations at the LiBr solution/refrigeration vapor interface and at the wall. Effects of uniform film, wavy film and film Reynolds number on the heat and mass transfer coefficients have been estimated. The analytical results of the uniform and wavy falling film in the bare tube was higher than experimental result for $Rd_{t}<100$. The absorption performance showed the maximum at the wavy film by the insert device(spring).