Earticle

환어음은 매수인에게 신용을 연장하고, 매도인에게는 지급에 대한 유통 가능한 안전장치를 제 공한다. ISBP745에서 환어음에 대한 주요 개정사항은 다음을 포함한다. 첫째, 예컨대 “일람후 60일”로 발행된 환어음에서 지급은행이 개설은행 이외의 은행이고, 그 은행이 지급거절통지를 하였을 때에 만기는 개설은행이 인수 통지를 한 일자로부터 60일이 되는 일자가 된다. 둘째, 신용장에서 환어음 지급인으로 그 은행의 SWIFT 주소만을 명시하였다면 환어음에는 그것과 동일하게 기재하거나, 그 은행의 완전한 이름을 기재할 수 있다. 셋째, 문자로 표시된 환어음 금액과 숫자로 표시된 환어음 금액이 다른 경우에는 문자로 표시된 금액을 청구금액으로 심사하여야 한다. 넷째, 신용장이 모든 은행에서 인수에 의해서 이용 가능한 경우에, 환어음은 인수하는데 동의할 뿐만 아니라, 지정에 따라 행위 할 의사가 있는 은행을 지급인으로 하여 발행하여야 한다.

Drafts are employed both as a means of extending credit to the buyer and as a device to provide the seller with a negotiable security for payment. Major change of draft in ISBP745 include: First, for drafts drawn, for example, “at 60 days sight”, the maturity is established at the latest 60 days after the date of the acceptance advice of the issuing bank, when the drawee bank is a bank other than the issuing bank and it has provided a notice of refusal, Second, when a credit indicates the drawee of a draft by only stating the SWIFT address of a bank, the draft may show the drawee with the same details or the full name of the bank. Third, when the draft’s amount in words and figures are conflict, the amount in words is to be examined as the amount demanded. Forth, when a credit is available by acceptance with any bank, the draft is be drawn on the bank that agrees to accept the draft and is thereby willing to act on its nomination.

Ligament laxity measurement is clinically valuable to diagnose the inju-ry and also to compare the laxity before and after surgical procedure. The aim of the study was to compare the accuracy of the Lachman and Anterior Drawer Tests to evaluate the knee examination with the KT1000 arthrometer after the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) surgery in early follow-up period. Fourty ACL reconstructed knees were examined with the Lachman and Anterior Drawer Tests, and KT1000 arthrometer with compariable intact knee of the same patients. Physical emanina-tion findings were compared with the KT1000 arthrometer with each power. Spearman correlation and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis were used for the evaluation of relations between pa-rameters. Significance was evaluated in P<0.1 and P<0.05. The mean age was 28.18±6.21 yr, and the mean follow-up was 23.09±9.08 months. The mean KT1000 measurements of 40 operated knees state at 6.8, 9.1, 13.6 kg and maxium anterior displacement forces were 4.9, 6.7, 8.7, and 11.9 mm, respectively. The same values for the same acting forces of intact knees were 4.2, 5.9, 7.8, and 10.2, respectively. In Spearman’s cor-relation and ROC analysis at 13.6-kg power on KT1000 arthrometer sta-tistically matched with pyhsical examinations (P<0.1, P<0.01). In our study, correlation of physical examinations with KT1000 arthrometer is a worthy evaluation technique that can be added to examination of ACL reconstructed knee to control with inexperinced examiners’ findings. We suggest that at 13.6-kg power with KT1000 arthrometer findings perfectly match the Lachman and Anterior Drawer Tests of the knee.

Optimal design of a roller rail which replaces the ball rail for three-door refrigerators is presented using the finite element analysis and the Taguchi method. Stress and deformation of the roller rail for an initial design are analyzed and evaluated. Optimal design parameters are determined using the Taguchi method. The maximum stress of the optimal design is favorably reduced comparing to the initial design. It is verified through an additional analysis that the drawer on the roller rail will not be derailed even if one opens the drawer with a transverse force.

Self-closing drawers are used in high-end products, such as furniture, home appliances, and a range of other storage devices. In this study, a self-closing mechanism is proposed. A system consisting of a friction latch, constant force spring, rotary damper with rack, and pinion is developed. The retracting drawer can be latched at any position and can be reactivated by simple touch. The constant force spring and rotary damper offer smooth closing action. The ergonomic quality of the closing action is quantified by an index based on velocity-time behavior. The effects of various design parameters are analyzed with a dynamics model and experimentally validated by prototype testing.

In 1965, Kurt Vonnegut famously complained of being labeled a science-fiction writer, but he also predicted that so-called science fiction would become mainstream as more writers incorporated the effects of technology into their literary fiction. By the time of his death in 2007, the “subliterary” genres of science fiction, fantasy, horror, and a combination of the three presented under the banner of children’s literature dominated the literary marketplace. In this essay, Robert T. Tally Jr. argues that the continuing expansion of capital has, perhaps indirectly, affected the literary marketplace by demanding greater and greater levels of commodification. Genres are, in many respects, marketing labels, and the need to slot fiction into recognizable market niches undoubtedly drives much of the publishing industry. However, even at the formal level, the commodification of forms has tended to uproot the “literary” in the literary marketplace. As that market has become more global, genre fiction predominates. Using Vonnegut as a point of departure, Tally argues that the ambitions of “literary” writers of postwar American fiction increasingly turned to generic forms since the 1970s. The celebrated hybrid genres today might be considered as literary versions of financial derivatives, drawing their “value” from other commodities, and Tally suggests that such fiction reflects the postnational world market after the “age of the novel.”

Objective: This study aims to develop a new desk with a built-in bookholder and desktop-mounted sliding drawer for reducing stress of seated reading postures and to analyze its effect. Background: It is general for readers to bend their back and neck when reading books on desks, which may result in high back and neck postural stress. In addition, postures using vertically layered drawers positioned at the side of users may be awkward. Method: For reducing the postural stress, a new desk with a built-in bookholder and sliding drawer was developed based on a standard of KS G 4208 for student desk. The muscle activities of reading postures on both existing and new desks were measured using EMG, in which seven male and three female college students participated. The postural stress, and musculoskeletal discomfort and ease of usage for existing and new drawers were analyzed by RULA and questionnaire survey, respectively. Results: Compared to existing desk, the muscle activity for the new desk with a bookholder was reduced by 47% when reading books. In addition, musculoskeletal discomforts in the shoulder, neck and low back were significantly lower when using the new desk with a bookholder. Although the stresses for postures using the desktop-mounted sliding drawer and general drawer were not significantly different, the questionnaire survey revealed that the new desktop-mounted sliding drawer is easier to use. Conclusion: A new desk developed in this study significantly reduced postural stress and enhanced subjective preference when reading. Application: This would be useful when developing new desks with low postural stress.

Purpose: Storage furniture in a laboratory where chemical experiments are conducted should satisfy both the chemical reactivity and stability required in the experimental environment, commonality with general households, and economic feasibility for the mass production system. Therefore, the development of storage furniture used in the laboratory should be done quickly through a process verified by utilizing various ideas and using a method suitable for the special environment called the laboratory. This study deals with the process of developing materials for inner drawers of laboratory furniture that meet these requirements. Methods: TRIZ methodology and ARIZ-85C process were applied to satisfy the requirements arising from the product development process, ARIZ process was applied step by step to resolve the contradictions that occurred during the development process, and 40 invention principles and ideal solutions (Ideal Final Results: IFR) were derived through clear analysis of the problem to select materials suitable for the special environment of the laboratory. Results: This study focused on the selection of materials that meet the durability and chemical stability required in the special environment of laboratory furniture. Through this, various solutions were sought with the aim of reducing cost and increasing productivity, and the process of maximizing useful functions and minimizing irrational parts in use was focused on TRIZ's contradiction resolution method. As a result, we found a way to improve the performance and efficiency of laboratory furniture through the selection of optimized furniture materials and problem solving methods. Conclusion: In this study, a methodology for the development of efficient and safe laboratory furniture materials was found and verified. In the use of furniture products in a laboratory, corrosion or damage caused by chemical generators may occur, making it difficult to use as a product. As a result, a method to reduce cost and increase productivity while maintaining the durability and chemical stability of laboratory furniture was found, and by finding a solution to the two relationships between chemical safety and production efficiency in the process of selecting materials for optimized furniture materials, and applying the ARIZ development process, the effectiveness of the product development process in a special environment could be verified.

Due to the recent increase in lighting energy consumption in buildings, there are a growing number of studies seeking solutions this problem. The effectiveness of light-shelves as natural lighting systems to solve this problem has been recognized, and various studies regarding such systems are being carried out currently. However, the lighting efficiency of light-shelves decreases if illumination intensity is low-such as at night time, and it also obstructs the views of building occupants. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine a movable drawer type light-shelf which allows for the width of the reflector to be adjusted and verify its performance through a simulated test-bed. The following conclusions were reached. 1) The purpose of this study is to solve the problem previously associated with the light-shelf system- of obstructed views-by responding to external environments and minimizing the width of the light-shelf at night time when the efficiency of the light-shelf declines. 2) The proper variables of the movable drawer type light-shelf which enables the width adjustment of the reflector were ascertained in this study according to four solar terms : a width of 0.6 m at an angle of $20^{\circ}$, a width of 0.4m with an angle of $20^{\circ}$, and a width of 0.1 m with an angle of $20^{\circ}$ were determined for the summer solstice, fall/spring equinoxes, and winter solstice respectively; revealing that width adjustment of the light-shelf is a significant factor. 3) The movable drawer type light-shelf which enables${\backslash}$width adjustment of the reflector suggested in this study can reduce the lighting energy consumption by 18.7% and 14.3% in comparison to previous light-shelves with a fixed width of 0.3 m and 0.6m, indicating that it is effective for saving energy.

Purpose: Stress radiographs have long been used to evaluate chronic lateral ankle instability. Several measurement methods exist, but their diagnostic value remains controversial. This paper introduces a new measurement method for stress radiographs, the fibular tip to talar neck (FTN) method, and compares it with established methods to assess its diagnostic accuracy and reliability. Materials and Methods: Forty-one patients who underwent a modified Broström procedure for chronic lateral ankle instability were included. Lateral standing and anterior drawer radiographs were analyzed using two conventional methods (methods I and II) and the novel FTN method. The contralateral unaffected side served as an internal control. The diagnostic accuracy was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. The intra-observer and inter-observer reliability were assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Results: Using the FTN method, the mean gap on the affected side (14.39±4.79 mm) was significantly greater than on the contralateral side (10.24±4.19 mm, p<0.001). The side-to-side difference (SSD) was significantly higher in the FTN method (4.14±2.94 mm) compared to methods I (0.89±1.94 mm) and II (0.91±1.78 mm, p<0.001). The FTN method showed a balanced diagnostic performance with an area under the curve of 0.743 and an optimal cut-off of 13.5 mm. The intra-observer and inter-observer reliability were good for all methods. The intra-observer and inter-observer ICCs for the FTN method were 0.858 and 0.783, respectively. Conclusion: The FTN method provides a reliable and reproducible measure of chronic lateral ankle instability. The method facilitates a more intuitive diagnosis compared to conventional techniques by providing a larger numerical differentiation (SSD) and a statistically balanced threshold.

This article is to review types of disputes and related legal issues incurred or to be incurred from or in connection with the accident notice deposit of the note-drawer in case where the reorganization proceeding of the note-drawer has commenced; and to research into the precedents of Supreme Court and the past and current theories regarding the above in the critical point of view. As to the disposal of the accident notice deposit in reorganization proceeding, the main issues are (i) whether the note-holder may demand the paying bank to reimburse the accident notice deposit pursuant to the contract for disposal of accident deposit (relationship of the reversion of accident notice deposit) and (ii) whether the right of reimbursement of the note holder of accident notice deposit, which was forfeited due to failure to making report of claims (right) in the reorganization proceeding, or of which the terms and conditions were revised due to modification of reorganization plan, is forfeited or whether the content of the right is changed (relationship between the right of note proceeds and the right of reimbursement of accident notice deposit); the above issues are directly related to how to decide the essential nature or legal characteristics of the accident notice deposit and contract for disposal of accident notice deposit. The precedents of Supreme Court and majority opinions see the above as the contract for the third party, while minority opinions see it as the contract for deposit for reimbursement. However, the former tends toward the manner of formation of right and thus it is not proper or sufficient to explain the substantial contents, while the latter is the view overlooking the essential nature of the system of accident notice deposit, which cannot be explained at all by the legal theory of deposit of reimbursement, such as non-existence of intent of reimbursement and the like. Accordingly, the author views it proper that the legal characteristics of the contract for disposal of accident notice deposit is the contract for the third party in terms of form (creation and reversion of rights) and the untitled contract (nichtbenannter Vertrag) similar to escrow in terms of substantial contents. According to the author’s above view, it is deemed to be possible that (i) a note-holder may demand the paying bank to reimburse the accident notice deposit even though the reorganization proceeding as to the note-drawer has commenced, and (ii) a note-holder may request the reimbursement of the accident notice deposit in full as set forth in the contract for disposal of accident notice deposit regardless of whether the right has been forfeited in the reorganization proceeding or the content of note claim has been revised pursuant to the reorganization plan. Accordingly, it is deemed to be inconsistent while the Supreme Court made a distinction between the case where the right was forfeited in the reorganization proceeding and the case where the content of note claim was revised pursuant to the reorganization plan, Supreme Court held that the right for reimbursement of accident notice deposit was also forfeited only for the former case. Therefore, it is deemed to be reasonable that the note-holder, whose right was forfeited in the reorganization proceeding, may also file a legal action against the trustee of the note-drawer "seeking for a consent to reimburse the accident notice deposit" or "confirmation of the right of reimbursement of accident notice deposit to revert to the note-holder", and then he/she may be entitled to exercise the right of the accident notice deposit in accordance with the judgment of such legal action.

Esthetic appeal of a product is often affected by the appearance quality of seams forming between components of the product. The appearance quality of seams is, however, assessed in a very subjective and qualitative manner that heavily depends on the evaluator. This paper presents a preliminary study to quantify such assessment by formulating a quantitative index which is a linear function of the seam gap sizes, seam gap ranges, and the size uniformity of seam gaps. By considering a highly simplified problem of a drawer system and utilizing subjective assessments by twenty evaluators, the index has been formulated. The validity of this index has been confirmed by observing its behavior with changes of the component tolerances. Also, the utility of this index has been demonstrated through a selective assembly scheme applied to the drawer system problem. Though the index formulated in this study for seam appearance quality may be useful, future studies are necessary to make the model readily applicable to real problems.

체아우셰스쿠 독재시기에 검열이나 출판금지로 인해 출판되지 못한 문학을 총칭하여 ‘서랍 속의 문학’ 혹은 ‘서랍 문학’이라고 하며, 주를 이룬 것이 ‘주르날(일기)’이다. ‘주르날’은 동시대의 고백문학으로, 주 내용은 사회주의 정치인들에 대한 폭로, 정치에 희생된 사람들의 보고서, 증언, 회고록, 비망록이다. 주르날의 논픽션과 소설의 허구(판타지)를 결합하여 호평 받은 작품 중에 아나 블란디아나의 장편소설 『서랍 속에 갇힌 환호』(1992)이 있다. 10여 년 동안 작가가 겪은 일들을 소재로 하였는데, 만약 단순한 주르날이었다면 고백문학으로써의 평가에 그치고 문단과 독자로부터 호평을 받지 못했을 것이다. 1982년에 작가는 소설을 집필할 것을 기획하는데, 그 계기는 그해에 비밀경찰의 감시가 엄중해졌기 때문이다. 작가는 출판의 계획이나 기대 없이 글을 쓰기 시작했고, 친필의 종이들은 책상 서랍 속에 쌓여 갔다. 출판을 기대 할 수 없었다. 작가는 자신이 처한 현실의 중압감을 표출해내고자 소설을 쓰기 시작했고, 결국 소설은 현실을 버텨낼 수 있는 유일한 치료제가 되었다. 이 소설은 사회주의 정부시절에 한 인간과 삶을 소재로 만든 다큐멘터리 경향의 소설로, 잘못된 세상을 과장 없이 확실성의 기법으로 연출하였다. 주인공 알렉산드루는 정부의 요주의 인물로 낙인찍히고 비밀경찰의 급작스런 위협에 공포를 느낀다. 도나우강 근처 수용시설에 감금당한 뒤 근처 정신병원으로 탈출하는데, 뇌가 청소되듯 세뇌당해 인간 로봇이 된 동료들을 발견한다. 그들은 박수와 환호 소리가 녹음된 테이프를 반복해서 들으면서 동일한 유전자의 인간으로 변한 것이다. 이것은 10여 년 동안 작가가 꾼 공포의 악몽이기도 하다. 그는 정신병원을 탈출하기 위해 강으로 뛰어든다. 날개를 펴지 못하고 방황하는 그에게 작가는 그가 날개를 펴고 날아오를 수 있도록 도와주려 한다. 이 순간은 정신병원에서 뇌를 청소당한 후 인간로봇이 되는 장면이 그로테스크한 판타지였다면, 마지막 장면은 희극적인 판타지로 볼 수 있다.

Under the Ceausescu's dictatorship could not easy to be published, due to the severe censorship and policy. They were so called 'literature in drawers'. The most of it was 'journal'. The Drawer of Applause(1992), a novel written by Ana Blandiana, combined the nonfiction and fantasy and had been esteemed one of the best 'literature in drawers'. It was comprised with the her own personal experiences and was not merely a 'journal'. She revealed in a interview that she had fallen into severe monitoring by the secret police. Without the hope for publishing, she began to write and the drafts had been piled into the drawer. Writing made her to overcome the burdensome reality and was a cure for her stand the weight of life. It could be thought as an opera of three acts, a quasi-documentary and a novel which based on one man's life under the communist regime. The protagonist Alexandru was branded as a threat to the society and jailed into a repatriate center. He was arrested by the secret police and prisoned into a asylum around Danube. After escape he met the prisoners who was brain-washed and turned into robot-like beings by the ceaseless hearing of the tape-recording of the applause and cheering in a mental hospital. Alexandru jumped himself into the river and the writer intended to help him to fly again with fully stretched wings. The brain-wash and robot-like being would be a grotesque fantasy but the last scene comic one.

이 글은 웹툰을 대상으로 오늘날 청년세대의 정체성과 문화가 재현되는 양상과 그 의미를 살펴보고자 했다. 웹툰은 비교적 동시대 사회적 이슈 및 담론을 기민하게 섭취하여 담아내는 장르이다. 그런 만큼 최근 연재된 웹툰은 우리 시대 청년세대와 관련된 여러 현상을 이해하는 매개가 될 수 있다. 이 글은 ‘20대 현상’을 설명하는 최근의 청년담론의 논의를 참고하여 ‘공정하지 않다는 감각’과 그로부터 파생된 차별과 혐오를 이해하기 위해 지방대를 졸업한 사회초년생이 취업 문제를 다룬 서사를 살펴보았다. <취준생물>은 표면적으로는 지방대생의 취업 성공이라는 희망을 전달하는 듯하나, 사회적 성공과 내적 성장을 겹쳐 놓음으로써 타인을 향한 차별과 혐오의 문제가 손쉽게 해소해버리는 청년의 모습을 그린다. 진정성이라는 가면으로 무장한 주인공의 모습은 일상이 된 혐오를 도덕이라는 이름으로 은폐하는 현상을 징후적으로 담아낸다. <니나의 마법서랍>은 생존조차 어려운 현실과 전망 없는 미래에 불안해 하면서, 이를 회피하기 위해 가상세계가 주는 쾌락에 중독되는 청년을 그린다. 상호연결의 감각, 자기와 타인을 돌보는 관계성이 두려움을 극복하고 쾌락이 되어버린 혐오와 폭력에서 벗어나는 대안적 가치가 될 수 있다는 메시지를 제시한다. 이처럼 두 텍스트는 공통적으로는 청년의 불안과 혐오를 다루면서도 상이한 주제의식을 전달한다. 흥미로운 것은 진정성을 다루는 방식이다. <취준생물>은 거짓된 진정성으로 무장하여 현실에 순응하는 인물을 그리고 있다면, <니나의 마법서랍>은 자기정체성은 진정성이 아니라 상호 돌봄의 관계 속에서 형성된다고 말한다. 이는 진정성의 상실 이후 청년세대의 미래를 짐작하게 한다. 최근 청년세대를 재현하는 두 텍스트는 주제와 전달 방식에서는 차이가 있지만, 오늘날 청년세대의 정체성과 세계관을 보다 깊이 이해하게 한다는 점에서 의미가 있다.

This article aims to examine the aspects and meanings of the identity and culture of today’s young generation being represented, targeting webtoons. Webtoon is a genre that promptly consumes and captures contemporary social issues and discourses. As such, the recently published webtoon can be a medium to understand various phenomena related to the young generation of our time. The recent youth discourse talks about the core of the ‘20s phenomenon’ as the ‘sensation of not being fair’ and the discrimination and hatred derived from it. Referring to this, this article looked at texts dealing with employment issues of newcomers who graduated from local colleges. On the surface, <Story of job seekers> seems to convey the hope that regional university students will succeed in finding a job. However, by overlapping social success and internal growth, it depicts a young man who easily resolves the problem of discrimination and disgust toward others. Armed with a mask of authenticity, the main character symptomatically captures the phenomenon of covering up everyday hatred in the name of morality. <Nina’s Magic Drawer> depicts a young man who becomes addicted to the pleasures of the virtual world in order to escape from the reality in which even survival is difficult and anxious about the future without prospects. It presents a message that a sense of mutual connection and a relationship that cares for oneself and others can be an alternative value that overcomes fear and escapes from disgust and violence that have become pleasure. As such, the two texts have in common that they deal with the anxiety and disgust of young people, while conveying different thematic consciousness. What’s interesting is the way it handles authenticity. If <Story of job seekers> depicts a character who adapts to reality armed with false authenticity, <Nina’s Magic Drawer> says that self-identity is formed not in authenticity but in a relationship of mutual care. This gives implications for understanding the young generation after the loss of authenticity or seeking values ??they should uphold. Although the two texts that represent the recent youth generation are different in terms of subject matter and delivery method, they are meaningful in that they allow a deeper understanding of the identity and worldview of today’s youth generation.