Earticle

Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) systems require efficient ground infrastructures to support high-frequency operations, where battery swapping stations play a critical role. In such environments, energy supply stability significantly affects system performance, particularly under time-varying demand. This study analyzes the impact of different energy supply configurations on battery swapping station performance using a simulation-based approach. Three configurations are considered: external power grid, distributed energy resources (DER), and integrated DER with energy storage systems (ESS). Key performance metrics include average waiting time, system staying time, task completion rate, and battery availability. The results show that grid-based systems experience increased delays under peak demand, while DER-only configurations improve some performance indicators, but their effectiveness remains limited under highly time varying demand due to supply variability. In contrast, the integration of DER and ESS achieves the most stable performance by mitigating energy fluctuations. These findings indicate that the temporal adaptability of energy supply is a critical factor in determining operational performance, highlighting the importance of integrating energy storage systems in AAM infrastructure design.

본 연구는 ICT 모니터링 자료와 현장 타임스터디 자료를 결합하여 노천 석회석 광산의 원석 운반공정을 모의하는 이산사건 시뮬레이션 모델을 개발하였다. 운반공정은 공차 이동, 로더 적재, 실차이동, 호퍼 하역 및 장비 대기 과정으로 구성하였다. ICT 로그만으로 직접 산정하기 어려운 적재· 하역 작업시간과 공차·실차 이동시간 비율은 타임스터디 결과를 이용하여 보완하고, 동일 트럭의연속 하역기록과 작업장별 운반거리 자료를 이용하여 시뮬레이션 입력자료를 산정하였다. 개발된 시뮬레이션 모델은 2023년 4월 5일과 2024년 7월 18일의 현장 운반실적과 비교하여 검증하였다. 총 운반량 오차율은 각각 4.95%와 1.39%로 나타났으며, 트럭별 운반횟수도 현장자료와 유사한 경향을 보였다. 또한 장비조합 시나리오 분석을 통해 트럭·로더 유형 및 투입 대수 변화가 운반량에 미치는 영향을 평가할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

In this study, a discrete-event simulation model was developed to simulate raw-ore haulage in an open-pit limestone mine using ICT monitoring data and time-study measurements. The haulage cycle comprises empty travel, loading, loaded travel, dumping at the hopper, and waiting for equipment. Because ICT logs do not explicitly distinguish between individual haulage-cycle components, loading, and dumping times, the ratio of empty to loaded travel time was supplemented using time-study measurements. In contrast, truck cycle times and haulage distances were derived from field records. The model was validated against field haulage records collected on April 5, 2023, and July 18, 2024; the error rates for the total transported ore were 4.95% and 1.39%, respectively, and the simulated haul counts by truck showed trends comparable to the field records. Equipment combination scenarios further demonstrated the model’s applicability in evaluating the effects of truck and loader types and fleet size on haulage performance.

Recently, requests for the accurate process planning using modeling and simulation technique are increasing in many engineering fields including shipbuilding industry. In this study, Combined DEVS(Discrete EVent System specification) and DTSS(Discrete Time System Specification) simulation kernel is developed, and an integration strategy of dynamics simulation module and graphics module is also implemented. To evaluate the efficiency and applicability of the simulation kernel and integration strategy, these are applied to the block erection simulation of offshore structures.

본 연구에서는 조선 공정 계획의 수립 완성도 향상을 위한 다양한 시뮬레이션 시스템의 개발을 지원하는 시뮬레이션 프레임 워크(simulation framework)를 제안하였다. 그리고 제안된 시뮬레이션 프레임워크의 핵심 부분인 시뮬레이션 커널을 구현하였다. 구현된 시뮬레이션 커널은 이산 사건(discrete event)과 이산 시간(discrete time) 시뮬레이션뿐만 아니라 이들이 혼합된 형태의 시뮬레이션도 처리 가능하도록 하였다. 제안된 시뮬레이션 프레임워크의 효율성과 효용성을 평가하기 위해, 이를 조선 분야의 블록 탑재 공정(block erection process)에 적용하였다. 그 결과, 제안된 시뮬레이션 프레임워크가 조선 공정 계획을 위한 다양한 시뮬레이션 시스템을 개발하는데 효과적으로 사용될 수 있음을 확인하였다.

In this study, a simulation framework, which can support developing various simulation systems for the improvement of process planning in shipbuilding such as the block erection, the block turn-over, and so on, is proposed. In addition, a simulation kernel, which is a key component of the simulation framework, is implemented according to the concept of the combined discrete event and discrete time simulation. To evaluate the efficiency and applicability of the proposed simulation framework, it is applied to the block erection process in shipbuilding. The result shows that the proposed simulation framework can provide the consistent, integrated development environment for a simulation system, as compared with existing studies and commercial simulation systems.

음향 탐지나 항적 탐지 등을 이용하여 표적을 추적하는 유도 어뢰는 개념 설계 단계에서부터 군 요구를 분석하고 군요구에 따른 어뢰의 개략 설계 사양 도출을 필요로 한다. 이를 위해 이산 사건/이산 시간 혼합형 시뮬레이션 모델 구조를 적용하여 어뢰가 목적하고 있는 탐지 임무의 정량적인 달성 정도를 나타내는 탐지 효과도를 분석하였다. 어뢰의 탐지효과도 분석을 위해 초기 개념 설계 단계에서 주어지는 어뢰의 개략적인 설계 변수를 바탕으로 어뢰와 표적의 수학 모델을 설정하였으며, 이와 함께 이산 사건/이산 시간 혼합형 시뮬레이션 모델 구조를 적용하여 아 잠수함 모델, 어뢰 모델, 표적 모델을 구성하였다. 특히 어뢰 모델에는 유도 어뢰의 특성을 고려하여 탐색 운동 방법, 음향 탐지 방법 등을 적용하였으며. 각 모델을 구성하는 설계 변수에는 오차 모형을 반영하였다. 이를 바탕으로 어뢰가 표적을 탐지하는 과정에 대해 반복 시뮬레이션을 수행하여 설계 변수 변화에 따른 어뢰의 탐지 효과도를 분석하였다.

Since a homing torpedo system consists of various subsystems, organic interactions of which dictate the performance of the torpedo system, it is necessary to estimate the effects of individual subsystems in order to obtain an optimized design of the overall system. This paper attempts to gain some insight into the detection mechanism of a torpedo run, and analyze the relative importance of various parameters of a torpedo system. A database for the analysis was generated using a simulation model based on the combined discrete event and discrete time architecture. Multiple search schemes, including the snake-search method, were applied to the torpedo model, and some parameters of the torpedo were found to be stochastic. We then analyzed the effectiveness of torpedo’s detection capability according to the torpedo speed, the target speed, and the maximum detection range.

A fast time domain modeling and simulation is performed for the input-series-output-parallel connected 2-switch forward converter Steady-state and large-signal transient responses due to a step load change are simulated. The simulation results are verified through experiments.

The cell loss probability required in the ATM network is in the range of 10$^{-9}$ ∼10$^{-12}$ . If Monte Carlo simulation is used to analyze the performance of the ATM node, an enormous amount of computer time is required. To obtain large speed-up factors, importance sampling may be used. Since the Markov-modulated processes have been used to model various high-speed network traffic sources, we consider discrete time single server queueing systems with Markov-modulated arrival processes which can be used to model an ATM node. We apply importance sampling based on the Large Deviation Theory for the performance evaluation of, MMBP/D/1/K, ∑MMBP/D/1/K, and two stage tandem queueing networks with Markov-modulated arrival processes and deterministic service times. The simulation results show that the buffer overflow probabilities obtained by the importance sampling are very close to those obtained by the Monte Carlo simulation and the computer time can be reduced drastically.

In this study, a discrete event and dynamic-based discrete time combined simulation modeling architecture, which can be used to calculate equations of motions among discrete events, is developed. This is composed of a command model, which is in charge of discrete event simulation, a numerical integration model, which finds motions by numerically integrating equations of motions, and an external force and control force model, which calculates the force and transmits it to the equations. Using this architecture, we can develop dynamic-based simulation by simply connecting and combining models, and handle simultaneously discrete event and discrete time simulation. To verify the efficiency of the architecture, it is applied to the submarine diving and surfacing simulation.

When it comes to design and acquire underwater vehicles such as a submarine and a torpedo according to the process of SBA(Simulation Based Acquisition)/SBD(Simulation Based Design), it is necessary to predict the performance of interest precisely and to perform the test over and over again using the M&S(Modeling and Simulation) of the engineering and the engagement level. In this paper, we research the DEVS(Discrete EVent System Specification) and DTSS(Discrete Time System Specification) formalism based standard model architecture for the underwater vehicle which can support both the heterogeneous level of the M&S(Engineering/Engagement) and the different system of the M&S(Discrete Event System and Discrete Time System). To validate this standard modeling architecture, we apply it to the submarine normal diving simulation.

Modelling and Simulation of the activation process for the myocardium is meaningful to understand special excitation conduction system in the heart and to study cardiac functions. In this paper, we propose two dimensional cellular automata model for the activation process of the myocardium and simulated by means of discrete time and discrete event algorithm. In the model, cells are classified into anatomically similar characteristic parts of heart; SA node, internodal tracks, AV node, His bundle, bundle branch and four layers of the ventricular muscle, each of which has a set of cells with preassigned properties, that is, activation time, refractory duration and conduction time between neighbor cell. Each cell in this model has state variables to represent the state of the cell and has some simple state transition rules to change values of state variables executed by state transition function. Simulation results are as follows. First, simulation of the normal and abnormal activation process for the myocardium has been done with discrete time and discrete event formalism. Next, we show that the simulation results of discrete time and discrete event cell space model is the same. Finally, we compare the simulation time of discrete event myocardium model with discrete time myocardium models and show that the discrete event myocardium model spends much less simulation time than discrete time myocardium model and conclude the discrete event simulation method Is excellent in the simulation time aspect if the interval deviation of event time is large.

In the event of a maritime accident, search plans have traditionally been planned using experiential methods. However, these approaches cannot guarantee safety when the scale of a maritime accident increases. Therefore, this study proposes a model utilizing discrete event simulation (DES) to predict the diving time for compartment searches of a ship located on the seabed. The discrete event simulation model was created by applying the DEVS formalism. The M/V Sewol sinking was used as an example to simulate how to effectively navigate compartments of different sizes. The simulation results showed the optimal dive time with the number of decompression chambers needed to navigate the compartment as a variable. Based on this, we propose a methodology for efficient navigation planning while ensuring diver safety.