Earticle

본 연구는 헤이그 규칙에서 로테르담 규칙에 이르기까지 전자 운송서류를 수용하려는 국제 규범의 진화 과정을 검토한 후, UNCITRAL 「전자양도성기록에 관한 모델법(MLETR)」과 영국 「2023 전자무역서류법(ETDA 2023)」이 전자선하증권에 부여하는 법적 요건을 분석한다. 특히 기능적 등가성 달성을 위한 배타적 통제, 이전 가능성, 무결성 요건의 법적 구조와 이중 사용 방지 메커니즘의 기술적 구현 방식에 초점을 맞추어 블록체인 기반 시스템과 레지스트리 기반 시스템을 비교 검토한다. 또한 현행 규범 체계에서 검증·인증 거버넌스의 공백이 초래하는 실무적 불확실성과 그 제도적 대응 가능성을 고찰한다. 선하증권은 전통적으로 화물 수령증, 운송계약의 증거, 권리증권이라는 복합적 기능을 수행해 왔으나 종이 문서에 대한 의존은 비효율성과 사기 위험을 초래해 왔다. 이러한 한계는 디지털 전환과 글로벌 공급망 불안 속에서 더욱 두드러지고 있다. 본 연구는 전자선하증권 운영에서 블록체인이나 분산원장기술이 반드시 최적의 기술적 해법이라는 통념을 재검토하고, 법적 기반이 마련된 상황에서는 복구 가능성과 거버넌스 효율성을 고려할 때 레지스트리 기반 시스템이 재활성화될 가능성을 제시한다. 결론적으로 전자선하증권의 확산은 특정 기술의 우위보다 신뢰 가능한 거버넌스와 검증 메커니즘의 구축에 달려 있다. 이에 본 연구는 UNIDROIT와 같은 국제기구가 관련 인프라의 개발과 운영을 주도함으로써 해운 산업에서의 수용성과 상호운용성을 제고할 필요가 있음을 제안한다.

Purpose: This article examines the legal framework for the dematerialization of bills of lading under the UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Transferable Records (MLETR) and the UK Electronic Trade Documents Act 2023 (ETDA 2023), focusing on the functional equivalence requirements for electronic bills of lading. Research design, data, and methodology: The study used a doctrinal analysis of international trade and maritime law. It reviewed the development of legal frameworks for electronic transport documents?from the Hague and Hamburg Rules to the Rotterdam Rules?and analyzed the legislative responses represented by MLETR and ETDA 2023. It also compared the technological implementation models for electronic bills of lading, particularly blockchain-based and registry-based systems. Results: The analysis suggested that blockchain is not necessarily the optimal solution for electronic bills of lading. MLETR-based legislation may instead revive registry-based systems by removing the need for closed contractual platforms, whereas distributed ledger technologies may constitute technological over-engineering in some contexts. Conclusions: The widespread adoption of electronic bills of lading will depend less on the technological choice than on credible governance structures, common standards, and reliable validation mechanisms. Therefore, international institutions such as UNIDROIT may play a key role in establishing institutional infrastructures that support trust and interoperability in electronic trade documentation.

This paper illustrates what the reality of architectural concepts, materials, notions and phenomena are as central questions of contemporay space design. These issues form the goal of modern space design which should attain to the reality of an era when non-real values prevail. Despite the trends of an everchanging and ephemeral dominating quality in architecture for the last ten years, architects still aim to contruct everlasting space on earth. The trends of dematerialization in today's space design can be substantiated in spatial-temporal dimensions as follows. First of all, ephemeral architecture with concepts of hypothetical temporality, everchanging architecture in fluidity, and the transparent architecture with the floating and overlapping image can be analyzed in the dimension of 'time'. In terms of 'space', void quality for the expression of emptiness, neutral space by the simplified and summarized forms, expanded space through ambiguous boundaries and spatial repetition can becharacterized and also be intended strategies for lightness, state of flux, ambiguity, paradox etc., lead modern space design along that path. As this point, we need to pay attention to the so-called 'hypersurface' concept proposed by Stephen Perella. Hypersurface is a sort of cladding sheathing existence independent from the primary structure. With it, the integration between form and image can be achieved. Sometimes hypersurface can be a strategical screen for image projection, a cognitive receptor for surroundings as well as a catalyst for information and communication systems. When the situation dematerializes more and more as the years go on, the concept of hypersurface can be an inclusive method between the phenomenological form in architecture and its self recipient image. Permissive atmospheres created between them in contemporary space design and new paradigms emerged with digital technology will further reinforce the human space's dynamism.