Earticle

원삼국시대에 속하는 경기도 김포시 양촌유적에서 출토된 단조철부 5점과 주조철부 1점을 대상으로 미세조직 관찰과 비금속개재물 분석을 실시하였다. 단조품에 사용된 소재는 순철에 가까운 소재와 저탄소강이 사용되었고 성형 후 1점에만 담금질을 하였다. 주조품은 주철을 탈탄시킨 미세조직이 보여 주철탈탄 제강법이 적용된 것을 확인하였다. 비금속개재물 분석 결과 철부는 고체저온환원법으로 제련하여 생산된 괴련철을 두드려서 제작하였다. FeO 함량이 SiO2에 비해 비교적 높게 나타나 제련 시 노의 온도가 환원에 충분하지 못해 Fe의 회수율이 적었던 것으로 보이며 이 과정에서 광물에 포함된 K, P, Mg, Mn, Ti 등 불순물이 혼입되었다. Ca 함량이 높게 검출되는 곳이 있어 일부는 조제제로 석회물질을 넣었던 것으로 추정된다.

Microstructures and nonmetallic inclusions of five forged iron axes and one cast iron axe were analyzed. The axes were excavated from the Proto-Three Kingdom Period site located in Yangchon, Gimpo. The forging objects were made of almost pure iron and low carbon steel, and only one among five were quenched after its figuration. Malleable cast iron structures showing on the casting suggest that the decarbonized casting method were applied. According to the results of nonmetallic inclusion analysis, the axes were produced by hammering the iron bloom which was attained with low-temperature -solid-reduction-method. Showing higher Fe content over SiO2, it is assumed that the re-collecting rate of Fe was low because of the insufficient forging temperature and the impurities were included during the smelting process. It is assumed that the lime was used as a preparation because of detecting high Ca contents.

The escalating threat of climate change has made the decarbonization of global supply chains, multimodal transportation and international trade an urgent priority (Lee et al., 2024a). These logistics operations encompassing transportation, warehousing and distribution collectively represent substantial contributors to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (Trivellas et al., 2020). Consequently, they are now recognized as a strategic nexus for environmental action. The impetus to reduce GHG emissions emerges not only from tightening regulations but also from mounting public scrutiny and stakeholder demands (Shahzad et al., 2022). This special issue (SI) investigates how transformative strategies integrating digital technologies, renewable energy sources and process innovations can effectively minimize carbon footprints in logistics. Such strategies include leveraging life cycle assessment (LCA) principles, circular economy frameworks and AI-driven decision support systems (Lee et al., 2024b). Therefore, the sustainable supply chain initiatives can simultaneously optimize operational performance and advance societal well-being (Barros et al., 2021; Liu et al., 2021). Yet, realizing carbon-negative logistics requires broad-based collaboration. Companies face formidable hurdles such as high upfront investments, infrastructure gaps, and inconsistent or incomplete policy frameworks across regions (Ekins and Zenghelis, 2021). Meanwhile, consumer pressure for sustainability continues to grow, prompting organizations to set netzero or near-zero emission targets (Liu et al., 2023). Governments, trade associations and industry stakeholders must come together to design coherent, long-lasting solutions that span multiple levels of the supply chain, from raw material sourcing to last-mile delivery (Song et al., 2023). The SI aims to foster a deeper understanding of multi-stakeholder engagement to achieve meaningful and lasting decarbonization in logistics.

2021년 10월 정부는 40% 감축으로 상향된 2030 국가 온실가스 감축목표와 이에 따른 부문별 감축목표 및 감축 방안을 발표하였다. 그러나 산업부문 온실가스 감축 목표 달성을 위해 필요한 핵심 기술의 상용화 수준과 인프라 구축 상황은 정부의 상향된 목표를 달성하기에 부족하다. 산업부문의 탄소중립 속도를 앞당기기 위해서는 정부 주도의 정책뿐만 아니라 시장 참여자들의 자발적이고 적극적인 투자를 유인할 수 있는 정책이 필요하다. 유럽연합에서는 민간기업의 역할을 확대하는 방안 중 하나로 탄소차액계약제도의 도입을 적극적으로 추진하고 있으나 국내의 경우 해당 제도의 도입은 아직 논의 초기 단계이다. 이에 따라 본 연구는 탄소차액계약제도의 내용 및 쟁점을 살펴보고 나아가, 산업부문의 온실가스 감축 목표 달성과 수소경제로의 전환을 위하여 탄소차액계약제도의 도입을 제안한다.

In 2021, the Korean government raised the 2030 greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction target to 40% with enhanced sectorial reduction goals, following its carbon neutrality pledge in 2020. However, the current level of carbon prices is not sufficient to stimulate low-carbon investment to meet the national goal, specifically in the carbon-intensive industrial sector. In order to speed up decarbonization and low-carbon innovation, not only government-led policies but also policies that can induce private-sector investment are required. Due to this, the EU Commission and governments of member states have adopted a pilot programme of Carbon Contract for Differences (CCfD) for emission-intensive industries as one of the measures to speed up carbon neutrality. In Korea, the introduction of CCfD is under consideration but, as of today, details of this measure are still in the early stage of debate. With the present study, we summarize discussions and key issues associated with CCfD.