Earticle

관료제는 법적 책임성, 규정과 절차, 도구적 합리성, 기술적 효율성을 강조한다. 관료제는 합리적이 고 기술적 효율성을 지향하는 조직인데, 그 근거는 법규, 규정, 절차에 있다. 본 연구는 관료제 레드테 이프(red tape)의 그린테이프(green tape) 전환을 위해 어떤 요인이 필요한지를 분석하였다. 레드테이프 는 제도기구, 의사결정자 요구, 이해관계자 요구가 충족될 때 효과적 규칙으로 전환된다. 조직의 공식 화, 집권화 수준도 영향을 미치고 있어 제도기구설치와 의사결정자 개선조치를 시행하면서 조직구조 관리도 필요하다. 관료제는 레드테이프를 발생시키는데 레드테이프를 긍정적 차원으로 바꾸는 문제해 결이 진행되면 레드테이프는 개선된다.

The bureaucracy emphasizes legal responsibility, rules and procedures, instrumental rationality, and technical efficiency. Bureaucracy is an organization that pursues efficiency and rationality, and this basis of bureaucracy depends on laws, rules, and procedures. The bureaucracy generates red tape, and the red tape will be improved when the problem solving process that turns the red tape into a positive function is progressed. This study analyzes the determinants for change from red tape to green tape on local bureaucracy. According to the research results, red tape is transformed into an effective rules when institutional arrangement, decision-maker directions and stakeholder needs are met. The level of formalization and centralization of the organization also has an impact. Despite these findings, this study is only basic research results. I look forward to more advanced research in the future.

It is very important for successful construction to estimate the soil volume conversion factor of domestic weathered ground accurately and reasonably. However, it is very difficult to quantify the weathering degree of weathered ground at the field, so that the soil volume conversion factor used in Korea is often dependent upon the standard of foreign countries. Besides, the soil volume conversion factor of domestic weathered ground has been rarely studied and the use and accuracy of the soil volume conversion factor have been questioned persistingly. This study suggests a simple but robust method for estimating the soil volume conversion factor and measuring the weathering degree reasonably, and attempts to establish the utilization of a soil volume conversion factor measurement system based on experimental and analytical results. We made relationship between electrical resistivity and weathering degree presented from weathering index obtained through laboratory tests using field samples, and an estimation method of in-situ weathering degree for granites and a calculation method of soil volume conversion factor using electrical resistivity. And also, we suggested the photogrametry measurement-equipment system for measuring the volume of cargo box and the application plan of stand equipment and RFID for calculating the earth volume and distinguishing buggies in order to design the measurement system for soil volume conversion factor applicable to the field. Ultimately, the Weathered Earth-work Management Program (WEMP) was developed, so field managers may easily obtain the information about earth volume and soil volume conversion factor at the weathered ground.

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is an attractive target for tumor therapy because it is overexpressed in the majority of solid tumors and the increase in receptor expression levels has been linked with a poor clinical prognosis. Also it is well established that blocking the interaction of EGFR and the growth factors could lead to the arrest of tumor growth and possibly result in tumor cell death. A13 is a murine monoclonal antibody (mAb) that specifically binds to various sets of EGFR-expressing tumor cells and inhibits EGF-induced EGFR phosphorylation. We isolated human immunoglobulin genes by guided selection based on the mAb A13. Four different human single chain Fvs (scFvs) were isolated from from hybrid scFv libraries containing a human $V_H$ repertoire with the $V_L$ of mAb A13 and a human $V_L$ repertoire with the $V_H$ of mAb A13. All the 4 scFvs bound to EGFR-expressing A431 cells. One scFv (SC414) with the highest affinity was converted to IgG1 (ER414). The ER414 exhibited ~17 fold lower affinity compared to the A13 mAb. In addition the ER414 inhibited an EGF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of EGFR with much lower efficacy compared to the A13 mAb and Cetuximab (Merck KgaA, Germany). We identified that the epitope of A13 mAb is retained in ER414. This approach will provide an efficient way of converting a murine mAb to a human mAb.

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is an attractive target for tumor therapy because it is overexpressed in the majority of solid tumors and the increase in receptor expression levels has been linked with a poor clinical prognosis. Also it is well established that blocking the interaction of EGFR and the growth factors could lead to the arrest of tumor growth and possibly result in tumor cell death. A13 is a murine monoclonal antibody (mAb) that specifically binds to various sets of EGFR-expressing tumor cells and inhibits EGF-induced EGFR phosphorylation. We isolated human immunoglobulin genes by guided selection based on the mAb A13. Four different human single chain Fvs (scFvs) were isolated from from hybrid scFv libraries containing a human $V_H$ repertoire with the $V_L$ of mAb A13 and a human $V_L$ repertoire with the $V_H$ of mAb A13. All the 4 scFvs bound to EGFR-expressing A431 cells. One scFv (SC414) with the highest affinity was converted to IgG1 (ER414). The ER414 exhibited ~17 fold lower affinity compared to the A13 mAb. In addition the ER414 inhibited an EGF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of EGFR with much lower efficacy compared to the A13 mAb and Cetuximab (Merck KgaA, Germany). We identified that the epitope of A13 mAb is retained in ER414. This approach will provide an efficient way of converting a murine mAb to a human mAb.

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is an attractive target for tumor therapy because it is overexpressed in the majority of solid tumors and the increase in receptor expression levels has been linked with a poor clinical prognosis. Also it is well established that blocking the interaction of EGFR and the growth factors could lead to the arrest of tumor growth and possibly result in tumor cell death. A13 is a murine monoclonal antibody (mAb) that specifically binds to various sets of EGFR-expressing tumor cells and inhibits EGF-induced EGFR phosphorylation. We isolated human immunoglobulin genes by guided selection based on the mAb A13. Four different human single chain Fvs (scFvs) were isolated from from hybrid scFv libraries containing a human VH repertoire with the VL of mAb A13 and a human VL repertoire with the VH of mAb A13. All the 4 scFvs bound to EGFR-expressing A431 cells. One scFv (SC414) with the highest affinity was converted to IgG1 (ER414). The ER414 exhibited ∼17 fold lower affinity compared to the A13 mAb. In addition the ER414 inhibited an EGF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of EGFR with much lower efficacy compared to the A13 mAb and Cetuximab (Merck KgaA, Germany). We identified that the epitope of A13mAb is retained in ER414. This approach will provide an efficient way of converting a murine mAb to a human mAb.

The conventional three-phase rectifier with bulky LC output filter has been widely used in the industry because of its distinctive advantages over the active power factor correction rectifier such as simple circuit, high reliability, and low cost. Over than 0.9 power factor can be achieved, which is acceptable in most of industry applications. This rectifier, however, is not easy to use for high power density applications since the LC filter is bulky and heavy. To solve this problem, a new simple rectifier is presented in this paper. By eliminating the bulky LC filter from the conventional diode rectifier without losing most of the advantages of the conventional rectifier, very high power density power conversion with high power factor can be achieved. Operation principle and design considerations are illustrated and verified by Pspice simulation and experimental results from a prototype of 3.3 kW rectifier followed by 100KHz zero voltage switching full bridge PWM converter

수공구조물 설계에 있어 가장 중요한 기준이 되는 확률강우량은 기존에 발생한 시간강우와 일강우 자료를 이용하여 지속시간별 연최대치 계열을 빈도해석하여 수행하고 있다. 현재 기상청에서 제공하는 강우자료는 00시 00분부터 01시 00분까지 누적된 강우량을 01시 강우량으로 제공하고 있다. 이는 한 호우 사상에서 총강우량은 동일할지 모르지만, 강우의 발생별 시점, 종점 및 누적 강우량은 다르게 산정된다. 이와 같이 확률강우량 산정시 고정시간 강우자료를 수문학적 의미인 임의 지속시간별 강우량자료로 변환이 필요하다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 37개 지점의 1분 단위 강우 관측자료를 이용하여 고정시간별 연 최대치 계열과 임의 지속시간별 연 최대치 계열을 추출한 후 두 자료에 따른 지속시간별 환산계수를 산정하였으며, 기존에 산정된 환산계수와 비교 분석하였다.

Probability precipitation is one of the most important factor for designing the hydrology structures. Probability precipitation is calculated based on the frequency analysis on each durations of annual maximum rainfall data. For frequency analysis we need a conversion factor between the rain data per random-time interval and fixed-time-interval. In this study, the minutely precipitation data on observatory of the Meteorological Administration are used for 37 stations. Therefore, we should conversion factors between the rain data per minute and fixed-time-interval.

본 연구는 퇴비중의 유기물 함량으로부터 탄소함량을 구하기 위한 환산계수를 결정하기 위하여 수행하였다. 퇴비중의 유기물 함량은 회화법으로, 탄소함량은 원소 분석기를 사용하여 분석한 결과 유기물 함량과 탄소함량의 관계는 "탄소함량(%)=$1.995+0.484{\times}$유기물 함량(%)"의 직선 회귀식을 따랐고, 분산분석에 의한 회귀직선의 유의성 검정은 고도로 유의하게 나타났다(P < 0.001). 기존의 토양 유기물 환산계수 1.724나 1.8을 적용할 경우, 퇴비중의 유기물 함량으로부터 환산한 탄소함량은 실제보다 10% 이상 높게 평가되어 우리 나라에서 생산, 판매되는 퇴비의 탄소함량을 구할 때는 상기 회귀식을 적용하는 것이 타당하리라 생각된다.

For the evaluation of the quality of compost, the determination of C/N ratio is mandatory in Korea. Accordingly it is necessary to measure the total carbon content of compost for the quality control of composts. It is, however, not easy to measure the carbon content of compost. For practical purposes total carbon content of compost can be estimated from the total organic matter content, which is estimated by way of ignition loss. For this, it is necessary to establish the factor for conversion of organic matter into carbon. We studied the relationship between the organic matter content determined by ignition method and total carbon content measured by elemental analyzer using 160 compost sample collected from the markets. The relationship between the carbon content and organic matter in those composts was found to be "y(% carbon)=1.995+0.484%(% organic matter)"($r^2=0.943$). This result suggests that total carbon contents of composts can be estimated from the organic matter content.

현재 우리나라는 의료비가 지속적으로 상승하고 있는 상황으로 환자인 고객의 불만이 증 가하고 있다. 환자인 고객이 부담하는 의료가격은 상대가치가 주어진 상태에서 환산지수에 의해 결정되는 바 의료비 수준을 거시적인 측면에서 고객의 부담능력 수준으로 맞출 필요성 이 증대되고 있다. 의료분야의 지속가능성장률(Sustainable Growth Rate: 이하 SGR)이란 경제의 발전을 저해하지 않으면서 의료의 적정 성장을 도모하는 것으로 해석 가능하므로 SGR을 의료분야에 도입하는 경우 예측하지 못한 가격 상승으로 인한 소비자의 불만은 상 당 부분 해소될 것으로 판단된다.의료의 공급자인 의사도SGR하에서 의료의 적정한 성장 을 보장받음으로써 정부와 수가계약 협상 시에 보다 객관적이고 수용 가능한 환산지수 개정 을 위한 기초적인 근거를 제시할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. SGR이 도입되는 경우 고객인 환자 입장에서는 보험수가가 일정수준 인상에 따른 보험료 부담 수준의 상승을 받아들이기 도 쉬울 것이다. 또한 수가계약 결렬 시에는 환산지수를 국민 경제 전체의 부담능력수준과 일치시킴으로써 수가 계약 제도의 원활한 운영을 가능할 것이다. 의료비가 지속적으로 증가하는 현실 하에서 지속가능성장률은 의료비 수준을 고객의 부담 능력 내에서 조절하고 환산지수의 변동을 사전계획과 실제지출을 비교하여 수가를 조절함으 로써 제도의 예측 가능성을 높여줄 것이다. SGR에 입각한 의료가격 설정은 환자, 의료기관, 정부 등 이해관계자의 동의를 유도할 수 있는 준거 기준을 마련함으로써 환산지수 개정을 위한 자동조정 메카니즘의 도입이 용이해질 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구에서는 미국 메디케어 에서 사용되고 있는 SGR의 모형을 이용하여 우리의 보험급여비변화율을 추정하고 1990년 대의 실증자료에 근거하여 SGR을 추정하고 최종적으로 환산지수 변화율을 제시하였다. 이 를 위해 우리나라 의료비 증가에 영향을 미치는 다양한 요소들을 파악하고 SGR의 예측을 위한 각 요소들을 분석하였으며 이러한 요소들에 대한 과거의 추세를 분석하고 미래의 변동 성을 파악함으로써 SGR 추정의 신뢰성을 부여하고자 하였다. 또한 1 인당 실질 국민소득수 준 및 의료물가상승률과 연계된 환산지수를 도출함으로써 의료 공급자인 의사와 의료 소비자 인 환자 모두가 공감하는 수가 수준을 제시할 수 있었다

The SGR system is designed for controlling medical expenditure in accordance with the Medicare Economic Index (MEI) and GDP. SGR system do not directly limit on medical expenditures. Payments for medical services are not withheld if the SGR target is exceeded by actual expenditures. The update for conversion factor is determined by comparing cumulative actual expenditures to cumulative target expenditures. In this article, we make the 2003 conversion factor update by the percentage change in MEI, which measures the weighted average price change for various inputs involved with producing physicians' services. We applied a formula to calculate the SGR based on our estimate of the change in each of four factors. The four factors for calculating the SGR are as follows : the estimated percentage change in fees for physicians' services, the estimated change in the average number of beneficiaries, the estimated projected GDP per capita, the estimated change in expenditures due to changes in law or regulations. In this process, we adjusted MEI by a performance adjustment factor that compares actual and target expenditures based on SGR. The SGR system will make a consensus in a various interest parties by proposing a objective and verifiable conversion factor update in fee for service in Korea Medical System For the 2003 physician fee schedule update, it should be remembered there exists the uncertainty involved in making estimates in factor affecting SGR System.

An underwater radiation monitoring system has been developed using a NaI (Tl) detector for the potential radioactive contamination of drinking water by 137Cs and 131I radioisotopes. In this study, experiments and simulations were carried out using the detector to evaluate the minimum detectable activity (MDA) and conversion factor (converting counts into Bq·L-1) of radioisotopes 137Cs and 131I. For the experiments, a waterproof system with the detector was located at the center of a water tank into which 68Ga was homogeneously diffused instead of 137Cs and 131I due to a radwaste problem, and detection counts were recorded for every 5 min. Monte Carlo simulations were carried out for 68Ga with the same geometry as the experiment to compare with the experimental energy spectrum to obtain simulation calibration value, and simulations were then performed for 137Cs and 131I to calculate the conversion factor. From the simulations, the conversion factors were 1.74×10-2 and 1.30×10-2 (Bq·L-1)/count for 137Cs and 131I, respectively. From underwater radiation background data and the conversion factors, the MDA of 137Cs and 131I for the system were found to be 0.77 and 0.89 Bq·L-1, respectively.