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오늘날 전 세계적으로 사회 전 분야에서 컴퓨터화가 진행 중이며, 소프트웨어는 모든 융복합 분야에서 중심 역할을 수행하고 있다. 이러한 정보 환경의 변화는 가치관의 변화와 패러다임의 전환을 주도하고 있으며, 이와 더불어 국내 교육정책 또한 변화하고 있다. 머지않아 인간과 컴퓨터의 상호작용이 일상화됨에 따라 기본적인 소양으로서 코드 리터러시는 중요한 역할을 수행할 것이다. 이러한 변화에도 불구하고 국내 대학 정보화 교육은 시대적 변화를 반영하지 못한 채 사무용 응용프로그램의 단순 활용 능력의 배양에만 그치고 있는 실정이다. 본 논문에서는 현재 국내 대학교육에서 디지털리터러시의 배양을 위해 운영 중인 제도적 수단과 교육과정을 종합적으로 살펴본다. 이를 바탕으로 시대적 요구에 부합하는 교육 과정의 토대를 마련하기 위해 교육 수준과 교육 내용에 따른 교육적 요소를 제시한다. 제시하는 교육적 요소는 3가지 교육 내용과 3단계 교육 수준을 결합하여 다섯 가지로 설정하였으며 이를 바탕으로 교육과정의 설계에 활용할 수 있을 것이다.

Today the computerization in overall civil life is globally progressing, and software plays a central role in all interdisciplinary areas of society. These changes of information environments lead to the change of values and paradigm shift, and the change of Korean educational policies is also happening. As human-machine interaction is becoming ubiquitous, code literacy is going to play an important role before long. Despite these transitions, information education in universities in Korea focuses on just driving application programs. In this paper, we explore overall educational system and curriculum of universities in Korea. And we present educational factors corresponding to educational levels and contents. Presented five factors coupling three educational contents and three educational levels may be dedicated to design curriculum.

4차 산업혁명 시대의 도래에 따른 과학 기술의 비약적인 발전이 미래 일자리에 가져올 변화에 큰 관심이 모아지고 있다. 특히, 인공지능, 빅데이터, 로봇, 드론, 5G, IoT 등과 같은 과학 기술의 발 전이 인간과 기계의 직업의 경계를 바꾸고 있기 때문이다. 과거 인간만의 고유의 일이라고 여겨졌던 일들이 점차 컴퓨터도 할 수 있는 일로 변화하면서 미래 인간의 일자리에 대한 관심이 더욱 크게 대 두되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 미래 컴퓨터로 대체 가능한 일자리를 예측하기 위한 과학적 예측 방법론 을 제시하고, 이를 한국의 직업 세부직종에 대입하여 미래 컴퓨터 대체 가능성을 추정한다. 또한 본 결과를 통해 향후 가까운 미래의 위험에 처한 일자리를 분석하였으며, 그 결과 우리나라의 전체 취업 자 중 43%가 향후 10~20년 이내 컴퓨터 대체 가능성이 높은 고위험군의 일자리에 종사하고 있는 것 으로 예측됨을 확인하였다.

As The Fourth Industrial Revolution has begun, there has been a great attention in how it would impact to jobs of the future, brought by the rapid development of science and technology. Particularly, this new technology, such as artificial intelligence, big data, robots, drones, 5G, IoT, is collapsing job boundaries between what should belong to man, and computer. In the past, jobs considered to be human-only-capable, now they has become computer-also-capable, it leads to the great attention in future human jobs. In this study, we propose a scientific prediction methodology to predict future jobs that can be substituted by computers in future. With this model, we estimated and evaluated highly substitutable jobs by computer. As a result, 43% of all workers in Korea are considered as having highly substitutable occupations which are likely to be replaced by computers within the next 10~20 years.

The purpose of this study is to computerize street tree management using a CAD program in order to manage the drawing record of street trees systematically and concurrently. The configuration of this program is composed of Reference Data, Data Inquiry, and Cost Assessment. The Reference Data includes characteristics of trees, monthly managements records, damage by blight and insects and usage of pesticides. The Data Inquiry includes an individual search of the tree index, simple searches and multiple searches. The Cost Assessment includes two main components, the data input with labor cost, manure ocst and pesticide cost and the assesment of management cost for prevention of blight and insects, pruning and fertilization. The results of this study are as follows: 1) When there are practices such as transplanting and removing of street trees it is immediately updated with the various situation. By creating an in progress a tree management system, up to the date information can be given to the manager for decision making. 2) To identify individual tree at the site or in drawing, the street name and numbers were used instead of coordinates. Tree tags are attached to the street trees individually. It can make DB management simple and easy. 3) By doing simple or multiple search with constructed DB, data can be provided quickly. 4) The result of this type of search are useful in the assessment of management cost very useful in regards to items such as the pruning, pesticides scattering and fertilization. 5) By using the AutoCAD software and existing PC without purchasing new equipment, the cost of system implementation can be minimized.

Even though Korean medical law stipulates that number of patients attended by a nurse is 2.5 for hospitalization and 30 for ambulatory care, the number of patients cared by a nurse per day is much greater than the standard prescribed by the medical law. Current nursing productivity of nurses is not desirable unless the quality of care considered. Moreover. nursing manpower staffing based on neither current nurses' productivity nor standard of medical law cannot respond properly to dynamic situation of the medical services. As for the nurse scheduling, the critical problem of it in the hospital is determining the day-to-day shift assignments for each nurse for the specified period in a way that satisfies the given requirements of the hospital. Nurse scheduling, however, involves many factors and requirements, manual scheduling requires much time and effort to produce an adequate schedule. Under these backgrounds, the necessity of more efficient management of nursing manpower occupying 1/3 of total hospital workers has been recognized by many nursing administrators. This study was performed to develop a system computerizing nurse staffing and scheduling based on the patient classification. As a preliminary step for the system development, nursing workload in a secondary hospital was measured from Sep. to Oct. 1994. On the grounds of this result, computerization of nurse staffing and scheduling was proceeded with three options. First one is based on the current medical law. Second one is based on the assigned number of nursing staff. And the last is based on the request by patient classification. Computer languages used in this study were MS Visual Basic 3.0 for the staffing and Access 2.0 for the scheduling, respectively. Prospective users may operate this system easily because icons and mouse are used for easier graphic user interface and reducing the need for typing efforts. This system can help nurse administrators manage nursing manpower efficiently and nurses develop quick and easy schedule generation and allow more time for the patient care.

General purpose programs are essential elements for the computerization of structural analysis. This paper is associated with actual formulation of such programs by matrix analysis. The basic theory of matrix analysis for skeletal structures, its implementation and techniques for developing efficient programs are discussed in this paper. Any shape of skeletal structure can be included in a single program for space frames. But in order to economize computing time and computer memory space, it is desirable to develop and operate seperate programs specialized into four categories; truss, planar frame, grid and space frame. As for general purpose programs, simplicity of input format and flexibility of output format should be duly considered. Compaction and solution of system equations are the most important aspects in computer programming of matrix analysis, and worth further study for more efficient computerization.

The purpose of this study was to examine impact of hospital computerization on the nursing practice. The study was conducted using the repeated measured design. The subjects were 166 nurses working at surgical nursing care units in a tertiary teaching hospital. A questionnaire was developed based on the Burke's study, and reviewed by a committee for content validity. Eighty-eight nurses responded the questionnaire throughout the study. Indirect nursing care time significantly decreased(p<0.05) after the computerization. These decrease related to time saving in checking physicians' order and writing nursing records. However, the change in direct nursing care time was not clear. In conclusion, the computerization led to the decrease in indirect nursing care time but it did not link to increase in direct nursing care time. Therefore, nurse managers should take into account redesign of the nursing works after computerization.

PURPOSE: Computerization using ICF as a protocol can enhance the assessment, communication, and decision-making of various disciplines and cultures, individual functions, disabilities and health to promote communication and understanding among various professionals, organizations, and countries. The empirical foundation for these propositions was provided by delineating of six distinct computerization components. METHODS: This study analyzed 14 papers that combined the medical field and information technology to activate the ICF through computerization. From each of these papers, distinctive advantages were extracted to propose six computerization elements. The validity of these computerization elements was examined. These papers encompass various computerization elements, among which core elements were identified. In particular, six common core elements were extracted from these papers and assumed to be strategic computerization components for ICF activation. A heuristic methodology was employed to validate these components, representing IT technology maturity using four determining indices, which were then presented graphically for validation attempts. RESULTS: Four quantified indices were defined: reliability, cost-effectiveness, support and updates, and collaboration. Using these indices, this study identified elements that leverage existing IT technologies and require new development. The possibility of increasing utility was identified by applying computerization to ICF. CONCLUSION: This study examined the strategic elements of utilizing ICF by computerizing it using a protocol concept and discussed its potential for utilization. The potential to enhance the value of information in social, physical, and cultural contexts was presented by integrating various domains and data within the ICF framework.

한국의 국립대학 도서관의 전산화 및 정보네트웍을 위한 기초연구로서 현황을 분석하여 타당한 전산화 방향과 모형을 제시하였으며 일차적으로 얻은 결론은 다음과 같다. 현재 우리나라 국립대학 도서관들의 전산화 기술 축적이 안되어 있으며, 사서자신들도 방법론에 대한 전문지식이 결여되었고, 도서관 정보네트웍 구축은 교육전산망의 일환으로 이루어지는 것이 바람직하며, 클리어링 하우스에 대한 국가적 차원의 연구검토가 요청된다.

In this paper, the computerization and information networking system development are studied and discussed analytically for the Korean national college and university libraries.

Purpose: The research studied to survey the degree of utilization, satisfactions and problems of the computerization in nursing practice. Method: The subjects were 176 nurses who are working at university hospital in Seoul. The research was operated by 75 questionaries which were developed and modified from precedence study of Kim(1998), No(1996) and Pang(1996). The data was processed by SPSS for window 11.0 and the results analyzed with number, percentile, average, t-test and ANOVA. Results: As the way of using computer system in nursing, the most nurses used that to Dr's order check, treatment activity, laboratory, barcode sticker, medication in order that were connected with order system mutually to other parts. The average degree of contentment from the computerization in nursing practice was presented as 3.855 in the full mark 5. The facility of stock management got the highest points(4.98). The problem was marked 3.12 and the biggest problem is interruption of work from the computer system error(4.03). The contentment of computerization in nursing practice by duty year was reflected a significant difference(F=5,457 P=0.005) and was not related with computerization and computer education(F=0.028 P=0.867, F=2.178 P=0.142).

This study was designed to develop a basic plan for computerization of nursing records. The subjects were 7 nursing record forms, 58 charts, 23 nurses, 2 nurse managers, a nurse and computer specialist, 16 master course students and 3 professors. Data collection was conducted through questionnaire, observation and interview. The collected data were analyzed for problems, plan of improvement and needs for computerization. Based upon these results, it is recommended that nursing record computerization was needed a basic plan to integrate needs of nursing record computerization. The basic plan as fellows : 1. To illustrate a data flow path of nursing record and data dictionary that show nurse's work and record process. 2. To establish a system in order to use multi -tasking and graphic user interface. 3. To establish hardware and software in order to embody integrated management of computer based system through structured walkthrough. 4. To choose effective database management system and to achieve Log as record unit.

I have practiced this reserch for the purpose of proposition of basic data for amendment and addition of computer system after I surveyed the degree of abilities and satisfaction on the computerization in nursing\ practice. Subjects were collected from September 1 to September 30, 1998. Study subjects are 151 clinical nurses who are working at university hospital in Chonbuk area. Study instrument consists of 116 questionnaire which was developed by Kim H. K(1998). The data were analized number, mean ,t-test, ANOVA by using SPSS. The study results are as follows: 1. Most of the nurses who answered the questions were educated computerizing(96%). The abilities of computer program utilities were the most in inputting data(74%). The program nurses wanted computerizing education was wordprocess, dealing internet and statistics. 2. As for applying parts of computer system in nursing, the most nurses were Dr's order check (96%), treatment activity(91.4%), medication(89.4%), lab. test(87 .4%), transfering department(85.4%), transfering room(79.5%), diet(71.8%), discharge (70.2%), Barcord Sticker(70.2%) , reservation(62.2%) in order that were all conected order system mutually to other part. It showed that computer system was not applied for treating the original nursing work such as nursing record (13%), duty scheduling(6.0%) , nursing process(4.6%) , Q.I(1.3%), nursing research(1.3%), education(1.3%), 3. As for the benefit when computer system is applied for, the most respondence was promptness of work and convenience(90.6%) , exactness of work (82.8%), offering information exactily and efficiently(36.3%), offering good quality of nursing (6.0%) in order. 4. The degree of contentment on computerizing in nursing practice showed average 3.24%. The best marking item is that they are eager to participate in the computer education. Next, the automatic output of label and giving the number automatically is to prevent loss and mentioned items of patient registration from being changed(3.95) and to prevent mistakes possibly happening because of doctor's difficult order(3.85). 5. The problems which may happen to in nurses' utilization of computerization for the nursing practice showed average 3.18. The most problem is that the practice may stop because of the problem of computer itself(3.67), and the next, the indication of act can be imperfect(3.66) , manual training may overlap because of incomplete computerization (3.60), practical education for the computerizing is lack(3.41), and the computer literate nurses are lack(3.40) . 6. Study subject's contentment by age was significant difference(F=3.10,P=0.0119). Study subject's contentment by job posision was significant difference(F=6.001P=0.0034) I will propose the following according to the above results. The domain of original nursing practice is urgernt. Manual and indication of act should be made before long in computer obstacle. Nursing department should support the nurses so that they could receive the education needed for the nurses themselves.

This study attempted to increase quality of nursing care by assessing the nurses' attitudes for computerization in nursing practice and ensuring right recognition and attitude for computerized system. Study subjects are 311 nurses who are working at 4 general hospitals. Those hospitals are selected according to the degree of computerized in Kyoung In Province. Study instrument consists of 20 items and 12 general questionnaire which was developed by Brodt and Stronge(1985) and modified by Lee(1991). Data collection was done from april 19th in 1995 to april 29th. Data gathered were analized number, t-test, ANOVA by using SPSS. The study results are as follows : 1. Study subject's attitude for computer application showed positive response as mean score of 3.44 especially nurses who had experience using computer showed 100% pro-response. 2. Study subject's attitude by age was significant statistically(F=3.9589, p=.0038), among them age 25-30 revealed the highest positive scores, and age 40 showed the lowest positive scores. 3. Study subject's attitude by education level showed no significant difference(F=1.4182, 2437), and those who are more educated showed more positive response. 4. Study subject's attitude by duty years showed no significant difference(F=2.2648, p=.0622), and those who had 7- 9 duty years had the highest positive attitude however those who have 10 duty years showed lowest positive attitude. 5. Study subject's attitude by position revealed no significant difference(F=2.0017, p=.1369), and the charge nurse groups who were using computer showed the highest scores. 6. Study subject's attitude by computerized type showed significant difference(F=23.9665, p=.0000), and G hospital which had computer system in nursing area obtained the highest positive scores. 7. study subject's attitude by presence of computer education showed no significant differenec(F=.9002, P=.3435), and non computer educated groups showed the highest positive response. 8. Study subject's attitude by computer education place revealed no significant difference(F=4.3723, p=.0020). and the groups who were taught individually or in the institution obtained the highest positive scores. 9. Study subject's attitude by duty year computer use showed no significant response(F=.9591, P=.3282), and groups of computer use showed the high degree of positive response. 10. Study subject's attitude by duty year using computer showed significant difference(F=5.9174, p=.0009),and the groups using computer for 6 years or group of 4-6 years showed the highest degree of positive response and the groups using computer for 1 year showed the lowest degree of positive response.

Even though Korean medical law stipulates that number of patients attended by a nurse is 2.5 for hospitalization and 30 for ambulatory care, the number of patients cared by a nurse per day is much greater than the standard prescribed by the medical law. Current productivity of nurses is not desirable unless the quality of care is considered. And nursing manpower staffing based on neither current nurses' productivity nor standard of medical law cannot respond properly to dynamic situation of the medical services. Under this background, the necessity of more efficient management of nursing manpower occupying 1/3 of total hospital workers has been recognized by many nursing administrators. Many nursing researchers have studied to foretell the nursing manpower objectively on the basis of measured nursing workload according to patient classification as well. Most of These researches, however, have been conducted in the tertiary hospitals, so it is imperative to conduct other researches to predict necessary nursing manpower in the secondary and the primary hospitals. The study was performed to measure nursing workload and predict pertinent nursing manpower to a secondary hospital with 400beds. Nursing workload was surveyed using measuring tool for direct and indirect care hours in a surgical unit and a medical unit. Survey was conducted from Sep.10 to Sep.16 and from Oct.5 to Oct.11, 1994 respectively by two skilled nurses, Subjects were patients, patients' family members and nursing personnels. Results are follows : 1. Patient classification distributed as 22% of class I (mildly ill patient), 57% of class II (moderately ill patient), and 21% of class III (acutely ill patient) in the medical nursing unit, while 23% of class I, 29% of class II, 12% of class III, and 36% of classIV (critically ill patient) in the surgical nursing unit. There was no difference of inpatient number between weekday and weekend. Bed circulation rate was 89% in both units and average patients number per day was 37.4 (total 42beds) in the medical nursing unit, 32.9 (total 37beds) in the medical nursing unit. 2. Direct care hours per day measured as 2.8hrs for class I, 3.3hrs for class II, and 3.5hrs for class III in the medical nursing unit, while 3.1hrs for class I, 3hrs for class II, 2.7hrs for class III, and 2.2hrs for classIV in the surgical nursing unit. Meanwhile, hours for nursing assistant activities per patient by patients' family members were 11mins and 200mins respectively. Direct care hour rate by shift was day 36%, evening 25%, and night 39% in the medical nursing unit, while 40%, 29%, and and 31% respectively in the surgical nursing unit. 3. Measurement and observation activity held 44.2% of direct care activities of nurses and medication 36.7%, communication 11.7%, exercise 1.8%, treatment 1.3%, hygiene 1.3%, elimination and irrigation 1.1%, suction 1%, nutrition 0.5%, thermotherapy 0.3%, oxygen therapy 0.1% in order. 4. Indirect care hours per day were 294.2mins in the medical nursing unit, and 273.9mins in the surgical nursing unit. By shift, evening was the highest in both units. Indirect care hours for each patient were 44.5mins in the medical nursing unit and 46mins in the surgical nursing unit. 5. checking activities including doctor's order, medication, and delivering patients to the next shift occupied 39.7% of indirect care activities, and preparation 26%, recording 23.8%, communication and conference 6.7%, managing equipments 2.1%, messenger activity 1.7% in order. 6. On the ground of these results, nursing manpower needed in a secondary hospital was estimated ; 27 nursing personnels for the medical nursing unit of 37beds, and 20 nursing personnels for the surgical nursing unit of 33beds.

서울소방재난본부를 중심으로 긴급구조통제단과 관련된 정보화 현황을 살펴보고 개선방안을 모색하여 향 후 연구방향을 제시하는 것은 재난대응 역량 강화에 기여하는 계기가 될 것이다. 본 연구의 목적은 긴급구조 통제단 운영업무와 관련하여 전산화 현황은 미비한 상황이므로 이를 체계적이고 합리적으로 개선하여 소방 공무원의 재난행정 업무를 경감하고 신속한 의사결정을 지원하는 정보화체계의 필요성을 제시하는 데 있다.

본 연구는 작업의 연속성과 자원의 평준화를 이루는 공정과 원가 통합관리의 전산화 방법 도출을 연구의 목적으로 한다. 전산화 과정은 기본단계, 자원평준화 단계, 작업의 연속성 단계로 구분하고 자원이 조정되는 패턴과 작업의 연속성 반영에 따른 각 경우에 대한 로직이 제공되도록 한다. 이를 바탕으로 사례 프로젝트를 선정하고 이에 공정 및 원가 통합관리 전산화 방법을 적용한 결과 공사기간, 공사비용, 진도율 등에 대한 효율적 관리가 이루어질 수 있음을 보이고 있다. 전산화에 의한 공정 및 원가를 통합관리 할 수 있음에 따라 작업의 연속성과 자원의 평준화에 의거 생산성을 향상시켜 비용과 시간을 절약할 뿐 아니라 투입 노무인원도 지속적인 작업이 가능하므로 해당 노무인력의 소득도 안정성을 유지하는 부수적 효과도 있다.

This paper presents the need for the construction management integrated by schedule and cost, which is based on the concept that a project should be kept the work continuity and resource leveling for the increment of productivity. A majority of construction project use some method of schedule and cost control. However, many projects have difficulties with control of schedule and cost pertained data interrelated function. Accordingly, it needs to provide the proper planning method of an automated solution that bring the integrated schedule and cost control. The purpose of this paper is to show how such an automated solution by computerization. The management model for integration of schedule and cost is developed using three steps of the process ; basic data input step, resource leveling step and work continuity step. This integration method by computerization offer finishing on time and within budget for a project and opportunity to achieve higher profits. To achieve the desired integration of schedule and cost, the distribution diagram of resources and the minimization of wait time on each work activity is required.

This study aims to investigate the use state of the health service computerization system in the occupational nursing field and the occupational nursers' satisfaction level, and provide basic data to promote the development of the health service computerization system for the nursing field. For this study, a questionnaire was provided to 118 occupational nurses who belong to Busan and Gyeongnam branches of KAOHN(Korean Association of Occupational Health Nurses) for 2 months (from Dec. 1, 2002 to Jan. 31, 2003). A tool of Choi Yong-Heui(2000) was used to investigate the satisfaction level of using the health service computerization system. The collected materials were analyzed in real number and percentage, average and standard deviation, t-test and ANOVA by using the SPSS WIN 10.0 program.

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the effects of a group computerization cognitive rehabilitation program on cognitive function in patients with cognitive impairment. Methods: The subjects of this study comprised 34 patients with cognitive impairment (15 males and 19 females) who were randomized into two groups. The experimental group (n = 17) were trained with the group computerization cognitive rehabilitation program, while the control group (n=17) received traditional cognitive therapy. The interventions for both groups were performed for 1 hour per day, once a week for 12 weeks. The cognitive functions of the subjects before and after the experiment were measured using the Korean mini-mental state examination (K-MMSE), global deterioration scale (GDS), clinical dementia rating (CDR), and Lowenstein occupational therapy cognitive assessment (LOTCA). A paired t-test was conducted to examine the intragroup differences before and after the experiment, and ANCOVA was performed to check intergroup differences. Results: The intragroup comparison results showed that the cognitive function of the group that were trained with the group computerization cognitive rehabilitation program improved after the experiment more than for the group that received traditional cognitive therapy. The intergroup comparison results showed significant differences in orientation, visual perception, and visuomotor organization between the two groups. Conclusion: The results of this study confirmed that the group computerization cognitive rehabilitation program was more effective in improving cognitive function than the traditional cognitive therapy in patients with cognitive impairment. Based on the results of this study, the group computerization cognitive rehabilitation program can be used as an effective intervention method for patients with cognitive impairment.