Earticle

본 연구는 장기요양보험 노인들을 대상으로 바디스파이더운동과 맨몸저항운동을 인지활동과 병행하여 프로그 램을 진행하였고, 운동의 효과를 운동프로그램 사전, 사후 노인들의 인지기능의 변화를 통하여 비교분석하였다. 노인주 간보호센터 2곳(경기도 K시와 G시 소재)의 시설을 이용하기 시작한 노인들(n=35명)을 모집하여 사전 인지기능을 평 가 후, 바디스파이더운동집단과 맨몸저항운동집단으로 배정 후 실험을 진행하였고, 18년 12월부터 19년 2월까지 12 주 동안 각 집단의 운동프로그램 실시 후 인지기능을 재평가하였다. 바디스파이더 기구를 활용한 바디스파이더운동집 단과 맨몸을 이용한 맨몸저항운동집단은 각각 주 3회 하루에 20분 이상 저항운동을 실시하였다. 인지기능의 평가는 한 국형 간이정신상태 검사(Korean Mini Mental State Examination; K-MMSE) 검사와 색체검사인 한국형 스트룹 검 사(Korean Stroop Test;KST)를 실시하였다. 그 결과, K-MMSE 점수는 맨몸저항운동집단보다 바디스파이더운동 집단에서 유의하게 증가하였고, KST에서도 글자읽기, 색깔말하기, 간섭색깔말하기 완료시간이 모두 바디스파이더운 동집단에서 유의하게 감소하였고, 맨몸저항운동집단에서는 색깔말하기와 간섭색깔말하기 완료시간이 유의하게 감소 하였다.

This study conducted group exercise program by combining body spider resistance exercise and body weight resistance exercise with cognitive activity to elderly people with long-term care insurance grade, and compared the effects of exercise with changes in the cognitive function. Elderly people(n=35) who started take part in program at facilities at two senior day care centers(K and G cities in Gyeonggi-do) were recruited to evaluate their pre-cognitive function, assigned to the body spider exercise group or the body weight resistance exercise group, conducted experiments, and re-evaluated their cognitive function after carrying out an exercise program of each group for 12 weeks from December to February. Each exercise group performed resistance exercises for 20 minutes a day three times a week, using body spider instrument or body weight resistance. The evaluation of cognitive function carried out the K-MMSE, and the KST. As a result, K-MMSE total score showed significant increase in the body spider resistance group over the body weight resistance exercise group, and word reading, color naming, color interference finishing time in KST, all showed significant decrease in body spider resistance exercise group, color naming and color interference finishing time showed significant decrease in body weight resistance exercise group.

본 연구의 목적은 젊은 비만 성인을 대상으로 8주간의 유산소 트레이닝과 시지각 시스템을 활용한 유산소 트레이 닝이 BDNF와 인지기능 및 건강관련 체력에 미치는 영향을 검증하는 것이다. 연구대상은 경기도 소재의 B대학교 학생 및 B 시 소재에 거주하는 만 19-24세 비만 남·여로서, 체지방률은 남성 24% 이상, 여성 29% 이상인 자로 총 22명을 대상으로 하였으며 유산소 트레이닝 그룹(AEG)와 시지각 트레이닝 훈련시스템을 활용한 유산소 트레이닝 그룹(VFG) 로 나누어 연구를 진행하였다. 그 결과 본 연구에서는 다음과 같은 결론이 도출되었다. 첫째, 운동의 형태는 상이했으나 두 그룹 모두 유산소 트레이닝은 체중, 체지방률, 체지방량, 심폐지구력, 근력, 근지구력, 유연성 개선에 효과를 나타냈다. 둘째, 시지각 운동프로그램을 활용한 유산소 트레이닝이 인지기능 향상에 효과적인 것으로 나타났다.

The purpose of this study is to verify the effects of an 8-week aerobic training and an aerobic training with visuoperceptual feedback on the level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), cognitive function and health-related physical fitness in younger adults with obesity. The subjects in this study were obese male and female adults aged 19-24 years among those attending B University and residing in B City. The body fat ratio was 24% or above in males and 29% or above in females across 22 subjects in total. The subjects were divided into two groups; the aerobic exercise group (AEG) and the aerobic exercise with visuo-perceptual function exercise group (VFG). Based on the results, the following conclusions were drawn: First, aerobic training in both groups, despite the variation in exercise type, had a positive effect in improving the body weight, body fat ratio, body fat mass, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength and endurance, and agility. Second, the aerobic training with visuoperceptual feedback was found to have effectively improved cognitive function.

Objective : We investigated the efficacy of an artificial intelligence computerized cognitive training program using motion capture to identify changes in cognition, depression, and quality of life in older adults with mild cognitive impairment. Methods : A total of seven older adults (experimental group = 4, control group = 3) participated in this study. During the COVID-19 period from October to December 2021, we used a program, “MOOVE Brain”, that we had developed. The experimental group performed the program 30 minutes 3×/week for 1 month. We analyzed patients scores from the Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination-2, the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Packet for Daily Life Evaluation, the short form Geriatric Depression Scale, and Geriatric Quality of Life Scale. Results : We observed positive changes in the mean scores of the Stroop Color Test (attention), Stroop Color/Word Test (executive function), SGDS-K (depression), and GQOL (QoL). However, these changes did not reach statistical significance for each variable. Conclusion : The study results from "MOOVE Brain" can help address cognitive and psychosocial issues in isolated patients with MCI during the COVID-19 pandemic or those unable to access in-person medical services.

Purpose: This study was conducted to identify the effect of a multicomponent cognitive stimulation program (MCSP) on the improvement of older people's cognitive abilities. It also aimed to determine whether the effectiveness of the MCSP is related to age. Methods: A one-group pretest-posttest design was used. The program was conducted once a week for 10 weeks. The Korean-Montreal Cognitive Assessment (K-MoCA) was used to measure cognitive functions before and after the MCSP. Participants included 37 people aged over 65 years with normal cognitive functions and living in I city. A paired t-test was used to compare K-MoCA scores before and after the MCSP, and a two-way analysis of variance was performed to confirm whether there is an interaction between the MCSP and age. Results: It was found that the MCSP had a significant effect on improving cognitive functions (t = ?5.15, p < .001). Regarding the subdomains, visuospatial/executive ability, recall, naming, and language ability showed significant effects; however, abstractive ability?which was not a focus of the program?showed no significant effect. There were differences in visuospatial/executive functions, language skills, and memory between the 65-79 years age group and the aged over 80 group. Further, regarding the relationship between the MCSP and age, it was found that their interaction was significant only with regard to visuospatial/executive ability. Conclusion: The MCSP helps to improve the cognitive functions of the elderly; however, its effect differs between the young-old group and the old-old group. Therefore, age should be considered when developing MCSPs.

The aim of this pilot study was to investigate the effects of computerized cognitive rehabilitation on patients after they had each experienced an acute stroke and evaluate the association between rehabilitation satisfaction and age. Eighteen patients who had each experienced an acute stroke participated in the study. They were assigned to two groups: the experimental group (n = 12) and control group (n = 6). Interventions were performed with each group for 30 minutes per day, five times per week, for four weeks. The experimental group engaged in computerized cognitive rehabilitation, and the control group participated in traditional cognitive rehabilitation. In addition, both groups engaged in traditional cognitive rehabilitation for four weeks according to an established schedule. The Lowenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment test (LOTCA) was performed to measure cognitive function. The Visual Analog Satisfaction Scale (VASS) was used to measure satisfaction with cognitive rehabilitation?specifically, overall satisfaction, therapeutic effects, interest, and intention to reuse. After the interventions, total cognitive function scores for both groups were significantly improved compared to scores before the interventions. However, the experimental group showed significant improvement in more sub-items of cognitive function compared to the control group. There was no significant difference in satisfaction between the two groups after the interventions. In the experimental group, overall satisfaction and interest in computerized cognitive rehabilitation were significantly lower among elderly participants when compared to middle-aged participants. Computerized cognitive rehabilitation may have a positive effect on cognitive function improvement. However, computerized cognitive rehabilitation programs must be developed to meet the specific characteristics and needs of elderly stroke patients.

Purpose The aim of this study was to explore perceived cognitive function and its related factors in breast cancer patients that had received or were receiving adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery. Methods A cross-sectional and correlational design was used in this study. A total of 118 women who had undergone or were undergoing adjuvant chemotherapy after breast cancer surgery recruited from a convenience sample from a university hospital in Korea were included in the study. The attentional function index was used to measure perceived cognitive function while the linear analogue self-assessment scale was used to measure mood disturbance. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were done to determine possible predictors of perceived cognitive function in patients with breast cancer. Results Perceived cognitive function and mood disturbance had a mean score of 66.22 (SD= 13.43) and 159.78 (SD= 81.40), respectively. Mood disturbance was a statistically significant predictor of cognitive function in patients with breast cancer. Conclusions Breast cancer patients with mood disturbance may experience decrements in perceived cognitive function. Nurses should be aware of mood changes and its influence on perceived cognitive function in breast cancer patients.

Purpose: This study examined the effects of cognitive function, health literacy, and social support influence the risk of self-care non-adherence among older adults with chronic kidney disease. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted using structured questionnaires. The study included 105 older adults (≥65 years) in the pre-dialysis stage, all of whom were receiving regular follow-up at a nephrology outpatient clinic in Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, Korea. Data were collected through one-on-one interviews from April to May 2024 and analyzed using SPSS version 26.0. Predictive factors were assessed using hierarchical multiple regression analysis. Results: The risk of self-care non-adherence was significantly correlated with cognitive impairment (r=.61, p<.001), lower social support from healthcare providers (r= ?.36, p<.001), and reduced healthliteracy (r=?.42, p<.001). Multiple regression analysis indicated that decreased physical activity (β=.25, p=.002), greater cognitive impairment (β=.29, p<.001), and lower support from healthcare providers (β=?.26, p=.008) were significant predictors of increased risk of self-care non-adherence. The model explained 46% of the variance in the risk of self-care non-adherence. In contrast, family support and health literacy were not significant predictors. Conclusion: To reduce the risk of self-care non-adherence in older adults with chronic kidney disease, routine cognitive screening and tailored education for those with cognitive impairment should be implemented in outpatient care. Promoting physical activity and strengthening support from healthcare providers are also key strategies to improve adherence in this population.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify factors influencing the health-related quality of life of elderly men in partial medically underserved rural areas. Methods: The subjects included 182 elderly men aged 65 or older living in the jurisdictions of the Health Care Centers in G, I, and J Myeon, which were medically underserved rural areas in Gongju City, South Korea. Data were collected on October 31 to November 1, 2020, and were analyzed with descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe test, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and hierarchical linear regression. Results: The subjects’ scored mean 24.20±3.29 points out of 30 in cognitive functions and mean 17.08±9.40 out of 60 in social support. The influential factors included three chronic diseases (β=-.50, p<.001), two chronic diseases (β=-.30, p<.001), one chronic disease (β=-.21, p<.001); fair subjective health status (β=.24, p<.001); good subjective health status (β=.25, p<.001); cognitive functions (β=.17, p=.004); aged 80 or older (β=-.16, p=.006); and brushing teeth three times per day or more (β=.14, p=.009) with an explanatory power of 53.8%. Conclusion: It is necessary to develop chronic disease management and cognitive function enhancement programs to identify factors influencing the health-related quality of life of elderly men in partial medically underserved rural areas and thus improve their health-related quality of life.

Purpose: This study was to identify changes in cognitive function and fatigue following chemotherapy in patients with stomach or colorectal cancer. Methods: Of the participants, 67 underwent adjuvant chemotherapy, while 66 healthy participants made up the comparison group. Three assessment tools were used: 1) the Korean Mini-Mental State Examination; 2) Everyday Cognition; 3) Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue. The questionnaires were administered in three stages, before chemotherapy, towards the end of chemotherapy, and 6 months after the final chemotherapy session. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and repeated measures analysis of variance (RM ANOVA). Results: At the post-chemotherapy stage, 38.8% of the patients who underwent adjuvant chemotherapy complained of subjective cognitive impairment and reported greater difficulty in the cognitive domains of attention and concentration, memory, and executive function. RM ANOVA revealed a significant decline in cognitive function after chemotherapy. However, improvement was observed six months after the completion of chemotherapy (F=42.68, p< .001). Cancer-related fatigue also showed similar patterns as observed in the case of cognitive function (F=44.76, p< .001). Conclusion: Chemotherapy was associated with increased cognitive decline and fatigue in cancer patients with cancer. Nursing intervention programs need to be developed to counteract cognitive decline and fatigue in patients undergoing chemotherapy.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify factors affecting cognitive function in stomach cancer patients. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study designed to obtain data from stomach cancer patients. The Global Assessment of Recent Stress, Hospital Anxiety-Depression Scale, Distress Thermometer, Korean version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, and electronic medical records were used to assess stress, anxiety, depression, psychological distress, and cognitive function, respectively. Results: Among 182 total participants, there were statistically significant differences in sex between the group of patients who received chemotherapy and those who did not (χ2=5.32, p=.029). There were statistically significant differences in stress and cognitive function between the two groups. The factors affecting cognitive function in stomach cancer patients included distress, stress, anxiety, and depression. Conclusion: Cognitive function should be examined with consideration of the psychological distress, stress, anxiety, and depression in patients with stomach cancer. Moreover, an improved program to manage cognitive function is needed, which includes mediation between psychological and physiological factors including stress, anxiety, and cognitive level.

Objective To investigate the characteristics of cognitive deficits in patients with post-stroke dysphagia, and to analyze the relationships between cognitive dysfunction and severity of dysphagia in supratentorial stroke.Methods A total of 55 patients with first-ever supratentorial lesion stroke were enrolled retrospectively, within 3 months of onset. We rated dysphagia from 0 (normal) to 4 (severe) using the dysphagia severity scale (DSS) through clinical examinations and videofluoroscopic swallowing studies (VFSS). The subjects were classified either as non-dysphagic (scale 0) or dysphagic (scale 1 to 4). We compared general characteristics, stroke severity and the functional scores of the two groups. We then performed comprehensive cognitive function tests and investigated the differences in cognitive performance between the two groups, and analyzed the correlation between cognitive test scores, DSS, and parameters of oral and pharyngeal phase.Results Fugl-Meyer motor assessment, the Berg Balance Scale, and the Korean version of the Modified Barthel Index showed significant differences between the two groups. Cognitive test scores for the dysphagia group were significantly lower than the non-dysphagia group. Significant correlations were shown between dysphagia severity and certain cognitive subtest scores: visual span backward (p=0.039), trail making tests A (p=0.042) and B (p=0.002), and Raven progressive matrices (p=0.002). The presence of dysphagia was also significantly correlated with cognitive subtests, in particular for visual attention and executive attention (odds ratio [OR]=1.009; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.002?1.016; p=0.017). Parameters of premature loss were also significantly correlated with the same subtests (OR=1.009; 95% CI, 1.002?1.016; p=0.017).Conclusion Our results suggest that cognitive function is associated with the presence and severity of post-stroke dysphagia. Above all, visual attention and executive functions may have meaningful influence on the oral phase of swallowing in stroke patients with supratentorial lesions.

This study examined whether subjective age (SA) protects against the adverse effects of low social activity on cognitive func tion in older people. Data from the National Survey of Older Koreans collected during the COVID-19 pandemic were ana lyzed to test this hypothesis. Among the 10,097 older adults aged 65 and older, 9,878 who met the inclusion criteria were se lected. Participants were classified into “older SA” (n=6,437) and “youthful SA” (n=3,441). The results demonstrated that low social activities decreased cognitive function (B= .55, t= 6.20, p< .001), and this effect was more pronounced in the older SA group (B=.82, t=11.55, p<.001), suggesting that the older SA group is more vulnerable to limited social activities. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the reduced social activity of older adults negatively affected their cognitive function. However, these results suggest that maintaining a youthful mind can protect older adults against the adverse effects of limited social ac tivity on cognitive function.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the cognitive function in the elderly and to identify the influencing factors. Methods: The design of this study was descriptive research design. A total of 139 elderly people (aged 65 years and over) visiting the electroencephalogram (EEG) center in Seoul, Korea were evaluated. Data were assessed by self-administered questionnaires and CNS Vital Signs (CNSVS). Data were analyzed using SPSS Statistics 23.0 for Windows. Results: There were significant differences in the Korean Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE), executive functions and reasoning according to education level. K-MMSE, visual memory and executive functions were different depending on the jobs. Age was highly correlated with cognitive function. In addition, stepwise multiple regression analyses showed that the factor significantly associated with reaction time and visual memory was depression. Depression and Trait-Anxiety had significant impacts on executive functions and K-MMSE. Conclusion: CNSVS enabled the accurate and objective measurement of cognitive function. Therefore, this study provides useful data to improve cognitive function of the community-dwelling elderly. The results suggested that there is need for comprehensive interventional programs that manage cognitive impairment.

Objective : This study aimed to analyze the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on cognitive function recovery in patients with stroke. Methods : Data published in Korean and foreign academic journals from 2009 to 2019 were searched using the NDSL, RISS, PubMed, and CINAHL databases. A total of 11 experimental research articles were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. A qualitative assessment was conducted, and a meta-analysis of nine results from seven of the stuides was performed using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis 3.0 program. Results : Based on the results of the meta-analysis, the attention and memory effect sizes were 0.725 and 0.796, respectively, which were both considered a “medium effect size”. Statistically significant changes were observed in both the areas (p<0.05). Conclusion : The results of this study confirmed that tDCS can be useful in the rehabilitation of patients with stroke with limited cognitive function. In addition, the application methods differed, indicating that a formalized tDCS protocol is required.

Objective To assess whether the cognitive function in the acute stage evaluated by domain-specific neuropsychological assessments would be an independent predictor of functional outcome after stroke.Methods Forty patients underwent 4 domain-specific neuropsychological examinations about 3 weeks after the onset of stroke. The tests included the Boston Naming Test (BNT), the construction recall test (CRT), the construction praxis test (CPT), and the verbal fluency test (VFT). The Korean version of Modified Barthel Index (K-MBI) at 3 months and the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at 6 months were investigated as functional outcome after stroke. Functional improvement was assessed using the change in K-MBI during the first 3 months and subjects were dichotomized into ‘good status’ and ‘poor status’ according to mRS at 6 months. The domain-specific cognitive function along with other possible predictors for functional outcome was examined using regression analysis. Results The z-score of CPT (p=0.044) and CRT (p<0.001) were independent predictors for functional improvement measured by the change in K-MBI during the first 3 months after stroke. The z-score of CPT (p=0.049) and CRT (p=0.048) were also independent predictors of functional status at post-stroke 6 months assessed by mRS. Conclusion Impairment in visuospatial construction and memory within one month after stroke can be an independent prognostic factor of functional outcome. Domain-specific neuropsychological assessments could be considered in patients with stroke in the acute phase to predict long-term functional outcome.

Objective To investigate whether patterns of swallowing diffi culties were associated with the location of the brain lesion, cognitive function, and severity of stroke in stroke patients. Method Seventy-six patients with fi rst-time acute stroke were included in the present investigation. Swallowingrelated parameters, which were assessed videofluoroscopically, included impairment of lip closure, decreased tongue movement, amount of oral remnant, premature loss of food material, delay in oral transit time, laryngeal elevation, delay in pharyngeal triggering time, presence of penetration or aspiration, and the amount of vallecular and pyriform sinus remnants. The locations of brain lesions were classified into the frontal, parietotemporal,subcortical, medulla, pons, and cerebellum. Th e degree of cognitive impairment and the severity of stroke were assessed by the Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE) and the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS),respectively. Results An insufficient laryngeal elevation, the amount of pyriform sinus, and vallecular space remnant in addition to the incidence of aspiration were correlated with medullary infarction. Other swallowing parameters were not related to lesion topology. Lip closure dysfunction, decreased tongue movement, increased oral remnant and premature loss were associated with low MMSE scores. A delayed oral transit time were associated with NIHSS scores. Conclusion In-coordination of the lip, the tongue, and the oropharynx were associated with the degree of cognitive impairment and the stroke severity rather than with the location of the lesion, whereas incomplete laryngeal elevation and aspiration were predominant in medullary lesions.

The present study investigates the usefulness of the Clock Drawing Test(CDT) as a tool for the detection of cognitive impairment by examining the association between CDT performance and, the general cognitive function and each cognitive function evaluated by a neuropsychological battery(SNSB-D). Also, this study examines the efficiency of the CDT for differentiating control, mild cognitive impairment(MCI) and Alzheimer's disease(AD). The results of the quantitative analysis of CDT showed significant mean differences across three groups. In the results of the quality analysis of CDT, errors in all types except for size seem to be different in groups and errors in AD groups appear to be a more frequent than in other groups. We found that the CDT score was significantly correlated with the SNSB-D score. The discriminate accuracy of CDT was relatively low in differentiating the MCI from control group, but somewhat better in differentiating the AD from control group and in differentiating the AD from MCI group. This study showed CDT performance reflects general cognitive function and is a useful tool for assessing cognitive impairment. However, CDT is less adequate at differentiating MCI from control group, so if the CDT is used for MCI, there should be special consideration of this finding, with reference to the quantitative analysis of CDT or other screening tests.

Purpose: This study aimed to classify types of leisure activity and examine their associations with self-rated health, depression and cognitive function among older adults in Korea. Methods: Data were drawn from 7,804 participants in the 2020 National Survey of Older Koreans. Types of leisure activity were identified through K-means cluster analysis using respondents' first and second choices of leisure activities. Multivariable logistic regression analyses, adjusted for sociodemographic and health-related covariates were conducted to assess the primary associations between leisure types and dichotomized health outcomes. Results: Five distinct groups were identified: religious activity-oriented, varied physical activity-oriented, walking and rest-oriented, gardening and sedentary activity-oriented, and social activity-oriented. Compared to the religious activity-oriented group, the varied physical activity-oriented (OR=0.71, 95% CI=0.59?0.85), walking and rest-oriented (OR=0.55, 95% CI=0.39?0.77), and social activity-oriented groups (OR=0.46, 95% CI=0.29?0.72) showed significantly lower odds of poor self-rated health. All four types exhibited significantly lower odds of depression; notably, the social activity-oriented (OR=0.40, 95% CI=0.28?0.57) and walking and rest-oriented (OR=0.40, 95% CI=0.28?0.57) groups showed the strongest protective effect. None of the leisure groups showed a significant link to cognitive function risk when compared with the religious activity-oriented group. Conclusions: Leisure patterns involving diverse physical activities and social engagement are strongly associated with favorable health outcomes. Health promotion strategies should prioritize accessible community-based programs that encourage diverse physical and socially engaging activities, while developing targeted interventions (e.g., combining cognitive stimulation with sedentary leisure) to reduce disparities and mitigate cognitive risk among older adults.

Traumatic brain injury is a main cause of long-term neurological disability, and many patients suffer from cognitive impairment for a lengthy period. Cognitive impairment is a fatal malady to that limits active rehabilitation, and functional recovery in patients with traumatic brain injury. In severe cases, it is impossible to assess cognitive function precisely, and severe cognitive impairment makes it difficult to establish a rehabilitation plan, as well as evaluate the course of rehabilitation. Evaluation of cognitive function is essential for establishing a rehabilitation plan, as well as evaluating the course of rehabilitation. We report a case of the analysis of electroencephalography with global synchronization index and low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography applied, for evaluation of cognitive function that was difficult with conventional tests, due to severe cognitive impairment in a 77-year-old male patient that experienced traumatic brain injury.

Purpose: This study aims to examine the influence of vitamin D and calcium on depression and cognitive function of the elderly living alone in a city. Methods: The participants were registered in eight senior centers in S city and they had lived alone. Data were collected between November 28, 2014 and March 7, 2015. A total of 155 people participated in data collection to measure the serum vitamin D, the serum calcium, depression, and cognitive function. The data were analyzed with t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation and multiple regression analysis. Results: There were significant differences in depression according to gender and perceptions of health status. Depression correlated significantly with the serum calcium and perceptions of health status, and a stepwise regression analysis showed that the perceptions of health status were significant. There were significant differences in cognitive function according to education level and age. Cognitive function correlated significantly with the serum vitamin D and a stepwise regression analysis showed that education level and age were significant. Conclusion: Consequently, elderly people with poor perceptions of their health status need a depressive intervention program and those with a higher age and lower level of education need a cognitive function intervention program.