Earticle

1966년 김학영의 등장 이후 재일조선인 문학은 전환기를 맞이한다. 해방 이후 민족조직의 영역에서 수행되었던 재일조선인 문학은 일본이라는 새로운 생태계에서 문학활동을 시작했다. 1970년대 재일조선인 작가들은 작품에서 정치･사상･사회문제를 전면화하며 강한 정치색을 드러냈다. 반면 일본인 작가들은 내면묘사에 치중했으며 이후 일본문단은 내향의 시대를 맞이한다. 이 과정에서 재일조선인 문학은 일본문학과 대비되는 ‘전형성’을 요구받는다. 김학영은 말더듬이, 아버지, 민족문제를 소재로 내향성과 사회문제를 동시에 그려내며 동시대 재일조선인 작가들과 차별된 모습을 보인다. 1976년 발표된 「끌」에서는 김학영 문학의 전형성이 드러난다. 「끌」에서는 아버지의 폭력, 말더듬이, 재일조선인 차별문제를 종합적으로 다룬다. 주인공 경순과 아버지의 관계를 통해 개인의 내면성, 사회문제를 다루었으며 이들 문제가 순환되는 인과관계로 엮여있음을 증명했다. 김학영의 문학은 재일조선인 문학, 일본문학의 특징을 모두 포함했으며 이를 통해 재일조선인 문학 / 일본문학의 이분법적 구도를 극복할 수 있다. 더 나아가 1970년대 일본문학계와 재일조선인 문학의 새로운 관계성을 구축할 수 있으며 재일조선인 문학의 새로운 가능성을 확인할 수 있다.

With the advent of Kim Hak-Young’s writings in 1966, Korean-Japanese literature entered a period of transition. After the liberation of Korea, Korean-Japanese literature (which originated with the different liberation groups of Korea), took the first steps within the literature of Japan. In the 1970s, Korean-Japanese writers expressed their strong political colours by depicting political, ideological, and social issues in their works. Contrarily, Japanese writers focused on the depiction of the internal state of their characters, thus the literature of Japan entered an age of introversion. In this respect, Korean-Japanese writers were required to have a typicality that would be in contrast to that of most Japanese writers. Kim Hak-Young tended to show unique features by describing both the internal state of the characters and social issues, focusing on topics such as stuttering, ethnic issues and fatherly relationships. 「Nomi(鑿)」, published in 1976, showed the typicality of the literary world of Kim Hak-Young; this work deals with both the internal state of individuals as well as social issues, through the relationship between Kyoung-Soon and his father. It proves that these issues are interlinked with each other and that they are also present in causal relationships. His works encompass both the characteristics of Korean-Japanese literature and that of Japanese literature, in turn overcoming the dichotomy between these two cultures. Furthermore, they created an opportunity to re-establish the relationship between Korean-Japanese literature and the literature of Japan. It verified a new possibility for Korean-Japanese literature of the 1970s.

Purpose: A chisel mounted on working implement, such as agricultural machinery used in irregular farming conditions, is subjected to highly variable fatigue loading during work. To ensure the safety of the chisel on a working implement for the duration of its service life, fatigue testing must be performed with the proper fatigue test load conditions. In this study, working loads for a chisel were developed by reconstructing loads from strain gage data collected during field tests and used to conduct fatigue tests on the chisel component. Methods: FE analysis with nCode software was utilized to select the proper quantity and locations of strain gages for load measurements. A fatigue test was performed to experimentally verify the fatigue strength of the chisel and to evaluate the validity of the load history developed with the load reconstruction technique. Results: A strain history for the chisel was obtained from data collected during field tests. The data was filtered for the 14-16 km/h speed range, connected, and merged. The chisel load history was developed using the load reconstruction technique. The resulting load history was expressed as a load spectrum using the rain-flow counting method. Conclusions: A fatigue test was conducted on a chisel under a constant load condition with an equivalent load amplitude and number of cycles, as calculated by Miner's Rule for linear damage accumulation. During the fatigue test, there were no cracks at any position. It is concluded that the fatigue test method proposed in this study can be utilized successfully as a durability evaluation method for the chisel.

This study was conducted to reproduce the woodworking process of Baekje wooden storage facilities. Green timber of Quercus spp. was processed using ancient woodworking tools, and the tool-trace formed in this process were compared with the tool-trace of actual excavated artifacts. In the tool-trace analysis, the length and shape of the tool-trace were objectively recorded using a 3D Scan, and that were difficult to confirm with photograph were confirmed through stereoscopic microscope. As a result, there were two types of adze's tool-trace. One of them is minute straight Blade-top trace line when trimming the wood surface and the other is Plucked trace that appear when strongly chop at the wood. When a chisel bat was not used, a long and wide continuous shape blade trace was produced. And when the chisel head was struck with the chisel bat, a straight blade-top trace was regularly observed. Saw-trace was identified in several layers with fine straight stripes. Through this, it was found that the tool-trace of the woodworking tools, which is estimated to have been used in each process, and the tool-trace remaining in the Baekje wooden storage facility coincide.

목적: 코경유눈물주머니코안연결술에서 “cold steel” 기구인 망치-끌을 효과적으로 사용하는 방법을 소개하고 드릴과의 술 후 결과를비교하고자 한다. 대상과 방법: 본원에서 코눈물관협착 또는 막힘을 진단받고 망치-끌 또는 드릴을 이용하여 코경유눈물주머니코안연결술을 받은 환자총 191명 297안을 대상으로 하였다. 수술 후 경과 관찰에서 눈물흘림 여부 및 해부학적 합병증인 육아종 형성, 눈물소관 막힘, 골공유착, 섬유막 형성 등이 있는지 확인하여 두 환자군의 수술 결과를 비교 분석하였다. 결과: 수술 후 해부학적 합병증은 망치-끌을 사용한 환자군 중 29안(18.6%), 드릴을 사용한 군은 51안(36.2%)에서 발생하였다(p=0.001). 해부학적 실패는 드릴을 사용한 군에서 28안(19.9%), 망치-끌을 사용한 군에서 18안(11.5%)으로 드릴을 사용하였을 때 해부학적 실패 비율이 높았다(p=0.038). 기능적 실패는 망치-끌을 사용한 군에서 13안(8.3%), 드릴을 사용한 군에서 13안(9.2%)이었다(p=0.787). 평균 수술 소요 시간은 망치-끌을 사용한 군에서 25.4 ± 9.1분, 드릴을 사용한 군에서 35.5 ± 10.4분으로 드릴을 사용한군에서 더 긴 수술 시간이 소요되었다(p<0.001). 결론: 코경유눈물주머니코안연결술에서 망치-끌을 사용한 절골술은 드릴에 비해 수술 성공률이 높고 합병증 발생률이 낮은 효과적인수술 방법으로 생각된다.

Purpose: We introduce a “cold steel” hammer-chisel technique for endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy, then compare postoperative outcomes between this technique and a drill technique. Methods: This study included 191 patients (297 eyes) with nasolacrimal duct stenoses or obstructions who underwent endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy using the hammer-chisel or drill technique. Surgical outcomes were compared via follow-up screening for epiphora and anatomical complications such as granuloma and fibrous membrane formation, canalicular obstruction, and synechiae. Results: Postoperative anatomical complications occurred in 29 eyes (18.6%) in the hammer-chisel group and 51 eyes (36.2%) in the drill group (p = 0.001). The anatomical failure rate was higher in the drill group [28 eyes (19.9%)] than in the hammer-chisel group [18 eyes (11.5%); p = 0.038]. Functional failure was observed in 13 eyes (8.3%) in the hammer-chisel group and 13 eyes (9.2%) in the drill group (p = 0.787). The mean operation time was significantly longer in the drill group (35.5 ± 10.4 minutes vs. 25.4 ± 9.1 minutes) (p < 0.001). Conclusions: During endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy, osteotomy with a hammer-chisel is more successful and leads to fewer complications than osteotomy with a drill.

도끼형석기는 후기구석기시대 후반에 등장하는 양면박리기법으로 제작한 석기이다. 동북아시아의 후기구석기시대에는 신석기시대로 이행하는 과정에서 다양한 도구들이 등장하게 되는데 도끼형석기도 그 중 하나이다. 도끼형석기는 러시아의 시베리아, 일본열도 등 동북아시아 전역에 분포하고 있는 양상을 보이고 있다. 하지만 지금까지 한반도 내에서 도끼형석기의 출토 수는 다른 지역에 비해 매우 적다. 그러나 최근 발굴성과로 수양개 Ⅵ지구 2문화층에서 세형돌날과 나뭇잎모양의 찌르개와 더불어 도끼형석기가 출토되었다. 수양개 Ⅵ지구의 도끼형석기를 분석하여 본 결과, 도끼형석기의 소재는 주로 횡장격지를 이용하였으며 차선으로 종장격지, 파편 등을 사용하였다. 평면형태는 타원형이 완성형인 것으로 확인되었으며, 날은 단면 혹은 양면으로 가공하였다. 필요에 따라 기부도 여러 형태로 가공한 것이 보인다. 도끼형석기가 등장한 시기는 한반도의 경우는 절대연대 값이 가장 이른 전주 송천동 유적에서부터 수양개 Ⅵ지구까지 28,000 BP~18,000 BP가량의 시기에 등장한다. 수양개 유적을 제외한 타 유적에서는 도끼형석기가 1~3점 정도만 나타나는데, 이는 사용목적에 따라 제한적으로 소비하였던 것으로 생각된다. 수양개 유적은 도끼형석기를 새기개나 끝날긁개와 함께 가죽가공용도로 주로 사용하였다. 하지만 도끼형석기는 이전 연구사례를 통하여 본다면 가죽가공용도 외에 목재가공용도 등으로 사용하였을 것으로 생각된다. 도끼형석기는 후기구석기시대 후반에 등장하여 오랜 기간 활용되었으며, 동북아시아 전역에 분포하는 출토양상을 보여준다. 도끼형석기와 같은 양면박리기법으로 제작한 석기들은 후에 신석기시대에도 형태가 변화되어 존속되어 사용되는 것으로 생각된다.

The Chisel Type Tool is a stone tool manufactured by biface technology, which was appeared in latter of the Upper Paleolithic. In the Upper Paleolithic in Northeast Asia, a various tools were emerged in the transition to Neolithic, and one of them was the Chisel Type Tool. It is shown that the Chisel Type Tool was widely distributed over all Northeast Asia, including Russia, Siberia and the Japanese Archipelago. However, the number of excavated Chisel Type Tool in the Korean Peninsula so far is very small compared to other regions. However, as a result of recent excavations, the Chisel Type Tool was excavated in company with the micro-blade and leaf shaped Point in multiple layer 2 of Suyanggae Loc.VI. As these are all types of artifacts that was appeared at the transition period and are important artifacts that show the tool change of human, the research of Chisel Type Tool at cultural layer 2 of Suyanggae Loc. VI is necessary. Hence, the writer would like to take the Chisel Type Tool, which was excavated on the Korean Peninsula, as a major research target. Because the number of excavated Chisel Type Tool on the Korean Peninsula so far was small, there has not been performed properly for the analysis of the Chisel Type Tool's type or technical form. As a result of recent excavations, the Chisel Type Tool, which has been excavated in large numbers at Suyanggae Loc.VI, is an example for the largest number of excavated within a single relic site on the Korean Peninsula up to now. As a result of analyzing the Chisel Type Tool of Suyanggae Loc.VI, the materials of the Chisel Type Tool used flake mainly, and the elongate flake and debris were used as the next alternative. The planar shape was identified that an ellipse type was a completion type, and the blades were manufactured to a single side or bi-side. It was shown that the hole portions were also manufactured in various forms as needed. As the manufacturing technique, it is assumed that it was done a steep diagonal flaking to get the materials and the vertical flaking and vertical perfusing to get the shape. In the case of the Korean Peninsula, the time that the Chisel Type Tool was appeared at the period of 28,000 BP to 18,000 BP, from the Songcheon-dong relic site, Jeonju, where the absolute age value was the earliest, to Suyanggae Loc.Ⅵ. In other sites except for the Suyanggae relic site, only 1 to 3 pieces of the Chisel Type Tool was appeared, which seems to have been used restrictively depending on the purpose of use. In the Suyanggae site, the Chisel Type Tool was mainly used as leather manufacturing use together with burin or end-scraper. However, seeing through previous researches, the Chisel Type Tool also seems to be used for wood manufacturing use besides leather manufacturing use. It is shown that the Chisel Type Tool emerged later in the Upper Paleolithic and has been used for a long time, and the excavated patterns are distributed all over Northeast Asia. Stone tools manufactured with biface technology, such as the Chisel Type Tool, seems to be used later in Neolithic by transformed and survived, as well. When becoming the middle of Neolithic, the hunting tools had been changed as follows; the Chisel Type Tool, which was manufactured by biface technology, was transformed into axes and digging tools, and the Point was transformed into with arrowheads. The Stone Age culture of the latter of Upper Paleolithic, which was appeared together with the Chisel Type Tool, is a stone tool culture that spread along with respective cultural characteristics all over Northeast Asia, including Siberia, the Korean Peninsula, and the Japanese archipelago, the shape was gradually changed and survived until Neolithic. In the Korean Peninsula, various stone arrowheads are appeared at Gosan-ri site of Jeju, while axes and digging tools manufactured by biface technology is appeared at Danghasan site of Jangnyeon-ri, Hampyong, and Jingneul site, Jinan, which are relic sites of ...

This study aims to predict tractive efficiency using tractor operational data and to analyze field-scale spatial variability by spatially mapping the prediction results from regression analysis and machine learning models. Field experiments were conducted with a 78 kW-class agricultural tractor equipped with a chisel plow, collecting data on engine speed, tillage depth, travel speed, and slip ratio as input variables for predicting tractive efficiency. All sensor data were synchronized with positional information to facilitate spatial analysis. We developed multiple linear regression, support vector regression, and random forest (RF) models to predict tractor tractive efficiency, evaluating model performance using the coefficient of determination (R²), root mean square error (RMSE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). The predicted results were visualized through GIS-based spatial mapping. The regression model explained approximately 47.3% of the variation in tractive efficiency, while the RF model demonstrated the best predictive performance on the test set (R² = 0.771, RMSE = 1.29%, MAPE = 1.16%). The spatial mapping results showed that the machine learning models effectively captured localized spatial variability within the field, surpassing the linear regression model. This highlights their potential as practical tools for identifying low-efficiency zones and supporting decision-making in precision agriculture.

국내 농업인구 감소 대비 식품소비량이 증가함에 따라 농가의 인력을 대체하고 다양한 작업이 가능하며 가격이 저렴한 국내 기계화 기술이 필요하다. 무동력 디스크해로우 작업기는 경운과 배토가 가능한 복합작업기로서 작업기를 구성하는 주요 구성품들은 필드작업에 의해 발생되는 하중에 구조적 강도와 신뢰성이 충분히 확보되어야 한다. 또한, 실제로 필드 작업 시 작업기에 걸리는 하중은 복합하중 형태로 전달되기 때문에 단순한 형태 하중에 비해 하중계측에 어려운 점이 있으므로 하중계측점의 선정이 매우 중요하다. 본 논문에서는 하중계측점을 선정하기 위하여 복합기의 주요 구성품인 치즐(chisel) 및 디스크해로우암(disk harrow arm)에 대하여 구조해석을 수행하였으며, 3축 방향의 단위하중 응력 계산결과로부터 load reconstruction을 위한 스트레인 게이지 위치를 선정하였다. 또한, 스트레인 게이지의 신호가 하중해석에 적절한 값이 되도록 기존의 형상을 수정하였다.

Equations of motion and continuity equations of a hydraulic breaker are derived. Hydraulic pressures are defined with 6 state variables corresponding to 6 control volumes. Impact analysis procedure of the piston and chisel is developed based on the finite element nodal displacement description. Computer simulation is performed with given design parameters and the results are compared with experimental results.