Earticle

본 논문은 가상 부동산 게임을 통한 가상토지 거래와 분할 거래를 위한 가상 경제 플랫폼을 제안한다. 이것은 실제 존재하는 지구 위의 땅이 아닌 가상공간에서 설계된 3차원 공간을 거래하고 소유하는 가상 경제 플랫폼 에 관하여 연구이다. 이를 위해 메타버스를 이용하여 실제 지구의 모습과 유사한 가상의 지구를 세분화시켜 구현했다. 또한 블록체인 기술을 이용한 가상화폐를 통해 거래의 신뢰성을 가질 수 있게 했다. 게임의 특징으 로는 다음과 같다. 가상공간의 콘텐츠 서비스를 위한 프로세스 기능을 단순화했다. 또한 서비스의 차별화를 통하여 사용자의 진입 장벽을 최소화했으며, 게임을 통해 부동산 분할 매매와 분할임대를 위한 프로세스를 제 안했다. 또한 가상부동산에 대한 수익모델을 통하여 가상 경제 플랫폼에 대한 개념을 제안했다. 본 논문은 메 타버스와 블록체인 기술을 활용하여 기존 경제적 가치 개념을 가상 경제 플랫폼으로 활용하는 연구 모델로 제안한다.

This paper was to proposes a virtual economy platform for virtual land transactions and divisional transactions through virtual real estate games. This is a study on a virtual economy platform that trades and owns a three-dimensional space designed in a virtual space rather than a land on Earth that actually exists. To this end, a virtual earth similar to the real earth was subdivided and implemented using the Metaverse. It also made it possible to have the reliability of transactions through virtual currency using Block-Chain technology. The characteristics of the game are as follows. This study simplified the process function for content service in virtual space. Also, the barriers to entry for users were minimized through differentiation of services, and a process for real estate split sales and split rental was proposed through games. In addition, the concept of a virtual economy platform was proposed through a revenue model for virtual real estate. This paper proposes a research model that utilizes the existing concept of economic value as a virtual economy platform by utilizing Metaverse and Block-Chain technology.

현재 군의 작전은 다양한 정보ㆍ분석ㆍ무기ㆍ작전체계 등을 이용하여 효과적으로 적을 제압하는데 목적을 두고 있다. 이러한 여러 체계들은 통합적인 구성과 해당 자료를 분석ㆍ공유하는 기능들로 이루어져야 한다. 이에 우리 군에 서 운용하고 있는 전장관리정보체계는 다양한 데이터를 수집ㆍ분석하여 비밀을 생산ㆍ공유하여 효과적인 작전을 수행 한다. 하지만 전장관리정보체계에서는 비밀의 생산부터 페기ㆍ이관까지 전자적인 형태로 운용하지 못하고 있으며, 출력 물 기반으로 관리함에 따라 관리의 어려움과 분실 및 유출 등의 다양한 문제가 남아있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 모든 비밀을 전자문서형식으로 관리하고 무결성과 부인방지를 제공하기 위해 블록체인 기술을 적용한 ESDMB(Electronic Secret Document Management with Blockchain)방안을 제시한다. 특히, 이 제안방식에서는 비밀 생산부터 파기까지 조 작 및 유출 등에 대한 보호 대책으로 적합할 것으로 생각된다.

Recently, military operations have been aimed at winning using various information, analysis, weapons, and operation systems. These systems should consist of integrated composition and the function of analyzing and sharing data. Accordingly, military C4I collects and analyzes a lot of data and produces and shares secrets to perform effective operations. However, C4I cannot operate in electronic form from secret production to disposal. And as it is managed based on the output, problems such as difficulty in management and loss/leakage arise. Therefore, in this paper, we propose an ESDMB(Electronic Secret Document Management whit Bloockchain) plan based on blockchain technology to manage all secrets in electronic document format and provide integrity and denial prevention. In particular, the blockchain-based proposal method will be suitable as a protection measure against manipulation and leakage, from secret production to destruction.

블록체인 기술은 모든 거래를 축적하고 저장하며 모든 트랜잭션의 내용을 확인하기 위해 데이터 자체는 압축되 지만 확장성이 제한된다. 또한 거래 유형별로 별도의 검증 알고리즘을 사용하기 때문에 거래 규모가 커질수록 검증 부담 이 커진다. 기존 블록체인은 사양이 낮은 서버를 사용하여 블록 싱크가 되지 않기 때문에 네트워크에 참여할 수 없다. 이러한 문제로 인해 시간이 지날수록 블록체인 네트워크의 데이터 크기가 커지고 자원이 풍부한 사용자를 제외하고는 네트워크 참여가 불가능하다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 일반 동작 검증을 위한 영지식 증명 알고리즘을 연구함으로써 트랜 잭션을 향상시켰다. 이 시스템에서는 일반 동작 검증이 가능한 영지식 회로 생성기 설계와 검증자 및 검증자의 최적화도 수행하였다. 그리고 키 생성을 최적화하기 위한 알고리즘을 개발하였다.

Recently, blockchain technology accumulates and stores all transactions. Therefore, in order to verify the contents of all transactions, the data itself is compressed, but the scalability is limited. In addition, since a separate verification algorithm is used for each type of transaction, the verification burden increases as the size of the transaction increases. Existing blockchain cannot participate in the network because it does not become a block sink by using a server with a low specification. Due to this problem, as the time passes, the data size of the blockchain network becomes larger and it becomes impossible to participate in the network except for users with abundant resources. Therefore, in this paper, we are improved transaction as studied the zero knowledge proof algorithm for general operation verification. In this system, the design of zero-knowledge circuit generator capable of general operation verification and optimization of verifier and prover were also conducted.

산업 현장 기기가 스마트 시스템으로 상호 연결되어 실시간 원격 접속, 데이터 수집 및 공유 그리고 on-demand 명령이 가능한 혁신적인 형태로 발전되고 있다. 복잡한 산업 현장에서 클라우드 기반 다양한 협력 도메인 간의 IoT 장치들 은 유연하게 데이터 교환 및 협업할 수 있어야 한다. 하지만 현실적으로 데이터 보안, 개인정보 보호 그리고 상호 신뢰에 대한 이슈가 있다. 지금까지 여러 연구에서 도메인 간 신뢰 구축을 위해 블록체인 기반 다양한 인증 방법을 제안하였으나 도메인 수와 기기 증가로 블록체인 원장 사본의 로컬 저장에 따른 오버헤드의 문제가 발생한다. 제안 무인증서 키 교환 프로토콜은 신뢰 인증 서버와 엣지 클라우드 서버에 분산 저장하고 있으며 블록체인 서버에는 최소의 도메인 정보를 저장 하여 on-chain으로 인한 과부화를 해결하였다. 또한 인증 과정은 ECDH기반 서명⦁증명을 이용하여 효율성과 안전성을 보장하였고, 기존 연구들과 시간 복잡도 비용 계산을 통한 비교 분석으로 효율성을 확인하였다.

Smart systems are transforming industrial field devices into innovative platforms that support real-time remote access and data orchestration. Although IoT devices in cloud-based domains require seamless collaboration, concerns over security and trust remain significant barriers. Existing blockchain-based authentication models suffer from storage overhead caused by the proliferation of devices and local ledger synchronization. This paper introduces an unmanned certificate key exchange protocol designed to mitigate on-chain congestion. By storing key-value pairs in distributed edge servers and keeping only essential metadata on the blockchain, the system reduces the storage burden. We validated the protocol's security using ECDSA signatures and confirmed its operational efficiency through a cost-benefit analysis of time complexity against conventional methods.

최근 차량은 다양한 ICT 기술을 도입하고 활용하는 방향으로 변화하고 있다. 이에 따라 자동차에는 다수의 소프트웨 어가 설치되었고, 그에 따라 해킹 등 사이버 보안 위협 문제가 발생되고 있다. 이 때문에 각국은 자동차 사이버보안 확 보를 위한 법규정을 마련하고 있으며, 법규정 내 위협기술에 대해 리스크 완화방안 준비가 강제되고 있다. 다만 자동차 기술의 발전 속도에 비해 법규정의 제정은 상대적으로 느릴 수 밖에 없기에, 지속적으로 자동차 기술 발전 트렌드 파악 을 통해 법규정을 개정할 필요가 있다. 본 연구에서는 최신 자동차 사이버보안 특허출원을 탐색 및 분석하여 신규로 자 동차 사이버보안의 보완이 필요한 기술 분야를 탐색한다. 또한 신규 기술분야에 대해서는 위협기술, 보안요구사항을 특 허분석을 통해 제시하고자 한다. 본 연구는 자동차 사이버보안이 강화될 필요가 있는 기술분야를 사전에 도출함으로써, 법규정 개정의 필요성에 대한 논리를 제공하고, 자동차 제조사로 하여금 발생 예상되는 위협기술을 사전에 준비할 수 있도록 하는데 기여하고자 한다.

Vehicles are changing in the direction of utilizing various ICT technologies. Accordingly a number of software ha s been installed in vehicles, resulting in cybersecurity threats such as hacking. So each country is preparing legal re gulations to secure vehicles cybersecurity. However, the enactment of legal regulations is bound to be relatively slo w compared to the speed of development of vehicles technology, so it is necessary to revise the legal regulations by continuously monitoring of vehicles technology development trends. In this study, we search and analyze the latest v ehicles cybersecurity patent applications to explore new technologies that require supplementation of vehicles cyberse curity. Threat technologies/security requirements for new technologies are presented through patent analysis

제4차 산업혁명 속에서 기록관리 분야도 효율적이고 고차원적인 기록관리가 필요하게 되었다. 따라서 기록관리 분야에 특히 수집 프로세스 중 기증에 초점을 맞추어서 자율성 향상 이론과 블록체인 기술을 적용하는 연구를 진행하였다. 기증의 문제점에 대해 자율성과 보상의 의미에 관해서 설명하면서 자율성 향상 이론을 정립하였다. 블록체인에 대한 이해를 통해 적용 가능성을 분석하였으며, 본 논문에서 제안하는 수집 플랫폼 모델을 제시하였다. 그리고 민간기록물 기증에 대한 국가기록원의 사례를 중심으로 현황 이해와 분석을 하였다. 마지막으로 블록체인 기반 수집 플랫폼을 가지고 국가기록원의 기증 프로세스의 개선방안을 제시하였다.

In the midst of the fourth industrial revolution, the field of record management also became in need of efficient and high-level record management. Thus, in this paper, the focus on donation in the field of record management, especially during the collection process, led to research on the theory of self-regulation improvement and applying blockchain technology. Explaining the meaning of autonomy and compensation for the problems of donation, we established the theory of self-regulation. The applicability was analyzed through understanding blockchain, and the collection platform model proposed in this paper was presented. In addition, the current situation was understood and analyzed based on the case of the National Archives of Korea on the donation of private records. Finally, with a blockchain-based collection platform, the government presented a plan to improve the donation process of the National Archives.

The Internet of Vehicles (IoV), a critical component of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), enhances driving safety and traffic efficiency through real-time data exchange. However, the dynamic and heterogeneous nature of IoV introduces significant security and trust challenges. To address these, trust management systems have emerged as vital mechanisms to ensure the reliability and integrity of data exchanged between vehicles. Blockchain technology offers a robust framework for addressing security and trust issues in IoV environments. The decentralized, tamper-resistant, and transparent nature of the blockchain makes it suitable for complex vehicular environments. This survey provides an overview of state-of-the-art blockchain-based trust management systems in IoV. Following a systematic literature review that filtered 8,280 publications to 63 core studies from 2019 to 2024, we present a thematic classification of existing solutions, focusing on those employing public and private blockchains. Unlike previous surveys, our work focuses specifically on the intersection of blockchain and trust management systems in IoV by analyzing approaches across four dimensions: trust computation methods, such as game theory and AI-driven models; blockchain scaling solutions, including sharding, sidechains, and optimized consensus mechanisms; integration with emerging technologies such as 5G/6G, Digital Twins, and Federated Learning; and security and privacy mechanisms. Finally, this survey identifies current challenges and provides future research directions, highlighting the need for more scalable, adaptive, secure, and privacy-preserving trust management systems in IoV.

This research introduces an innovative approach in implementing Know Your Customer (KYC) on blockchain technology as a means of using data, hybrid robust m-estimation, and the iteratively reweighted less squares (IRLS) method to optimize CLV data. This approach aims to improve the accuracy and reliability of CLV predictions by ensuring the security and reliability of customer data. This tool can help companies manage and increase CLV more effectively, meeting data security and compliance standards. The R-squared validation test results are close to 1, so the model can explain data variations well. RMSE and MSE have small values, ??so the model has good performance in predicting the target value. With these achievements, this approach contributes to the development of better marketing strategies and business decisions in an increasingly complex and rapidly changing digital environment.

Numerous consensus mechanisms have been suggested to cater to the specific characteristics of fog computing. To comprehensively understand their unique features, performance, and applications in fog computing, it is crucial to conduct a systematic analysis of these mechanisms. For this study, 79 relevant articles were carefully selected based on predefined criteria. Among these articles, 35 employed work-proof-based consensus mechanisms, 24 utilized voting-based mechanisms, and 22 adopted capability-based mechanisms. Among the 26 identified consensus mechanisms, proof of work remains the most prevalent one. It is important to note that the scope of this paper is limited to the research available in the predominant databases at the time of writing. Future research may expand to include additional databases and more recent literature in this domain.

With the development of blockchain and digital currencies, central banks all over the world are accelerating the process of CBDC development. However, it is still controversial on adoption of blockchain in CBDC design. In the paper, we analyze both functional and non-functional requirements of CBDC design, and make a literature review on blockchain based CBDC schemes. Analysis findings show that permissioned blockchain are more suitable for CBDC than permissionless blockchain. Besides, there are some challenges in blockchain based CBDC, such as performance, scalability, and cross-chain interoperability. Our analysis is timely and can provide guidelines for blockchain based CBDC design.

IoT content usually comes from power-constrained sensors and requires applying different levels of protection. We design a bounded-error-pruned IoT content market (BIoTCM) framework with preserving privacy protection (BEPDPP) scheme using blockchain smart contract. According to payment level applied in smart contract of BIoTCM, our BEPDPP will prune original data within a given level of bounded-error to provide different resolutions of content for consumers. As the real data is intrinsically hidden, content protection is provided with privacy-preserving. Experimental results generated by five different types of IoT content demonstrate that our content protection solution is cost-effective in sensor lifetime.

This article proposes an electronic payment architecture named Pure Wallet (PW), which extends the concept of Blockchain cryptocurrency for offline transactions. The process is divided into three steps. The first step requires the use of Internet connection, to convert cryptocurrency into a token at the token manager. The token manager initiates a transaction that requires the information in the token to complete. Then offline transactions step is performed between electronic devices like mobile phones through a secure Near Field Communication (NFC) using the token in senders device. The financial value in the form of a token is encrypted by the sender and sent to the receiver’s device via NFC. In the third step, the receiver converts the received token into cryptocurrency in the presence of Internet connection by sending the information required to complete the transaction to the token manager. The goal is to propose an electronic payment architecture utilizing Blockchain, which will enable financial transactions without instant connection to the Internet. The Blockchain implementation in this work utilizes smart contract in Ethereum Blockchain. The result shows a successful transfer of value without instant Internet connection. The open issues related to Blockchain in offline transactions are listed for further research works.

To identify health risks in working environments, it is crucial for companies to share personal health data demonstrating to clients and suppliers their employees are healthy, while being compliant with data protection legislation. Based on these considerations, our Blockchain-based BlockHealth solution allows personal health data sharing with tamper proofing and data protection. Traditionally, the Blockchain guarantees data immutability but not confidentiality. On the contrary, BlockHealth stores in the Blockchain only hash values of data. Health data is stored in private databases managed by companies, thus also allowing to delete data in compliance with the right to be forgotten.

Permissioned and private blockchain platforms are increasingly used in today’s industry. This paper provides a comprehensive and comparative study of the 5 major frameworks (Fabric, Ethereum, Quorum, MultiChain and R3 Corda) with regard to the community activities, performance, scalability, privacy and adoption criteria. Based on a literature review, this study shows that even if Fabric is promising, the final selection of a framework for a specific case-study is always a trade-off. Finally, lessons learnt are given for industrial practitioners and researchers.

The main causes for the risks of used-car trading lie in the information asymmetry between buyers and sellers and the absence of a trust mechanism. This study proposed applying the Ethereum blockchain and InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) to construct a used-car trading and management information system that supports decentralized data storage services. This mechanism could support the permanent storage, immutability, and traceability of car maintenance data through the operation of smart contracts. Furthermore, car information is stored and managed by IPFS. Slither monitors the security of this system by detecting security bugs in the operation of smart contracts.

Today, the world of information security is witnessing frequent attacks on electronic medical records by the naive and professional hackers, therefore security of the patient’s Electronic Medical Record (EMR) in Hospital Management System is of paramount importance. In the current research work Blockchain containers running on multiple ports are proposed to be used for holding patient’s medical records. To perform this task effectively, a Blockchain framework named as “Medichain” was developed from scratch with all the basic functionalities of a Blockchain to secure patient’s data. Each block of the Blockchain would contain a list of records of patient details as part of its data. Users would be provided with an option of uploading the file containing the list of records as a JSON file, in a decisive, distributed and decentralized network. The proposed Blockchain Algorithm consisting of cryptographic hash of the records, proof of work and a Merkle tree formulation were simulated in Python and the results have been positive and encouraging.

Blockchain is increasingly offered as blockchain-as-a-service (BaaS) by cloud service providers. However, configuring BaaS appropriately for optimal performance and reliability resorts to try-and-error. A key challenge is that BaaS is often perceived as a “black-box,” leading to uncertainties in performance and resource provisioning. Previous studies attempted to address this challenge; however, the impacts of both vertical and horizontal scaling remain elusive. To this end, we present machine learning-based models to predict network reliability and throughput based on scaling configurations. In our evaluation, the models exhibit prediction errors of 1.9%, which is highly accurate and can be applied in the real-world.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is recognised as a game-changer technology that expands its applicability to a huge variety of domains. The key asset is the data that the myriad of sensors embedded in the environment are constantly generating. The paper describes a Blockchain-based IoT Data Marketplace (BIDM) and presents the proof-of-concept implementation that has been developed to validate it from a functional standpoint. The BIDM enables an ecosystem where sensor owners can expose the observations that their sensors generate while retaining control over who accesses each observation and directly getting revenues according to the price they have set.

The journey towards Industry 4.0 have driven the workforce with the need for continuous competency development to stay on top of their profession and remain attractive to their employers. In this context, E-Portfolio has been conceived as a promising tool for both professionals and employers, in assessing and providing guidance for further workplace learning. Nevertheless, the challenges in implementing E-Portfolio are daunting, particularly with regard to lack of interoperability while collecting and sharing the competency evidences across multiple organizations and institutions. The increasing move towards professional (learner)-centered interoperability poses additional challenges that needs to be addressed to realize the full potential of E-Portfolio in the context of Industry 4.0. This work puts emphasize on realization of professional-centered interoperability and proposes a framework leveraging the advantage of blockchain, decentralized storage system interplanetary file system, smart contract and session management for E-Portfolio creation and sharing evidences across multiple organizations without comprising the confidentiality, integrity and availability of the shared evidences. The proof of concept simulation on Ethereum official test network Rinkeby demonstrates the feasibility of proposed framework in practice. In addition, the evaluation of the proposed framework demonstrates its effectiveness from the aspects of cost and security as a potential solution for implementing E-Portfolio and helping the professional to remain competitive in global labor market.

Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) is used in Blockchain Technology to authenticate the entities and to ensure the integrity of the blockchain. Proper Protection of Bitcoin wallet is required for private keys, seeds and keys stored in external hardware in Blockchain infrastructure. In this paper, overview of Blockchain, analysis of existing PKI for Blockchain and key management for Blockchain wallet are discussed. To achieve the confidentiality of sensitive records over the Blockchain network, a Group Key Management scheme for secure group communication is also proposed.