Earticle

본 연구는 단위세대에서의 개방감을 시야각을 이용하여 평가하는 방법을 제시하며, 주동배치의 디자인과정을 돕는 유용한 전략을 탐색하였다. 기존의 개방감지표와 달리 본 연구의 시야각을 이용한 개방감 평가는 시야의 수평적 시계와 수직적 시계 범위 내에서 단위세대 거실 전면의 중앙에서 개방된 수평적 시야각과 수직적 시야각을 계산하거나 측정하는 것이다. 시야각과 시뮬레이션의 상호관계를 이용하여, 경관이나 시뮬레이션을 대상으로 하여 시야각을 측정할 수 있는 메쉬도 제시되었다. 시야각으로 개방감을 평가할 시에 그 특징은 이격거리와 시선축에서 시야각에서 차지하는 각도도 작아지는 것이다. 이에 따라 엇 ㅡ자 주동배치, 축을 비트는 방법의 배치기법을 통해 개방감이 향상시킬 수 있다. 실제 대구의 한 사례에서 주동배치 변경 후, 주동이 엇 주동배치를 이루고 있어서 수평적인 개방감이 좋은 결과를 낳았다.

This research suggested the evaluation method of the openness of unit housing by using a visual angle and explored a strategy for designing process of Block Layout. This research-suggested evaluation of openness using a visual angle is to calculate or measure the horizontal visual angle and vertical visual angle within the horizontal & vertical visibility scope. This research also suggested the mesh that can measure a visual angle for Simulation using the mutual relation between the visual angle and simulation. In time of evaluating the feeling of openness with a visual angle, this research discovered two characteristics; one is that the weight, in which the separated distance is grasped as a visual angle at 2H from 1H, becomes noticeably smaller, showing 36%.; the other is that when an obstacle moves outside from the visual axis, the angle of an obstacle occupies in the visual angle becomes also smaller. Accordingly, it's possible to increase the feeling of openness through the layout technique to reduce the occupancy weight of an apartment block in a visual angle, which is eating out the feeling of openness. Also, it's possible to draw a Block Layout which is improved in the feeling of openness through the evaluation of horizontal openness used as a strategic methodology. This research demonstrated the alteration effect of Blok Layout through the case of Daegu. This research, formed obliquely-shaped Block-Layout with a big pith of building widthwise and lengthwise, giving birth to a good feeling of horizontal openness.

국지적인 재난 상황이 지속적으로 발생하고 있으며, 장기적인 임시주거 운용의 필요성이 제기되고 있다. 그럼에도 임시주거 계획연구는 개별 유닛 연구와 대공간 내부 공간계획에 집중되고 있어 대규 모 부지에 임시주거를 배치하기 위한 기본연구가 요구된다. 본 논문은 대규모 임시주거 계획에 필요 한 규모 검토 및 배치 계획을 수립하기 위한 공용시설 설치 기준과 배치 유형을 개발하여 향후 대규 모 단지 배치 가이드라인 구축을 위한 기본 자료로 활용하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해서 국내 임시주거 운용 체계를 기반으로 대규모 임시주거 운영의 경험이 있는 국제기구들의 공용시설 유형 을 우선 선별하고, 국제기구 및 국내 유사 시설 설치기준을 준용하여 규모기준을 정립하였다. 격자 그리드형, 커뮤니티 가로형, 중앙 광장형의 기본 유형을 커뮤티니-블록 단위 7개의 유형을 개발하고, 이를 국내 학교 운동장 및 국제기구 기준 블록 규모를 수용할 수 있는 가상의 대지에 적용하여 설치 운용 효율성, 프라이버시, 공동체성 형성의 기준으로 유형별 특성 상호 비교 하였다. 각 유형은 재난 발생 대응 시기별로 상보적으로 운용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

Local-level disasters continue to occur, which requires for long-term temporary housing operations. However, most researches on temporary housing planning have concentrated on individual units and space planning in large indoor spaces. The purpose of this paper is to develop the installation criteria and layout typology for public facilities. Based on the domestic system of temporary housing management, the types of public facilities were established by comparing the guidelines by international organizations with domestic standards. This research developed seven models of community-block layout based on grid distribution, community road, and center squares, and applied them to a virtual site that can accommodate the block size of domestic school grounds and the size standard of international organizations. The characteristics of each model were compared by three criteria including convenience of installation and distribution, privacy and community building. Each facility type can be utilized as a complementary to each other, according to a long-term disaster response scenario.

본 연구에서는 판상형 아파트와 탑상형 아파트의 이격거리와 주동배치에 따른 일조환경을 알아보고자 한다. 본 연구에서는 3차원 시뮬레이션은 이격거리가 1.0H, 0.7H, 0.5H로 변경되었을 때 직각배치, 사선배치, ㅁ자배치에 대해 일조해석프로그램인 Sanalyst 프로그램을 이용하여 수행되었다. 시뮬레이션 결과 이격거리가 멀수록, ㅁ자 배치인 경우 일조시간을 확보하는 비율이 더 높게 나타났다.

The purpose of this study is to investigate sunlight environment according to block layout pattern and distance in the flat-type and tower-type apartment housing. For this study, 3D sunlight simulation was performed by Sanalyst program for the perpendicular, oblique line and square apartment complex arranged when the distance is changed to 1.0H, 0.7H and 0.5H. From the results of the simulation, the farther distance have a higher percentage of sunshine duration in the case of distance and the square pattern have a higher percentage of sunshine duration in the case of block layout pattern.

The purpose of this study is to investigate sunlight environment according to block layout pattern and distance in the flat-type and tower-type apartment housing. For this study, 3D sunlight simulation was performed by Sanalyst program for the perpendicular, oblique line and square apartment complex arranged when the distance is changed to 1.0H, 0.7H and 0.5H. From the results of the simulation, the farther distance have a higher percentage of sunshine duration in the case of distance and the square pattern have a higher percentage of sunshine duration in the case of block layout pattern.

고밀도 도심주택에서는 자연적으로 프라이버시 침해가 발생하기 쉬우며, 이러한 우려는 거주자들에 게 스트레스를 유발시키고, 삶의 질을 떨어뜨리는 원인중 하나로 발전하게 된다. 착공전 설계단계에 서 이러한 문제들을 사전에 파악할 수 있는 지침의 확보가 필요하나 단순한 공식적 해법으로는 데이 터를 확보하는데 한계가 있다. 이에 대한 대안으로 가시장이론(ISOVIST)을 토대로 하는 시각적 침해 도 그래프분석이론을 제안하였으며, 이를 분석 어플리케이션 구축과 실험예시를 통해 그 효용성을 검증하였다. 분석방법은 Batty의 raster기반 ISOVIST와 같이 침해받는 측과 침해하는 측에 일정한 간 격의 2차원 배열의 측정점(node)를 설치하고, 차폐모델에 저해받지 않고 연결되는 각 측정점간의 시 각적 연결빈도를 측정하여, 누적값을 그래프로 재현하였다. 그리고 로우데이터를 캐드시스템으로 전 송하여, 각 주동별, 실별 침해도 데이터와 개선효과를 정량화시켰다. 검증을 위한 실험예시 평가는 3 단계로 진행하였다. 첫 번째는, 2개의 주동이 서로 마주보고 있는 상황을 모델링하여, 거리별(3개), 편심크기별(5개)로 차이를 둔 총 15개의 대안을 마련하였다. 이를 개발된 분석어플리케이션의 그래 프분석을 통해 그 특성을 파악하였다. 두 번째, 이를 토대로 7개의 주동이 정면으로 마주보고 있을 때와 편심으로 어긋나게 배치되었을 때 의 두 가지 실제적인 주동 배치 모델에 적용하여, 총괄적 침해도 측정과 개선효과를 파악하였다. 세 번째, 동일한 모델에 대하여 침해도가 심한 주동의 단위평면의 세부 특성을 파악함으로서 대안을 마 련할 수 있도록 하였다. 데이터의 분석과정에서 다음과 같은 결론을 도출할 수 있었다. 1) 각 주동별 침해도와 단위평면의 실별 침해도를 정량화하고 특성을 그래프화시켜 파악할 수 있었다. 2) 마주보는 동의 중심축의 편심이 클수록 침해도는 줄어들게 된다. 그러나 시각적으로 침해하는 측에서 의도적 으로 관찰하고자 한다면 거리가 멀수록 확률적으로 침해받을 확률이 커진다. 3) 동일 대지 내에 주동 이 평행하게 정렬되어 되어 있는 안과 중심축을 편심시킨 대안을 비교한 결과 중심축이 편심된 안의 침해도는 상당부분 감소한다.

In high density apartments, it is easy to have privacy related issues and such problem not only causes stress to residents but also is developed as one of reasons that deteriorate life quality. Although there should be guidelines to manage such issues at the planning stage before the apartment construction, it is limited to secure such data with a simple and common solution. Therefore as a countermeasure of this, the graph analysis theory on invasion of visual privacy was suggested based on ISOVIST, and its feasibility was assessed through construction of an application and case test. As for the analysis method, the node of 2-dimentional arrangement with regular intervals was installed at the invaded and invading part as Batty’s raster-based ISOVIST while measuring frequency of visual connection between each measuring node that was connected without interference of occlusion model. Then, the accumulated values were represented in a graph. Also, the raw data was transferred to the CAD system while quantifying the data on privacy invasion in each apartment building and room as well as improvement effect. For the assessment of the case test, three stages were promoted. First, the situation with two apartment buildings facing each other was taken into account and total 15 countermeasures were provided depending on distance (3 items) and eccentric size (5 items). Through the graph analysis of the developed analysis application, the characteristics were assessed. Second based on the result derived from the first stage, one case when seven apartment buildings were facing each other and the other case when the apartments were wrongly arranged from the eccentricity were examined to measure the comprehensive level of privacy invasion and improvement effect. And third, the unit plan characteristics of the apartment buildings with sever privacy invasion were examined among the same model to provide a countermeasure. Through the data analysis, it was possible to derive results as follows. 1)It was possible to quantify the level of privacy invasion as well as privacy invasion depending on unit of each room while understanding characteristics by reflecting the features in a graph. 2) Bigger eccentricity of the central axis in the facing apartment building showed less privacy invasion. However, the probability of privacy invasion gets bigger along with distance if a visually-invading party intentional observes others. 3) When comparison was made between the apartment buildings that were evenly arranged within the same land and that of eccentric central axis, the level of privacy invasion for the apartment building with eccentric central axis was extensively reduced.

다양한 크기의 화면을 가진 타블릿 PC, 스마트폰, PC 환경에서 사용자에게 보다 나은 경험을 제공하기 위해, 기존 웹페이지의 수정 및 추가가 불가피해졌다. 하나의 원본으로 다양한 장치에 표현하고자하는 (One Source Multi Use) 요구사항과, 사용자에 맞춤형 경험을 제공하기 위한 요구가 급속도로 높아지고 있고, 그에 따른 표준화가 진행되어 왔다. Scalable Application Description Language (SADL) 은 이런 요구사항을 만족시키기 위한 언어이고, SADL 저작도구는 이러한 언어의 작성을 사용자가 쉽고 직관적으로 하는 것을 돕기 위해 개발한 도구이다. 본 논문에서는 SADL 저작도구에서 Block Layout Editor (BLE)의 설계 요구사항과, 그에 따른 구현결과를 설명한다. 또한 다양한 화면 크기의 단말을 위한 정보 (Delivery Context) 가 어떻게 사용되고, 화면에 표현되는지 설명한다. 앞으로 다양한 화면크기의 단말이 출시될수록, BLE 의 중요성은 더 증가할 것이고, 저작도구의 필수 요소로 자리매김할 것이다.

In this study the recent papers and articles related to facility layout are reviewed to identify the factors to be considered on the development of block layouts. The factors found on the articles are used in the questionnaire to find out the desired closeness ratings for them in machinery plants. The weights found at the survey are used on the development of layouts using CORELAP with examples as a demonstration purpose.

Facility layout is the early stage of system design that requires a mid-term or long-term plan. Since improper facility layout might incur substantial logistics cost including material handling and re-installment costs, due consideration must be given to decisions on facility layout. Facility layout is concerned with low to arrange equipment necessary for production in a given space. Its objective is to minimize the sum of all the products of each equipment's amount of flow multiplied by distance. Facility layout also is related to the issue of NP-complete, i.e., calculated amounts exponentially increase with the increase of the number of equipment. This study discusses Hybrid GA developed, as an algorithm for facility layout, to solve the above-mentioned problems. The algorithm, which is designed to efficiently place equipment, automatically produces a horizontal passageway by the block, if a designer provides the width and length of the space to be handled. In addition, this study demonstrates the validity of the Algorithm by comparing with existing algorithms that have been developed. We present a Hybrid GA approach to the facility layout problem that improves on existing work in terms of solution quality and method. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is able to produce better solution quality and more practical layouts than the ones obtained by applying existing algorithms.

The major components of an engine are engine block (or cylinder block), cylinder head, crank shaft, connecting rod and cam shaft. Thus the engine shop usually consists of six sub-lines, five machining lines and one assembly line. Flow line is the typical concept of layout for machining these parts, especially for engine block. In order to design an engine block machining line, several factors should be considered such as yearly production target, working hours, machines, tools, material handling equipments and so on. If the designers of manufacturing line were unaware of some factors those would be influenced on the system performance, it would make greater problems in the phase of mass production. Therefore the initial design of engine block machining line should be verified carefully. Simulation is the most powerful tool for analyzing the initial layout. This paper introduces the major factors those should be considered for designing the machining line and their effects on the system performance. 3D simulation models are developed with QUEST. Using the simulation model developed the initial layout is analyzed, and we suggest some ideas for improvement.

This paper presents a design procedure for building block integrated circuits that is based on the digraph relaxation model. A set of optimization procedure is prosented for a minimum area and routing-fecsible placement of IC building blocks. Chip area optimization is subject to perimeter and area constraints on the component rectangles in the dissection.