Earticle

The reason location based service is drawing attention recently is because smart phones are being supplied increasingly. Smart phone, basically equipped with GPS that can identify location information, has the advantage that it can provide contents and services suitable for the user by identifying user location accurately. Offering such diverse advantages, location based services are increasingly used. In addition, for use of location based services, release of user's personal information and location data is essentially required. Regarding personal information and location data, in addition to IT companies, general companies also are conducting various profitable businesses and sales activities based on personal information, and in particular, personal location data, comprehending high value of use among personal information, are drawing high attentions. Increase in demand of personal information is raising the risk of personal information infringement, and infringements of personal location data also are increasing in frequency and degree. Therefore, infringements of personal information should be minimized through user's action and efforts to reinforce security along with Act on the Protection of Personal Information and Act on the Protection of Location Information. This study aimed to improve the importance of personal information privacy by empirically analyzing the effect of perceived values on the intention to strengthen location information security and continuously use location information for users who received location-based services (LBS) in mobile environments with the privacy calculation model of benefits and risks as a theoretical background. This study regarded situation-based provision, the benefit which users perceived while using location- based services, and the risk related to personal location information, a risk which occurs while using services, as independent variables and investigated the perceived values of the two variables. It also examined whether there were efforts to reduce risks related to personal location information according to the values of location- based services, which consumers perceived through the intention to strengthen security. Furthermore, it presented a study model which intended to investigate the effect of perceived values and intention of strengthening security on the continuous use of location-based services. A survey was conducted for three hundred ten users who had received location-based services via their smartphones to verify study hypotheses. Three hundred four questionnaires except problematic ones were collected. The hypotheses were verified, using a statistical method and a logical basis was presented. An empirical analysis was made on the data collected through the survey with SPSS 12.0 and SmartPLS 2.0 to verify respondents' demographic characteristics, an exploratory factor analysis and the appropriateness of the study model. As a result, it was shown that the users who had received location-based services were significantly influenced by the perceived value of their benefits, but risk related to location information did not have an effect on consumers' perceived values. Even though users perceived the risk related to personal location information while using services, it was viewed that users' perceived value had nothing to do with the use of location-based services. However, it was shown that users significantly responded to the intention of strengthening security in relation to location information risks and tended to use services continuously, strengthening positive efforts for security when their perceived values were high.

The quantitative evaluation method of the safety management cost was suggested to prevent a gas accident as a major industrial accident. In a gas governor station, process risk assessments such as the fault tree analysis(FTA) and the consequence analysis were performed. Based on process risk assessments, potential accident costs were estimated and the cost-benefit analysis(CBA) was performed. From the cost-benefit analysis for five classification items of safety management cost, the order of the cost/benefit ratio was estimated.

연구목적: 본 연구는 매설 배관에서 고압가스 배관 안전조치 이행시기를 결정하는 데 있어 도움을 줄 수 있는 비용-편익 분석 연구를 통해, 안전투자에 대한 적정성을 높이고자 한다. 연구방법: 첫째, 선행연구 검토를 통해 사고영향범위를 확인하였다. 둘째, 사고시나리오별 발생 빈도를 확인하였으며, 셋째, 임의 의 지역을 선정하여 건물 개별 가격과 평균 가격 적용방법을 비교하여 물적 피해액 산정방법을 제안하 였다. 넷째, 인적 피해액과 비용을 산출하고, 비용-편익 분석을 진행하였다. 연구결과: 물적 피해액을 고 려한 비용-편익 분석 결과 모든 지역에서 타당성을 확보하였다. 개별 건물가격 적용 방법과 평균 가격 적용 방법의 차이는 고밀집 지역 171%, 혼합지역 956%, 저밀집 지역 256%로 나타났다. 결론: 평균 가 격 적용 시 고밀집 지역이 실제 금액과의 차이가 가장 적은 것으로 나타났으며, 해당 분석 방법 사용 시 여러 안전관리 방안에 대한 경제적 타당성 여부와 우선 순위를 판단하는데 활용 가능하다.

Purpose: This study aims to increase the adequacy of safety investments by developing a cost-benefit analysis method that can help determine the timing of implementing safety measures for high-pressure gas pipes in buried pipes. Method: First, the scope of the accident impact was confirmed through a review of previous studies. Second, the occurrence frequency of various accident scenarios was assessed. Third, an arbitrary area was selected to compare methods for applying individual building prices versus average prices. Fourth, human damage costs and expenses were calculated, and a costbenefit analysis was conducted based on these findings. Result: The cost-benefit analysis, considering physical damage, confirmed its validity across all regions. The differences between the building specific price application method and the average price application method were found to be 171% for high density areas, 956% for mixed areas, and 256% for low density areas. Conclusion: The average price application method demonstrated the smallest discrepancy with actual amounts in high-density areas. When using this method, it can be used to determine the economic feasibility and priorities of various safety management measures.

이 연구는 한국인의 위험추구 행위를 이해하기 위해 감각추구성향, 흡연에 대한 지각된 손익, 사회적 흡연 동조 변수가 흡연 위험추구행위에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 특히 연구자들은 매개변수로서 지각된 손익이 독립변수인 감각추구성향 및 사회적 흡연동조가 종속변수인 흡연 의도에 미치는 영향에 매개 역할을 할 것으로 보고 이에 초점을 맞추어 연구를 진행하였다. 연구 결과, 감각추구성향과 사회적 흡연 동조는 상호작용하여 지각된 손익에 어느 정도 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 흡연에 대한 지각된 손익은 감각추구성향과 흡연 위험추구 행동 사이를 매개하지 않는 것으로 나타난 반면, 사회적 흡연동조와 흡연 위험추구 행동 사이를 완전 매개하는 것으로 나타났다. 감각추구성향, 흡연에 대한 지각된 손익, 사회적 흡연 동조의 상호작용이 흡연의도에 미치는 영향을 살펴본 결과 개별변수 중 흡연에 대한 지각된 손익이 흡연의도에 미치는 영향만이 유의미한 것으로 나타났고 그 외 다른 변수 간 상호작용들이 흡연의도에 미치는 영향은 모두 유의미하지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구결과를 바탕으로 한국인의 위험추구 행위에 대한 문화적인 설명력과 이론적인 함의를 서술하였다

The study investigates the influence of sensation seeking, perceived smoking benefits/barriers, and social smoking conformity on the intention of smoking cigarettes in the context of Koreans' risk taking behaviors. Researchers expected that perceived smoking benefits/barriers mediate between sensation seeking and smoking intention, also between social smoking conformity and smoking intention. According to the results, the interaction effect between sensation seeking and social smoking conformity on perceived smoking benefits/barriers is statistically significant. Perceived smoking benefits/barriers do not mediate between sensation seeking and smoking, however, they fully mediate between social smoking conformity and smoking intention. The results also indicate that the three-way interaction effect among sensation seeking, perceived smoking benefits/barriers and social smoking conformity on smoking intention is not statistically significant, but the main effect of social smoking conformity on the intention of smoking cigarettes is statistically significant. Based on these results, the study emphasizes the importance of social smoking conformity as a cultural variable to understand risk-taking behaviors in South Korea.

이 연구는 방사성 폐기물 처분장 입지가 왜 2004년 부안까지는 기피 대상이었다가 2005년 경주에서는 경쟁 대상이 되었는지에 대해 위험인식과 이익인식의 사회적 구성이란 관점에서 접근하여 설문조사를 통해 경험적으로 확인하고자 하였다. 연구 결과 부안과 경주의 설치, 유치지역주민들이 갖는 위험인식은 시설의 객관적 위험만이 아니라 사회적 맥락에 따라 다르게 구성되며 위험인식이 높다 해도 위험에 상응하거나 이를 상쇄할만한 이익이 있다고 인식할 경우 위험을 수용하고자 하는 경향이 높아짐을 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 연구결과는 사용후 핵연료정책 수립을 위한 사회적 공론화를 진행하고자 하는 현재의 상황에서 위험시설에 대한 위험인식이 형성되어 있다 해도 주어지는 이익이 위험보다 크게 인식되면 대상시설의 입지를 받아들일 수 있으며, 이익을 기대하여 위험을 감수하면서 위험시설의 입지를 수용했지만 이후 기대했던 이익이 실현되지 않을 경우 정책과 행정에 대한 불신이 높아질 수 있기에 보다 신중한 정책적 접근이 필요함을 시사한다. 또한 현재의 주민투표제 하에서는 설치지역이 아니라 유치지역 주민에 의해 위험시설 입지가 결정되기 때문에 분배적 정의가 실현되기 위해서는 위험시설로부터 가까운 설치지역주민에 대한 경제적 사회적 배려가 더 필요하고, 입지 결정뿐 아니라 그 이후 방폐장 건설 및 운영과정까지 주민참여의 기회가 확대되어야만 정책에 대한 신뢰가 높아짐을 시사한다.

This study aims to find an answer to the question why the position of nuclear waste disposal facility was changed from an object opposed by local residents until 2004 to an object of competition to place in their neighborhood in 2005. To get an answer, this study carried out a questionnaire survey to identify risk/benefit perceptions based on the perspective of social constructivism. This research found that risk perception of local residents who live around the facility was modified by benefit perception constructed depending on social context, not just corresponding to the absolute level of the risk. Even though risk perception was high, local residents’ acceptability for a certain risky facility was high if local residents perceive given benefits to correspond to or offset the given risk. This result implies for a spent fuel policy that more prudent policy is required because local residents may accept a spent fuel disposal facility regardless of their high risk perception, only if they perceive a benefit bigger than the risk; they may distrust public policy and administration if they were benefit differently from their expectation. In addition, it implies that the current referendum, which allows equal rights to local residents regardless of distance from risky facilities, needs to be improved to give more social and economic benefits to local residents living closer to risky facilities from a perspective of distributional justice. Public trust in policy will be enhanced when opportunities for local residents are expanded to participate in facility construction and operation processes beyond a placement process.

배경: 면역저하 환자에게 발생하는 폐 합병증은 흔히 치명적이다. 폐생검술과 같은 침습적인 진단 술기의 위험도 때문에 일반적으로 임상 양상과 방사선 영상 소견에 근거하여 경험적인 치료가 적용된다. 그러나 최근 수술 술기와 수술 전후의 환자 관리의 발전으로 인해 술기와 연관된 위험도는 줄어든 실정이다. 이에 폐합병증을 동반한 심한 면역저하 환자에서 시행된 폐생검술의 위험성 및 유효성에 대하여 전향적으로 분석하였다. 대상 및 방법: 1996년 6월부터 1999년 12월까지 폐합병증을 동반한 면역저하 환자 42명에서 43례의 폐생검술을 실시하였다. 면역저하는 다음과 같이 정의하였고(1, 혈액학적인 질환으로 인해 화학요법이나 다른 치료를 동반하여 받은 경우, 2. 이식 수술 후 면역 억제제를 복용하는 경우, 3. 1 개월 이상의 스테로이드 복용, 4. 원발성 면역결핍 질환), 이상의 면역저하 환자에서 새로운 폐합병증을 동반하고 1 주간의 경험적 치료에 호전이 없거나 급속하게 진행되는 경우를 대상으로 하였다 기저 질환은 혈액학적 질환(31명), 이식 수술 환자(3명), 고형암으로 인한 화학요법(2명)등이었으며 수술은 개흉술이나 video-aided thoracoscopic surgery (VATS)를 통하여 이루어 졌다.

Background: Pulmonary complications in immunocompromised patients are often fatal. Empirical treatment is usually applied based on the clinical and radiological findings because of the risk of the aggressive diagnostic procedures such as open lung biopsy. However, recent advancements in operative procedures and perioperative management has decreased the procedure-related risks. We have prospectively analyzed the risks and benefits of the early application of open lung biopsy in such patients. Material and Method: Forty-two consecutive immunocompromised patients with critical pulmonary complications were included from June, 1996 to December, 1999. The definition of the immunocompromised is as those with chemotherapy and/or other modality for hematologic disorders, with usage of immunosuppressive drug after transplantation, with usage of steroid for more than 1 month, and with primary immunodeficiency disorders. The indication of open lung biopsy was those with no significant improvement after a week of aggressive application of empirical treatment or with rapidly aggressive process. The underlying disease included hematologic disorder(31 patients), post-transplantation(3 patients), chemotherapy for solid tumor(2 patients), and others(6 patients). Operations were done through thoracotomy(conventional or mini-) or VATS.

본 연구는 고리원전 정전사고를 반면교사로 삼아 불확실한 원전안전 사고의 가능성이 상존하는 위험사회에서 가외성의 효용을 세 가지 측면에서 분석해보았다. 첫째, 고리원전의 경우 기술적인 측면에서 높은 불확실성하에서 3단계에 걸친 높은 비용을 지불하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 인간적 결함이 결합되면서 실질적으로 가외성이 작동하지 않아 원전의 안정성에 심각한 타격을 준 것으로 평가되었다. 인간적 결함으로 인한 실수를 줄이기 위해서는 현실성 높은 교육훈련이 요구되는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 내부운영적인 측면에서는 원자력안전위원회가 교육과학기술부 소속으로 있다가 2011년 10월 26일 대통령직속 행정위원회로 격상되어 옮긴 후에는 인력을 감축하면서 현장감독의 부실로 이어져 사고를 초래한 것으로 평가되었다. 더구나 2013년 3월 23일 박근혜정부의 조직개편과정에서 우여곡절 끝에 원자력진흥위원회 위원장인 국무총리 소속으로 원자력안전위원회를 두면서 위상을 격하시켰기 때문에 관리감독의 부실이 우려되었으며, 원전안전을 더 위태롭게 하는 것으로 평가되었다. 셋째, 외부통제 측면에서는 법령상 ‘고리원전 민간 환경감시기구’를 두고 있으나, 실질적으로 사고현장 조사권이나 입회권이 없는 ‘이빨 빠진 감시견’ 역할밖에 할 수 없어 결국 현장 감시기능의 부재로 사고를 초래한 것으로 평가되었다. 따라서 관련 법령과 조례의 개정을 통해 지역주민과 지방정부가 실질적인 감시권한을 가져서 투명성(transparency)을 확보할 수 있는 제도적 장치가 요구되는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 본 연구결과 불확실성이 높은 위험시설물 관리에 있어서 결국 형식적으로 가외성의 장치를 두고 있다고 하더라도 실질적으로 관리와 운영 단계에서 분권적이고 중첩적인 견제장치가 작동하지 않으면 안전성에 심각한 타격을 주는 것을 발견하였다. 특히 인간적 결함으로 인한 실수를 반복하는 체계적 오차를 줄이기 위해서는 원전운영의 투명성을 확보하여 비판의 빛 아래서 운영되도록 하는 제도정비가 요구되는 것으로 나타났다.

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the benefits of the redundancy under the uncertainty of negligent Kori Nuclear Power Plant accident of the February 9th 2012 in the risk society. First, Kori Nuclear Power Plant payed for the high cost of overlapping functions for safety in the aspects of technical redundancy. But human errors coupled with technological arrangements gave rise to the station blackout accident. second, the cutback management of the human power in Nuclear Safety and Security Commission of October 26th 2011 caused the reduction of supervisory capabilities in the aspects of internally administrative control redundancy, which resulted in the blackout accident. Third, local governments and formal civil supervisory organizations are watchdogs without teeth in the externally political control aspects. So, I suggest that the enactment of multi-level and polycentric transparent control systems should be needed for preventing systematic errors in the uncertain risk society.

Objectives: An objective of this study was to perform a risk assessment and social cost-benefit analysis for revising permissible exposure limits for seven substances: Nickel(Insoluble inorganic compounds), benzene, carbon disulfide, formaldehyde, cadmium(as compounds), trichloroethylene, touluene-2,4-diisocyanate. Materials and Methods: The research methods were divided into risk and hazard assessment and cost-benefit analysis. The risk and hazard assessment for the seven substances consists of four steps: An overview of GHS MSDS(1st), review of document of ACGIH's TLVs (2nd), comparison between international occupational exposure limits and domestic permissible exposure limits(3rd), and analysis of excess workplace and excess rate for occupational exposure limits based on previous work environment measurement data(4th). Total cost was estimated using cost of local exhaust ventilation, number of excess workplace and penalties for exceeding a permissible exposure limit. On the other hand, total benefit was calculated using the reduction rate of occupational disease, number of workplaces treating each substance and industrial accident compensation. Finally, the net benefit was calculated by subtracting total cost from total benefit. Results: All the substances investigated in this study were classified by CMR(Carcinogens, Mutagens or Reproductive toxicants) and their international occupational exposure limits were stricter than the domestic permissible exposure limits. As a result of excess rate analysis, trichloroethylene was the highest at 11%, whereas nickel was the lowest at 0.5%. The excess rates of all substances except for trichloroethylene were observed at less than 10%. Among the seven substances, the total cost was highest for trichloroethylene and lowest for carbon disulfide. The benefits for the seven substances were higher than costs estimated based on strengthening current permissible exposure limits. Thus, revising the permissible exposure limits of the seven substances was determined to be acceptable from a social perspective. Conclusions: The final revised permissible exposure limits suggested for the seven substances are as follows: $0.2mg/m^3$ for nickel, 0.5 ppm(TWA) and 2.5 ppm(STEL) for benzene, 1 ppm(TWA) for carbon disulfide, $0.01mg/m^3$(TWA) for cadmium, 10 ppm(TWA) and 25 ppm(STEL) for trichloroethylene, 0.3 ppm(TWA) for formaldehyde, and 0.005 ppm(TWA) and 0.02 ppm(STEL) for toluene diisocynate(isomers).

국내 확정급여형(DB) 퇴직연금제도는 원리금 보장 중심의 적립금 운용으로 향후적립부족위험 및 기업의 재무위험에 노출될 개연성이 높다. 이를 개선하기 위해서 ALM에기반한 부채연계투자(LDI)전략이 요구된다. 본 논문은 잉여금 중심의 리스크패리티(RP) 포트폴리오 접근법을 통해 현행 퇴직연금제도에서 활용 가능한 자산운용전략을비교분석하고 ‘국면전환 RP전략’을 LDI전략으로 제시하고 있다. 실증분석결과 국면전환RP전략은 최소 분산포트폴리오(MVP), 최대 리스크분산포트폴리오(MDP), 전통적 RP전략, 계층적 RP전략보다 높은 위험조정수익률(RASR)과 안정적인 적립비율 추이를 보여주었다. 이는 국면전환 RP전략이 고변동성국면에서는 부채매칭 포트폴리오를, 저변동성국면에서는수익추구 포트폴리오를 채택하는 것에 기인한다. 하지만, 연구모형의 성과는 절대적이지않으며 투자기간, 투자자산 등에 따라 달라질 수 있으므로 자산운용 적용 시에는 기금별IPS를 고려한 종합적인 검토가 필요하다. 향후 본 연구의 방법론 및 결과는 퇴직 연기금자산운용의 활성화 및 안정화에 기여할 것으로 기대한다.

To manage the surplus risk of DB pension plan, this research compares and analyzes asset management strategies available in the current DB pension plan through a risk parity(RP) approach centered on surplus. In conclusion, “Regime switching RP” is presented as an LDI strategy that combines “Classic RP” with “Hierarchical RP”. Empirical analysis implies that the Regime switching RP shows a higher risk-adjusted return and stable funding ratio trend than MVP, MDP, Classic RP, Hierarchical RP. In fact, Regime switching RP implements a portfolio of liability matching in high-volatility regime and a portfolio of return seeking in low-volatility regime. The methodology and results of this study are expected to contribute to the activation and stabilization of asset management of retirement pension funds.

본 연구에서는 농업기상재해 조기경보시스템의 전국 확대 구축을 위한 기초자료를 제시하고자, 조기경보서비스를 활용하는 농가를 대상으로 만족도를 조사하였고, 시범사업 추진에 따른 비용편익을 분석하였다. 설문에 참가한 농가는 조기경보서비스에 대해서 대체로 만족하였고 농사에 잘 활용한다고 응답하였다. 그리고 조기경보서비스에 대한 월간 지불의사금액은 평균 8,833원으로 조사되었다. 조기경보서비스가 전국으로 확대되어 시 군 농가의 50%가 6개월간 이용한다고 가정하면, 편익대비 비용의 비가 2.2로 분석되어 전국 확대를 위한 사업추진의 타당성이 높은 것으로 평가되었다.

This study aims to suggest the basics for the implementation of the farmstead-specific early warning system (FEWS) for weather risk management nationwide. A survey by questionnaire was conducted to examine farmer's response, and a cost-benefit analysis was made to examine the effect of the FEWS on the economy. The farmers who volunteered to participate in this survey responded that they were generally satisfied with the FEWS, and that they used it well for farming. Willingness to pay (WTP) for the early warning service was estimated to be 8,833 KRW per month by survey respondents. If the early warning service is extended to nationwide and 50% of farmers use it for six months, then the ratio of benefit to cost will be 2.2, indicating that nationwide expansion of the FEWS is very feasible.