Earticle

과학과 이성이 신앙의 자리를 대신하기 시작한 계몽주의 시대에 만들어진 오토마톤은 당대의 첨단 기술과 연구가 총체적으로 결합된 피조물이었다. 오토마톤의 역사 이면에는, 마치 조각 작품처럼, 모방충동이 내재되어 있는데, 이는 단순히 생명체의 외관만을 모방하려는 것이 아니라 그 움직임, 즉 시간의 흐름과 결합된 상태까지 재현하려는 열망이다. 본고는 닮음의 재현이라는 모방의 속성에 초점을 맞추어 오토마톤의 위치를 18세기 예술의 맥락과 계몽주의적 인간관, 그리고 과학기술의 담론 속에서 짚어보았다. 자크 보캉송(Jacques Vaucanson)의 <플루트 연주자 The Flute player>가 유기체를 흉내 내는 인공물에 초점을 맞추었다면, 피에르 자케-드로(Pierre Jaquet-Droz)가 만든 <문필가 The Writer>는 자동적이고 기계적이라는 차원에서 인간에게 역할모델을 제공하였다. 반면 볼프강 폰 켐플렌(Wolfgang von Kempelen)의 <터키인 The Turk>은 기계를 조작하는 숨은 조종자의 존재를 통해 인간과 기계 중 누가 주(主)가 되고 누가 부(副)가 되는지 의문을 제기하였다. 오토마톤의 등장은 인간과 기계를 별개의 것으로 구별해왔던 이전의 사고방식에 결정적인 변화를 가져왔다. 기계의 존재를 의문시하면서 인간과의 관계를 명확히 하고 싶었던 18세기 사람들에게 오토마톤은 인간과 기계 사이의 경계를 의식하게 했고, 그 경계가 임의적이고 일시적이라는 것을 깨닫게 해 준 계기가 되었다.

The automaton, created during the Age of Enlightenment when science and reason began to take the place of religion, was a conception that wholly combined advanced technology, skills, and research of the time. Inherent in the history of the automaton is an impulse to imitate—just like a sculpture. The automaton, however, does not simply imitate the exterior of a living organism; there is the desire to reproduce not just movements but a combined state with the flow of time. This abstract focuses on the features of imitation called the reproduction of resemblance, and examines the automaton in the context of eighteenth-century art, human views of the Enlightenment, and its position in the discourse of science and technology. If Jacques de Vaucanson’s The Flute Player focused on an artifact that imitated an organic body, Pierre Jaquet-Droz’s The Writer provided us with a role model on an automatic and mechanical level. In contrast, Wolfgang von Kempelen’s The Turk raised the question of which between man and machine would be the master and the assistant through the existence of a hidden operator working within the machine. The appearance of the automaton brought decisive change to previous ways of thinking that separated man and machines as two distinct things. To the people of the eighteenth-century, who questioned the existence of machinery and wanted to clarify its relations with man, the automaton raised consciousness of the boundary between man and machinery, and it became an opportunity for man to perceive this boundary as arbitrary and temporary.

An important amount of clinical data concerning the medical history of a patient is in the form of clinical reports that are written by doctors. They describe patients, their pathologies, their personal and medical histories, findings made during interviews or during procedures, and so forth. They represent a source of precious information that can be used in several applications such as research information to diagnose new patients, epidemiological studies, decision support, statistical analysis, and data mining. But this information is difficult to access, as it is often in unstructured text form. To make access to patient data easy, our research aims to develop a system for extracting information from unstructured text. In a previous work, a rule-based approach is applied to a clinical reports corpus of infectious diseases to extract structured data in the form of named entities and properties. In this paper, we propose the use of a Boolean inference engine, which is based on a cellular automaton, to do extraction. Our motivation to adopt this Boolean modeling approach is twofold: first optimize storage, and second reduce the response time of the entities extraction.

In view of the web service model checking application, the combination mode of traditional finite state machines cannot guarantee the correctness of Web composite service. A web service model diction algorithm of non-centralized automaton based on satisfiability modulo theories (SMT) is proposed. First, SMT is used for bounded model checking of time automaton, and the time automaton model is directly converted into logical formula that can be identified by SMT, to make solution; secondly, the proposed SMT time automaton theory is used to achieve the employee travel arrangements web services for modeling and verification; finally, through an example analysis, the effectiveness of the algorithm on the termination of the path deadlock and the optimization of network parameters.

The AADL is considered as one of the most powerful language for modeling the embedded systems. In this work, we propose an approach for the verification of the AADL architecture by using of the timed automata formalism. Indeed, the AADL architecture cannot be directly analyzed by model checking. An alternative for achieving that is to use the model driven engineering technology to extract an analysis model so that the properties can be verified using a model checker toolbox. The goal of this effort is to insure some properties of the AADL models using the Uppaal model checker. We show the application of our approach to an example.

본 연구에서는 FDM법과 CA법을 결합하여 주물의 응고조직성장 예측 프로그램을 개발하였다. 새로운 농도장 분포 알고리즘을 개발하고, 이 결과를 1차원 해석해와 비교하였으며, 이를 2차원 응고조직 및 농도계산에 적용하였다. 3차원 응고조직 예측 해석연구를 통하여 복잡한 형상의 주물에 적용 하였으며, turbine blade형상의 응고조직 시뮬레이션을 통하여 인출속도가 응고조직에 미치는 영향에 대하여 조사하였고, 원하는 주조조업변수를 본 시뮬레이션에 의하여 결정할 수 있으리라 생각된다.

Computer simulation of the solidification grain structure was applied to the casting process by using CA-DFDM. The Direct Finite Difference Method (DFDM) for temperature field calculation and latent heat treatment was coupled with Cellular Automaton (CA) method for the grain growth. 2-dimensional simulation of the solidification grain structures and calculation of the concentration fields were carried out and the calculated concentration distributions were compared with exact solution. Castings having complex geometries such as turbine blades were applied for 3-dimensional CA-DFDM. Effects of grain selector and mold extraction speed on the solidification grain structures in the turbine blade were examined.

A new problem of the theory of finite automata (Rabin-Scott's automata) is considered. So called basis automaton for the given regular language l is defined. this automaton is unique for the given L, it is defined by two au-tomata of canonical form: for L and for its inverse language LR. Some properties of basis automata are considered. Such properties make these automata most convenient for using in some special tasks dealing with the given regular language.

In this Paper we consider non-deterministic finite Rabin-Scott's automata. We define special abstract objects, being pairs of values of states-marking functions. On the basis of these objects as the states of automaton, we define its edges; the obtained structure is considered also as a non-deterministic automaton. We prove, that any edge of any non-deterministic automaton defining the given regular language can be obtained by such techniques. Such structure can be used for solving various problems in the frames of finite automata theory.

The present paper discusses non-deterministic finite Rabin-scott's automate. The majority of works recently dealing with this subject were, in fact, concerned only with properties of a canonical term automata or of some objects equivalent to it. This article continues the series of works in which the authors state a different point of view, describing the finite automata as just another invariant of the given regular language called basis finite automaton. In this article the authors argue on some new properties for the basis finite automaton. One of them is included into basis automaton's table of binary relations. It is stated that this table can not contain either identical strings or identical columns. Another property depicts a possibility to obtain any finite automaton for a given regular language by the process of duplicating or combining some of its states.

Aiming to solve the problems of high memory access and big storage space and long matching time in the regular expression matching of extended finite automaton (XFA), a new regular expression matching algorithm based on high-efficient finite automaton is presented in this paper. The basic idea of the new algorithm is that some extra judging instruments are added at the starting state in order to reduce any unnecessary transition paths as well as to eliminate any unnecessary state transitions. Consequently, the problems of high memory access consumption and big storage space and long matching time during the regular expression matching process of XFA can be efficiently improved. The simulation results convey that our proposed scheme can lower approximately 40% memory access, save about 45% storage space consumption, and reduce about 12% matching time during the same regular expression matching process compared with XFA, but without degrading the matching quality.

This paper attempts to examine how Poe theorizes modernity in relation to experience, knowledge, and its representational skill. Particular cultural environ- ment reflected in Poe, Benjamin, and Baudelaire, that of a modern, technological, and crowded city, is tied up with their creativity in some sense. In Poe's “The Man That Was Used Up” (1839), the coupling between subject and technological environments is a primary detriment to the "post-ness" of the post-human subject, producing modern experience and knowledge. Benjamin and Poe theorize modernity in relation to the idea of the city stroller, flaneur. Flaneur moves not so much of a religious world, but in that of capitalist reification. Benjamin indicates the increase of shock experience, or the overwhelming stimuli of modernity, as the cause of the decrease in Erfahrung. Therefore the act of storytelling has undergone a transformation in the form of the short story. For Poe and Benjamin, the short story is the narrative form that takes the shock-Erlebnis as its basis. Rather than connecting the reader to a continuous unconscious experience, the short story produces a petrified image of experience, an artificial Erfahrung.

수서 생태계에서 생물막 성장을 고찰하기 위해 2차원 셀룰라오토마톤 (CA) 모델을 구현하였다. 영양물 농도와 연계하여 CA의 단순한 지역 규칙을 세균 개체군의 성장을 나타내는데 적용하였다. 초기 세균 분포는 낮은 영양물 농도에서 개체군 크기와 생물막 형태를 결정하는데 중요한 역할을 하였다. 집중분포에서는 균일분포나 마구잡이분포에 비해 개체군 크기가 느리게 증가하였다. 반면 공극률은 다른 초기 분포에 비해 균일분포에서 높게 나타나는 경향을 보였다.

Two dimensional cellular automaton (CA) models were developed to investigate growth of biofilms in aquatic ecosystems. Simple local rules on CA were applied to governing growth of bacterial populations in relation to different nutrient concentrations. Initial bacterial distribution played an important role in determining population size and morphology of biofilm at low concentrations of nutrition. With clumped distribution, population size increased slowly compared with uniform and random distributions, while the porosity tented to be higher with uniform distribution compared with other initial distributions.

데까르뜨에 있어 동물의 감각력 논란을 촉발시킨 것은 그의 ‘자동기계’론이다. 그는 ꡔ방법서설ꡕ에서 동물의 신체를 인간이 만든 ‘자동기계’와 비교해 신이 만든 더욱 정교한 ‘기계’라고 하였다. 이것이 이후 일반적으로 ‘동물’과 ‘기계’를 결합한 ‘동물기계’론의 배경을 이룬 것으로 알려지고 있다. 사실상 문맥을 잘 읽어보면 이는 단지 동물‘만’이 자동기계라는 것을 말하고 있는 것이 아니다. 그는 여기서 전반적인 그의 과학적 기계론 또는 기계론적 자연관의 연장선에서 동물뿐 아니라 인간의 신체까지도 기계론적 관점에서 설명하고자 한다. 즉 그는 동물의 운동을 모두 기계적인 원리로부터 해석하고자 하는 것이다. 이렇게 동물을 기계론의 관점에서 설명할 때 그 강조점을 어디에 두느냐에 따라 결론은 사뭇 달라질 수 있다. 기계론적 관점의 경우 이는 데까르뜨에 있어 동물의 몸뿐만 아니라 인간의 몸에도 분명히 적용되는 것이다. 따라서 코팅엄이 말한 것처럼 데까르뜨가 동물들을 “기계” 또는 “자동기계”라고 규정한 것만으로 단순히 데까르뜨가 당연히 동물의 감각을 부정했다고 단정하기 어렵다. 결국 데까르뜨의 주된 입장은 그 초점이 동물-기계-감각의 부정이라는 문제에 있는 것이라기보다 기계론적 세계관의 확립에 있다고 할 수 있다. 데까르뜨는 일부 극단적인 데까르뜨주의자들의 입장과 달리 결코 동물의 감각을 전면 부정하지 않는다. 따라서 우리는 데까르뜨가 일관적으로 동물의 감각력을 부정했다는 결론만을 수용했던 기존의 일부 이론에 대해 과도한 것이었다고 하지 않을 수 없다. 우리는 데까르뜨의 동물론에 대해 균형잡힌 시각을 회복해야 한다.

In Descartes, it is his theory of ‘automates’ that causes the controversy on animal’s sentience. He called animal’s body a better ordered machine made by God, comparing with ‘automaton’ made by man in Discourse on the Method. After that, this is generally known as the beginning of the theory of ‘automates’ combined with ‘bete’ and ‘machine’ together. This passage doesn’t have any such meaning that animal alone is the automaton. He is willing to explain not only animal body but also human body equally from his mechanical point of view. He made an attempt to interpret animal’s movements altogether through the mechanical principle. As Cottingham said, it is difficult to conclude that Descartes’s animal lacks sentience from that he calls animal ‘machine’ or ‘automaton’. Descartes’s point doesn’t consist in the negation of animal’s sentience but in the establishment of the mechanic world-view. Therefore the interpretation that Descartes consistently deny animal’s sentience from first to last is too excessive. He is on neutral ground.

이 글은 스피노자가 정신을 정신적 자동장치로 재정의한 이유를 밝히는 것을 목표로 삼는다. 스피노자는 데카르트와 마찬가지로 사유와 연장, 정신과 신체가 서로 상호작용하지 않는 존재론적 자립성을 지니고 있다고 간주하면서도, 데카르트와 달리 존재론적 이원론이 아니라 실체의 존재론적 동일성과 속성들의 다양성이라는 존재론적 입장을 제시한다. 이러한 입장에 근거하여 그는 정신을 정신적 자동장치로 규정한다. 이러한 충격적인 개념은 몇 가지 함의를 지니고 있다. 첫째, 이 개념은 정신을 관념들이 모여 있는 일종의 기체(基體)가 아니라 사고하고 느끼고 정서를 갖는 등의 기능적 집합으로서 제시한다. 둘째, 이러한 관점에 따르면 인식은 현실 사물로부터 정신으로 진행하는 것이 아니라, 정신 내부에서 관념과 관념의 연쇄를 통해 이루어진다. 셋째, 이로부터 정신의 능동 및 수동과 신체의 능동 및 수동 사이에는 비례관계가 존재한다는 결론이 따라 나온다. 따라서 들뢰즈가 3중의 평행성 개념을 통해 스피노자의 심신이론을 재해석하려고 한 것은 흥미로운 시도이기는 하지만, 스피노자의 정신적 자동장치라는 개념이 담고 있는 새로움을 파악하는 데는 충분치 못하다는 것이 우리의 결론이다.

In this paper we try to understand why Spinoza has attempted to redefine the mind as a spiritual automaton. As Descartes, author of the Ethics thinks that Thought and Extension, mind and body don't interact between themselves. However, against Descartes, he does not derive the ontological dualism from it, rather the ontological identity of the subject and the multiplicity of the attributes. On the basis of this ontological thesis, he defines the mind as a spiritual automaton. This shocking expression contains some innovative implications. First, it takes the mind not as a substrate in which the ideas are gathered together, but as a functional emsemble which thinks, feels, has affects and so on. Second, according to this conception, the cognition does not proceed from the things to the mind, but from one idea to another idea. Third, hence there is a proportional relation between action and passion of the mind, and action and passion of the body. Thus, Deleuze's reinterpretation of the parallelism is an interesting attempt to understand the novelty of Spinoza's conception of mind, but remains an insufficient one.

The article investigates the subversive possibilities and limitations of Eliza’s acting in George Bernard Shaw’s Pygmalion(1914), focusing on the recurring trope of the marionette. Drawing upon the emergent discourses on automaton at the turn of the twentieth century, which coincided with the early modernist attempts to eliminate human actors on stage, the article demonstrates how the heroine’s transformation from a flower girl to a perfect duchess evokes ambivalent feelings of fascination and anxiety in the viewer. Eliza’s compelling performance as an “artificial duchess” destabilizes the essentialist notion of class and poses a threat to the existing social order. This potentially disruptive power, however, is precarious because Eliza is subjected to Higgins’s directorial control and lacks agency over her own identity. The article argues that the play’s subversive promise is manifested in the heroine’s ultimate transition from an automaton-like actress to the uber-marionette, an ideal performer equipped with free will and self-control, that Edward Gordon Craig has suggested for the theater of the future.

일반 오토마톤은 다중 입력 전이를 허용하기에 과거 전이 경로가 필요한 경우에는 별도 작업이 필요하다. LR 오토마톤의 경우는 스택을 이용하여 과거 전이 경로를 저장한 후에 파싱 시에 이를 이용한다. 한편 과거 경로의 정보를 포함하도록 상태 구성이 가능한 경우에는 과거 정보 추적을 위한 오버헤드를 피할 수가 있다. 본 논문에서는 과거 전이에 의존하지 않는 단일 상태 파싱 오토마톤을 제안한다. 적용 가능한 문법 클래스는 LR 문법보다 작으나, 오토마톤의 상태가 과거 경로의 정보를 포함하기에 LR 오토마톤과 달리 파싱시에 과거 정보의 추적이 불필요하다.

A general automaton allows multiple input transitions, so a special treatment is required when the history of transitions is needed. An LR automaton keeps the past transitions in the stack to use them during parsing. On the other hand, when each state in an automaton contains in itself the past transition history, the trace overhead of past transitions is unnecessary. The paper suggests a single state parsing automaton that does not depend on the past transitions. The applicable grammar class is less than LR grammars, but each state in a new automaton contains the past information, so the tracing of the history is not required compared to LR automaton.

For fault diagnosis of machines and equipments, knowledge-based method has been used widely but has some limitations for complex systems. These can be covered by model-based method. As one kind of model-based method, Qualitative modeling diagnosis method is developed in this research. The developed method uses output signal only. In this method quantization of the output signal mattes automata which can characterize the flow of the signal pattern to normal and fault respectively. As an example of the qualitative diagnosis method, an electric tool which has faults at gear and bearing were examined in this research. The result shows that the developed method can diagnose the fault clearly for the two fault cases.

This paper takes three critical positions. First, as a posthuman extension of the cognitive literary and cultural studies, it interrogates the anthropocentric implications in the embodiment of automaton, robot and artificial intelligence. Secondly, as an ethical intervention in technological achievements, it calls into question the pretext of progress and priority. Thirdly, as a minority criticism, it challenges the ruse of white-male domination in the realm of magic and science. In order to make visible the hidden mechanism behind the A.I. and android embodiments, I attempt to connect Jentsch’s and Freud’s old notion of the uncanny with the new concept of the creepy in the New Media. Given these theoretical intersections, I examine the curious conditions of the machine becoming able to see, which range from Moth and Bedbug, Elmer and Elsie, Shaky and Herbert to the fictional HAL 9000 and T-800. Making a case for the machine becoming (un)able to think, I look into both the inside and outside of Kempelen’s Chess-Player, Deep Blue and AlphaGo. Finally, discussing whether or not some androids have crossed the Uncanny Valley and why they can’t cross it, I argue for the highly complex embodiment of androids who dream of a relief in the morning.

본 연구는 다중기억이론을 중심으로, 인간과 인공지능의 기억에 대해 연구하고자 한다. 기억은 감각기억, 단기기억, 작업기억, 장기기억으로 나뉜다. 인간의 기억은 인공지능의 것과 평등하게 비교하기 어렵다. 인공지능이 시대를 따라 빠르게 변화한 점도 있지만, 기억은 추상적인 영역이 크기 때문이다. 그래서 이 논문은 현재의 최첨단 기억이 존재하는 인공지능보다 그 이 전의 인공지능, 즉 인간이 기억을 부여한 존재에 대해 알아보고자 한다. 『위고 카브레』는 두 소년소녀를 매개체로 하여 어른들이 잊고 있었던 기억을 오토마톤을 통해 떠올리게 한다. 오토마톤의 감각기억은 인간의 단기기억에서 연계하여 작업기억으로 이어지게 한다. 또한 책 속 오토마톤의 최종 행위를 통해 인간들은 잊고 있던 존재, 대상에 대해 그 자체를 장기기억으로 갖고 갈 수 있도록 도움이 되었다. 이 논문은 인간이 인공지능을 통해 이루고자 했던 초기의 의도를 기억함으로써, 앞으로 나아갈 인간의 기억 함유에 대해서 분석하고자 한다.

This study set out to investigate human memories and the memories of artificial intelligence based on the Multi-store model of Memory. Memories are categorized into sensory, short-term, working, and long-term memories. It is difficult to compare human memories with AI memories equally. AI has made fast changes according to the times, and there are huge abstract parts in memories. The study thus focused on artificial intelligence before the current AI with state-of-the-art memories or the existence that human beings granted memories to. Hugo Cabret inspires adults to recall their forgotten memories via a boy and a girl through Automaton. The sensory memories of Automaton lead to working memories connected with short-term human memories. In the book, the final acts of Automaton help human beings keep the existence or object that they forgot itself as a long-term memory. By having human beings recall their initial intention for AI, the present study analyzed the future containment of human memories.

본 연구에서는 콘크리트 내부의 복잡한 공극 구조를 고려하여 콘크리트에서 발생되는 열화 정도를 예측하는데, 콘크리트 내부에서의 모세관 작용 및 공극 분포에 의해 발생하는 기체와 액체 계면에서의 압력 저하를 구동력으로 한 수분 이동과 공극률 및 확산계수가 염화물이온의 침투 거동에 미치는 영향을 검토하여 Cellular Automaton Method(이하, CAM)라는 새로운 해석모델을 구축하였다. 이를 통해 40% 이하의 공극률을 가진 콘크리트 조직 내 수분 이동과 공극률 40% 이상에서의 수분 이동 현상을 검토하였으며, 수분이 침투한 영역에 한해서 확산계수에 따른 염화물이온의 확산 현상과 Finite Element Method(이하, FEM)의 확산해석 결과를 비교 분석한 결과, FEM과 CAM 해석결과 값의 최대 편차가 0.989%로, 두 모델이 상당히 일치함이 확인되어, 실제의 염해 환경에서 콘크리트 내 염화물이온 확산 과정을 시뮬레이션하기 위해서는 CAM이 적합할 것으로 사료된다.

This study introduces a new analytical model known as the Cellular Automaton Method(CAM) designed to predict the degree of deterioration in concrete, taking into account its complex pore structure. The CAM model assesses the impacts of moisture migration, driven by capillary action and pressure differentials at the gas-liquid interface, which are influenced by the distribution of pores. It also evaluates how porosity and diffusion coefficients affect the penetration of chloride ions. The model's application revealed distinct moisture movement patterns in concrete structures, distinguishing between those with porosity levels below and above 40 percent. Additionally, it facilitated a comparison and analysis of chloride ion diffusion phenomena, based on diffusion coefficients in areas penetrated by moisture, against results obtained from the Finite Element Method(FEM). The comparison showed a maximum deviation of only 0.989 percent between the predicted outcomes of the FEM and CAM, demonstrating substantial agreement and validating CAM's efficacy in simulating the diffusion processes of chloride ions within concrete under actual salt damage conditions. Thus, CAM proves to be a reliable tool for modeling and anticipating deterioration in concrete structures exposed to saline environments.