Earticle

With the use of the power electronic device, the grid is more and more serious from the harmonic. In this paper, we improve the related link of active filter on the basis of the predecessors. And we get an ideal effect. Firstly, the traditional method uses low pass filter in the filtering process of harmonic detection technology. We introduce a digital moving average filter in this paper. Secondly, the traditional method uses the Hysteresis comparison control and triangle carrier wave control on the current control strategy. We introduce the comparison of timing control to this paper, It can easily control the sampling frequency.

Proposes a three-phase four-wire APF with four-leg topology based on one-cycle control. Main circuit adopts three-phase four-leg power topology. The fourth bridge arm connects to the zero line, which can inhibit the system zero sequence current. This topology is suitable for high power balanced and unbalanced load. Applying one-cycle control strategy, compares with the traditional control method of APF, it has advantages, such as fast dynamic response, strong anti-interference ability and so on. Meanwhile, the circuit structure is simple, low cost and easy to implement. Simulation and experimental results show one-cycle control with three-phase four-leg APF can effectively compensate harmonic, zero sequence and reactive current.

Unified power quality conditioner is one of the advanced forms of power conditioning device, which is a combination of back to back connected series APF and shunt active power filter (SAPF) connected to a common DC link voltage. This topology will facilitates this device to have a reduced dc-link voltage without reducing its compensation capability. This device is mainly used in improving the power quality. For the improvement of power quality (PQ) complications in a 3-phase 4-wire distribution system, two topologies are presented. In this paper a four-leg voltage source inverter (VSI) based topology of a four-wire UPQC is discussed in this work. The performance of each topology of this device is evaluated for different PQ problems such as voltage harmonic mitigation, load balancing, source neutral current mitigation, current harmonic mitigation, and power-factor correction. The main purpose this device is to compensate load current and supply voltage imperfections. Converter and control analysis is presented together with the results showing the modes of operation. Detailed design aspect of the series capacitor and VSI parameters has been discussed in this paper. For better power quality improvement the PI controller is replaced by the fuzzy controller and the results are verified. The proposed topology enables UPQC to compensate current harmonics, voltage sags, and voltage swells with a reduced DC-link voltage without reducing its compensation capability by resolving the circuit in MATLAB/SIMULINK software.

Current detection is the key to improve the power quality by using the active power filter. From two aspects which are algorithm of principle complexity and compensation for current harmonic content, this paper investigates to analyze and compare two novel harmonic current detection methods called FBD method and dq method. The results show that harmonic current can be well compensated by applications of the shunt active power filter with two methods. But FBD method has better prospects of a practical application for simpler algorithm, better real-time, and lower harmonic content after compensation.

이 논문은 새그 전압 발생 시 피크 전압을 빠르게 검출하여 Mode Conversion을 빠르게 하기 위한 방법을 제시한다. 기존의 새그전압 검출기법은 DPLL의 D-Q 동기좌표변환을 이용한 방법을 사용한다. 그러나 이 방법을 사용하게 되면 지연시간이 길기 때문에 전압강하가 발생하였을 때 순간적으로 전압강하인지하지 못해 순간정전이나 고조파 등을 생성할 수 있다. 이러한 전압 강하 검출의 지연시간을 짧게 줄인 전압강하 검출기법을 연구하였다.

We have fabricated and analyzed photodiodes for optical link with Si pin structures. As the results of experiment, the web patterned photodiode(type C) with $p^{+}$-guard ring showed low junction capacitance of 6~7 pF at $V_{R}$=-5V and high separation ability for optical signal(dark current : $\leq$ 5 nA, optical signal current : $\geq$ 340 nA) due to the small effective $p^{+}$-n junction area and the expanded electric field region. The fabricated Si pin photodiode can be applicable for detecting an optical signal with the wavelength of about 660~670 nm. It can also be integrated with the twin well CMOS structure to develope an one chip based optical receiver IC. IC.C.

A single phase voltage-controlled active power filter(APF) is introduced to improve power quality and to reduce harmonic generated from nolinear loads. Real and reactive power control scheme was addressed using a new power circuit model. By analyzing the reactive power, a unit power factor control scheme was proposed. Simulation and experiment results using a nonlinear diode rectifier showed that the voltage-controlled APF, unlike the current-controlled APF, can reduce the voltage harmonics as well as current harmonics. Also the results showed that the input power factor was greatly improved.

현재 소아치과 영역에서 소아의 치아 우식증을 예방하기 위해 다양한 불소 도포법이 시행되고 있다. 이들은 법랑질 내 불소함량을 증가시키고 보다 안정된 결정 구조를 형성하게 하여 치아 우식증을 예방한다는데 근거하고 있다. 하지만 최근에 불소도포제재가 심미 수복재료의 표면에 부작용을 일으킬 수 있다는 문제가 제기되고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 수종의 심미 수복재료의 표면에 APF gel이 미칠 수 있는 영향을 주사 전자 현미경을 통해 관찰하고 표면 조도를 측정한 후 비교 분석하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. glass ionomer cement와 compomer를 이용한 실험에서 APF gel 4분 침적군과 pH 순환군은 인공타액 침적군에 비해 표면 조도가 증가하였다(p<0.01). 2. composite resin인 Charisma와 Z250을 이용한 실험에서는 모든 군간의 표면 조도의 차이는 없었다(p>0.05). 3. 주사 전자 현미경으로 관찰한 결과 glass ionomer cement, compomer, composite resin의 순으로 filler의 소실이 많았으며 군별로는 pH 순환군, APF gel 4분 침적군 인공타액 침적군의 순으로 filler의 소실이 많았다.

Topical fluoride application for children is a widely performed procedure in the field of Pediatric Dentistry for its dental caries prevention effects However, it is recently recognized as having some unwanted effects on several esthetic restorative materials, the author immersed glass ionomer cement, compomer and composite resin specimens in APF gel and measured the surface roughness and also, examined the specimens under the scanning eletron microscope. The followings are the results: 1. In the specimens of glass ionomer cement and compomer, APF gel 4 minute immersion group and pH cycling group show statistically significant increased surface roughness than artificial saliva immersion group (p<0.01). 2. There was no statistically significant surface roughness for composite resin in all group (p>0.05). 3. When the specimens were examined under scanning electron microscope, the surface change were in the order of glass ionomer cement, compomer, composite resin and also in the order of pH cycling group, APF gel 4 minutes immersion group, artificial saliva immersion group.

The LCL type active power filter (APF) with a traditional repetitive controller has drawbacks in terms of poor dynamic performance, large steady-state error, and difficult digital implementation. A fast repetitive control (RC) algorithm was proposed in this paper in an effort to improve the APF dynamic performance without worsening its stability. To eliminate the non-integer delay of the traditional RC, a fractional-order RC algorithm based on the Lagrangian Interpolation was developed. The proposed fast fractional-order RC (FFORC) strategy only needs 1/6 delay time when compared to the traditional RC. In addition, it can track the error signal quickly and obtain a higher steady-state accuracy. Furthermore, the double current loops control method with grid side current and inverter side current feedback is proposed to achieve active damping of the resonance peak of the LCL filter, which ensures that the APF system is stable. Simulation and experimental results are presented to verify the performance of the dynamic response and steady-state accuracy of the proposed FFORC strategy.

In this paper, the development of a cost-effective active power filter/uninterruptible power supply (APF/UPS) system with seamless mode transfer is described. The proposed scheme employs a pulse-width-modulation (PWM) voltage-source inverter and has two operational modes. First, when the source voltage is normal, the system operates as an APF, which compensates for the harmonics and power factor while boosting the DC-link voltage to be ready for the disturbance, without an additional DC charging circuit. A simple algorithm to detect the load current harmonics is also proposed. Second, when the source voltage is out of the normal range (owing to sag, swell, or outage), it operates a UPS, which controls the output voltage constantly by discharging the DC-link capacitor. Furthermore, a seamless transfer method for the single-phase inverter between the APF mode and the UPS mode is also proposed, in which an IGBT switch with diodes is used as a static bypass switch. Dissimilar to a conventional SCR switch, the IGBT switch can implement a seamless mode transfer. During the UPS operation, when the source voltage returns to the normal range, the system operates as an APF. The proposed system has good transient and steady-state response characteristics. The APF, charging circuit, and UPS systems are implemented in one inverter system. Finally, the validity of the proposed scheme is investigated with simulated and experimental results for a prototype APF/UPS system rated at 3 kVA.

The purpose of this study was to compare the enamel fluoride uptake and anticariogenic effect following topical application with different physical form of fluoride and application time. The results can be summarized as follows: 1. While the 4-minute applicaton increased the enamel fluoride uptake significantly than 1-minute application regardless of physical form of applied topical fluoride agents, no siginificant difference could be found between foam and gel type when applied for the identical period of time. 2. The application time or the physical form of topical agents had no singificant influence on the reduction of caries lesion. 3. Based upon the above-mentioned results of this study, it cannot be concluded that the amount of enamel fluoride uptake has an absolute impact on the change of lesion depth. Therefore, the clinical application of 1-minute topical fluoride application which appears to have a similar anticariogenic efficacy to 4-minute fluoride application may be encouraged.

In this paper, voltage control APF(Active Power Filter) is introduced to improve power factor and reduce harmonic, generated from nonlinear load. The voltage controlled APF which is consisted of inverter and passive filter operates with nonlinear load simultaneously. According to the results of simulation, it is proved that the proposed system has the performance of improving power factor and reducing harmonics.

본 논문은 국소 경로 계획법을 위한 2차원 센서 환경에서 무정형의 장애물의 회피에 대한 연구를 다루었다. 본 연구는 인공 포텐셜 함수(Artificial Potential Function, APF)를 사용하는 기존의 연구에서 점 형태의 장애물을 다루는 방법을 응용 및 확장한 것으로, 다양한 형태의 크기와 모양을 지니는 장애물에 대해서 두 가지 새로운 형태의 반발 포텐셜 함수를 제안한다. 제안된 방법에 의한 곡률 판단법은 장애물을 단순하게 파악하여, 경로계획에 효율적으로 사용되었다. 실제적인 국소경로 계획법에 맞게 직선 시야(Line of Sight, LOS)와 로봇의 인지범위(Range)등을 고려하는 알고리즘을 사용하였다. 여러장애물 세트(Set)에 대하여 시뮬레이션 결과를 통하여 제안한 방법과 기존 연구의 차이점을 알아보았으며, 제안한 방법의 장점에 대하여 확인하였다.

This paper presents a method about amorphous obstacles avoidance for local path planning in the two-dimensional sensor environment. In particular, the proposed method is extended from some of the recent studies about a point obstacle avoidance. In the paper, repulsive forces of two types are proposed in order that the robot avoids from the amorphous obstacle with various size and form. A judgment of curvatures in the proposed method simplifies the recognition of obstacles to make the path-planning efficient. In addition, the line of sight(LOS) and the range of recognition are considered in the environment. By simulation results, the proposed method for amorphous obstacle avoidance shows better performance than the related existing method and we confirmed advantages of proposed method.

많은 연구에서 불소 이온을 이용한 치아우식증의 예방 및 재광화 효과에 대해 밝힌 바 있다. 불소는 치아우식을 예방하고 재광화를 촉진하는 대표적인 성분이다. 하지만 불소를 이용한 재광화는 하부의 탈회 병소를 충분히 광화시키지 못하며 다공성으로 인해 불완전한 광화를 보인다. 또한 그 적용 과정에서 과량이 섭취되었을 경우에 발생할 수 있는 독성도 고려해야 한다. 한편 CPP-ACP(Casein Phosphopeptides-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate)는 초기의 우식병소를 재광화 시키며 우유 단백질인 casein으로부터 추출한 성분으로 섭취되어도 인체에 무해하다. 본 연구의 목적은 APF gel과 CPP-ACP 제제의 재광화 효과를 비교해 보고자 하는 것이다. 본 실험에서는 법랑질 인공우식 병소에 Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride(APF) gel과 CPP-ACP 제제를 각 도포 방법에 따라 적용하였다. 14일 후, 표면미세경도를 측정하고 편광 현미경 하에서 재광화 병소를 관찰하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 실험 전후 표면미세경도를 측정하여 비교한 결과, 모든 군에서 실험 후에 표면미세경도가 증가하였다(P<0.05). 2. CPP-ACP 제제를 도포한 군에서 불소를 도포한 군에 비해 표면미세경도 증가 폭이 유의하게 컸다(P<0.05). 3. 편광현미경 하에서 관찰한 결과 불소도포 군은 불규칙하고 얇은 재광화 층을, CPP-ACP 제제를 도포한 군은 균일하고 두터운 재광화 층을 보였다.

Many operations have been carried out using the fluoride ion to prevent and reverse dental caries. It certainly encourages remineralization and also prevents dental caries. However, the remineralization developed by these means is superficial only leaving lower levels of demineralized lesion with a degree of porosity and incomplete mineralization. We must consider its toxic effects when it is ingested for overdose. The CPP-ACP paste is able to remineralize the incipient lesion and has no harmful effects when it is ingested, because it was made form casein which is from the protein of milk. The purpose of this article is to compare the remineralization effects between APF gel and the CPP-ACP paste. we applicated the APF gel and CPP-ACP paste on the artificial enamel carious lesion. After 14 days, we measured the surface microhardness and observed the remineralized lesion under polarized light microscope. The results were as follows : 1. The surface microhardness of group III was the highest, followed by group II, and I(p<0.05). 2. The surface microhardness of group III was significantly higher than those of group I, and II(p<0.05). 3. We could observe thin and irregular remineralization layer of group II, and regular and moderate remineralization layer of group III under polirized light microscope.

소아의 치아우식증을 예방하기 위한 불소의 국소도포는 소아치과 영역에서 널리 시행되고 있다. 하지만 이러한 잇점에도 불구하고 최근 수복물 표면을 거칠게 한다는 부작용에 대해 논란이 되고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 불소도포가 심미 수복물의 표면변화에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위해 수종의 복합레진에 국소도포용 불소젤을 도포시킨 후 변화를 관찰하였다. 시판용 레진인 Z 250(3M ESPE, USA) Ultraseal $XT^{(R)}$(Ultradent, USA), Filtek $flow^{(R)}$(3M, USA), $Revolution^{(R)}$(Kerr, USA), Denfil(Vericom, Korea)를 이용하여 시편을 제작하고, 불소젤은 $Topex^{(R)}$(Sultan Dental Products, Canada)을 각각 1분과 4분 동안 도포시켰다. 각 제품마다 불소젤을 도포하지 않은 5개의 시편을 대조군으로 사용하였다. 그 후 이 시편들의 표면 거칠기$(R_a\;value,\;{\mu}m)$와 무게 차이를 측정하고 주사전자현미경을 이용하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 불소젤을 도포시키지 않은 대조군에서 가장 평활한 표면을 보였으며 1분군, 4분군 순으로 표면 거칠기가 증가하였다. 그리고 Revolution을 제외한 모든 제품에서 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<0.05). 2. 국소도포용 불소젤을 도포한 각 레진 시편의 무게 차이를 비교한 결과 대조군, 1분군, 4분군 간에 유의한 차이는 없었다(p>0.05). 3. 주사전자현미경 관찰시 불소젤에 도포시킨 실험군은 대조군에 비해 거친 표면을 나타냈다. 이상의 결과로 국소적 불소도포는 복합레진의 표면 거칠기에 영향을 미치며 이를 고려하여 사용한다면 4분보다는 1분간의 불소도포법을 이용하는 것을 추천할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.대구치의 원심경사는 필연적으로 일어나며, 이를 최소화하기 위한 노력이 계속되어야 할 것으로 사료된다.글래스 아이오노머 시멘트 사이에는 유의한 차이가 없었다.착제의 종류에 따른 전단결합강도를 비교한 결과, 영구치와 유치 모두에서 Clearfil SE Bond를 사용한 군의 전단결합강도가 가장 높았으며 AQ Bond를 사용한 군의 전단결합강도가 가장 낮았다.본에서 III군에 비해 크기가 큰 기포가 더욱 많이 관찰되었다.e의 약동학은 cimetidine에 의해 유의한 차이를 보였으며 CYP1A2유전자형에 따른 영향은 관찰할 수 없었다. CYP1A2유전자형에 따른 생체내 대사능을 관찰하는 실험이 향후 이루어 져야 할 것으로 사료된다.san film보다 큰 수증기 투과도를 보였다.적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다.y tissue layer thinning은 3 군모두에서 관찰되었고 항암 3 일군이 가장 심하게 나타났다. 이상의 실험결과를 보면 술전 항암제투여가 초기에 시행한 경우에는 조직의 치유에 초기 5 일정도까지는 영향을 미치나 7 일이 지나면 정상범주로 회복함을 알수 있었고 실험결과 항암제 투여후 3 일째 피판 형성한 군에서 피판치유가 늦어진 것으로 관찰되어 인체에서 항암 투여후 수술시기는 인체면역계가 회복하는 시기를 3주이상 경과후 적어도 4주째 수술시기를 정하는 것이 유리하리라 생각되었다.한 복합레진은 개발의 초기단계이며, 물성의 증가를 위한 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.또 다른 약물인 glycyrrhetinic acid($100{\mu}M$)도 CCh 자극으로 인한 타액분비를 억제하였다. 이상의 결과로 미루어 gap junction은 흰쥐 악하선 세포로부터의 타액분비 조절에 중요한 역할을 하는데, 이는 gap junction이 세포막 $Ca^{2+}$ 통로를 조절함으로써 수용체 자극으로 유발된 세포내 $Ca^{2+}$</TE

Topical fluoride application for children is a widely peformed procedure in the field of pediatric dentistry to prevent dental caries. However, it is recently recognized as having some unwanted effects on several esthetic restorative materials as it roughens the surface of the restorative materials. The aim of this study was to evaluate the surface changes in composite resins to topical fluoride. Composite resins(Z $250^{(R)}$, Ultraseal $XT^{(R)}$ Filtek $flow^{(R)}$ $Revolution^{(R)}$, $Denfil^{(R)}$) in topical fluoride agents were immersed and their surface roughness, weight loss and SEM were evaluated. The results were as follows : 1. The 4 minutes-immersion groups showed more roughened surface than 1 minute-immersion groups and the control groups showed the smoothest surface among all the materials, and there was statistically significant difference except the revolution between the groups. 2. There was no significant difference between the 1 minute-immersion groups and 4 minutes-immersion groups in weight loss. 3. The experimental group treated with topical fluoride gel showed the generally mere roughened surface than control group in the SEM findings.

Targeted Alpha-particle Therapy (TAT) has become a significant therapeutic way for cancer, as it can reduce relapsed refractory cancer. ²¹¹At is one of the most promising alpha-emitting radionuclides. To boost its production and facilitate applications, we designed 200 MHz drift tube linacs (DTL) operating in continuous wave (CW) mode, which accelerates a 3 mA He²⁺ beam from 6.4 MeV to 28 MeV for ²¹¹At production. Using the alternative phase focusing (APF) beam dynamics to get a compact structure. To ensure high acceleration efficiency, we limit the total cavity length to 2.5 m. The cavity design maintains the gap voltage distribution in close alignment with the beam dynamics, with a maximum deviation of under 1 %. The design achieves 99.98 % beam transmission efficiency. The cavity employs an interdigital H-mode (IH) structure, achieving an unloaded quality factor of 13,635 and a Kilpatrick (Kp) factor of 1.59 in DTL-1, while DTL-2 reaches 14,894 and 1.53 respectively. To ensure stable CW operation, the cooling system has been designed to effectively manage the thermal load during operation, ensuring the system remains within safe limits. This paper presents the detailed design and results of the nuclear medicine linac, including beam dynamics, RF design, and cooling system analysis.

In this paper, a control algorithm for active power filter (APF), which compensates for the harmonics and power factor, boosting the DC-link voltage is proposed. The proposed scheme employs a pulse-width-modulation (PWM) voltage-source inverter. A simple algorithm to detect the load current harmonics is also proposed. The APF and charging circuit are implemented in one inverter system. Finally, the validity of the proposed scheme is investigated with simulated and experimental results for a prototype APF system rated at 3kVA.

This paper describes a low-cost single-phase active power filter, which consists of a half-bridge PWM inverter with a simple control circuit. In order to verify the performance of proposed active power filter, many computer simulations with EMTP codes and experimental works with a hardware prototype were done. Both results confirm that the proposed active power filter shows excellent performance to eliminate the harmonics generated in the single-phase non-linear load. The active power filter has advantage of low implementation cost and compact size, using a half-bridge inverter and a simple control circuit with only one current sensor. So, it can be fabricated as a plug-in type. This paper shows the necessity and a good possibility to apply such advantage to the electric railway system.