Earticle

일반적으로 특수영상 및 3D 애니메이션 제작에서 캐릭터와 배경을 3D 모델링을 할 때 MAYA나 3DS MAX 등의 3D 프로그램을 사용하여 제작한다. 그러나 이러한 제작방식은 작업 시간이 많이 소요될 뿐만 아니라 고비용이 발생한다. 본 연구에서는 2D 포토스캔 제작기술을 활용한 3D 모델링 제작방법의 우수성과 효율성을 증명하기 위하여 두 가지 실험을 하였다. 첫 번째, 동일한 오브젝트를 다양한 방법으로 모델링을 하였다. 두 번째, 동일한 백그라운드를 각기 다른 방법을 이용하여 모델링을 하였다. 이 두 가지 실험을 통하여 효과적인 2D 포토스캔 제작방법으로 모델링 시 유의해야할 사항과 제작기술 등을 제시하였다. 또한 실험에 따른 결과물을 바탕으로 2D 포토스캔 모델링 제작방법의 효율성과 우수성을 증명하였다.

Generally, in special effect video and 3D animation design process, character and background’s 3D model is built by 3D program like MAYA or 3DS MAX. But in that manual modeling mode, model design needs much time and costs much money. In this paper, two experimental groups are set to prove use 2D photo scan modeling mode to build 3D model is effective and advanced. The first experimental group is modeling the same object by different experimental setting. The second experimental group is modeling the same background by different experimental setting. Through those two experimental groups, we try to find an effective design method and matters need attention when we use photo scan design mode. We aim to get the model from whole experiment and prove photo scan modeling mode is effective and advanced.

본 논문의 목적은 운용자가 2D와 3D 영상을 주시할 경우 영상피로를 정량적으로 비교하는 것이다. 16명의 20대 남․여가 2D와 3D 영상을 10분간 관람을 한 후, 관람 전과 후의 Flicker Fusion Frequency(FFF)와 Cyversickness가 측정되었다. 관람 전과 후의 두 종속변수를 비교함으로써 정량적으로 3D가 2D에 비해 어느 정도 영상피로를 발생시키는지를 이론적 고찰과 함께 과학적인 기기와 방법으로 측정하였다. 주관적인 척도인 Cybersickness 증가율은 2D에 비해서 3D가 4배, FFF 감소율은 3D가 2D에 비해 2배 높은 결과를 보였다. 본 연구는 일반적으로 3D 영상이 2D 영상에 비해 영상피로를 크게 유발함을 과학적인 방법과 객관적인 데이터로 증명했다는데 의의가 있다.

This paper’s objective is to investigate the display fatigue quantitatively according to watching 2D and 3D videos on the display. Though it has been known commonly that display fatigue by 3D is greater than one by 2D, there have been few researches with an aim to measure display fatigue scientifically. Flicker fusion frequency and cybersickness degree were measured before/after sixteen subjects(Male 8, Female 8) watch the 2D, 3D images. Two dependent variables affected by 2D and 3D videos were analyzed and compared statistically based on scientific evidences and researches. 3D showed a value 4 times as much as 2D in cybersickness increase rate ,and the reduction rate of 3D was 2 times as much as that of 2D.

본 연구는 가상공간에서 현실과 같은 활동이 활발히 이루어지고 있는 최근의 사회 현상에 관심을 두고 딱지본의 2D 이미지를 사용하여 3D 가상공간을 디자인한 작품에 관한 글이다. 가상공간은 컴퓨터의 발달과 사회, 문화적 요구에 의해 그 개념과 범위 가 점차 확대되어 상상하는 모든 형태의 현실을 만들어낼 수 있는 공간이라고 할 수 있다. 딱지본은 표지에 흥미로운 내용이 그려진 마치 아이들 놀이도구와 같이 울긋불 긋하게 인쇄된 이야기책이다. 딱지본 표지 이미지를 활용하여 과거 낭만시대로의 여 행을 표현한 3D 가상공간을 디자인하였다. 작품은 구글 지도를 캡쳐하여 단계적 변환 을 거친 3D 공간 이미지와 포토샵 편집과정을 거친 2D 딱지본 이미지들로 구성된다. 편집과 변환과정을 거친 구성요소들은 언리얼 엔진을 기반으로 화면에 배치하고 조합 하여 가상공간으로 제작하게 된다. 작품뿐만 아니라 다양한 장르에서 딱지본의 콘텐 츠와 3D 가상공간의 융합을 응용한 새로운 표현 방식과 창의적인 아이디어가 파생되기를 기대한다.

This study is about an artwork that designs a 3D virtual space using 2D images of Ttakjibon with interest in the recent social phenomenon in which realistic activities are actively carried out in virtual space. The virtual space can be said to be a space that can create any form of reality imaginable by gradually expanding its concept and scope due to the development of computers and social and cultual demands. Ttakjibon is a storybook printed in a colorful way like children’s play equipment with interesting contents on the cover. A 3D virtual space was designed to express travel to the romantic era in the past by using the images of Ttakjibon. The artwork consists of a 3D space image that has been converted by capturing Google Maps and 2D Ttakjibon images that have been edited by Photoshop. The components, edited and converted, are placed on the screen based on the Unreal Engine to create a virtual space. It is expected that new expression methods and creative ideas will be derived by applying the fusion of Ttakjibon’s contents and 3D virtual space in various genres as well as artworks.

인적자원관리는 IT기술을 접목하여 다양한 변화를 가져오고 있다. 특히 HRM이 집단차원의 관리, 물리적 사업장, 근무시간의 제약, 개인적 접촉 등 비과학적 방법으로 이루어졌다면, 현재의 전자적 인적자원관리(e-HRM)는 개별 차원의 관리, 가상 작업 공간의 등장(예. 스마트워크센터, 홈워크 등), 근무시간의 유연화 및 탄력화, 컴퓨터 기반의 통계자료 및 과학적 방법에 의한 분석 및 관리를 근간으로 이루어지고 있다는 점에서 큰 차이가 있다. 따라서 환경의 변화에 따라 기업들은 보다 효율적이고 전략적인 인적자원 관리 체계를 구축하기 위하여 RFID 카드, 지문인식 근태관리 시스템 등 다양한 기술을 도입하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 효율적인 전사적 인적자원 관리를 위한 멀티 카메라를 이용하여 2D 및 3D 얼굴인식기술 기반의 근태관리, 출입통제관리 시스템을 개발하였다. 여기서는 기존 2D방식의 얼굴인식기술이 가지고 있는 문제점인 조명 및 자세에 따른 인식률 저하를 극복하여 90% 이상의 인식률을 확보하였다. 또한 3D 얼굴인식방식의 문제점인 많은 계산량을 개선하기 위하여 3D와 2D 인식기술을 병행하여 처리함으로써 하이브리드 영상인식 및 인식속도를 개선할 수 있었다.

Human resource management is bringing the various changes with the IT technology. In particular, if HRM is non-scientific method such as group management, physical plant, working hours constraints, personal contacts, etc, the current enterprise human resources management(e-HRM) appeared in the individual dimension management, virtual workspace (for example: smart work center, home work, etc.), working time flexibility and elasticity, computer-based statistical data and the scientific method of analysis and management has been a big difference in the sense. Therefore, depending on changes in the environment, companies have introduced a variety of techniques as RFID card, fingerprint time & attendance systems in order to build more efficient and strategic human resource management system. In this paper, time and attendance, access control management system was developed using multi camera for 2D and 3D face recognition technology-based for efficient enterprise human resource management. We had an issue with existing 2D-style face-recognition technology for lighting and the attitude, and got more than 90% recognition rate against the poor readability. In addition, 3D face recognition has computational complexities, so we could improve hybrid video recognition and the speed using 3D and 2D in parallel.

본 연구에서는 옥외 2D와 3D 전광판 광고의 상호작용성, 프레즌스, 플로우 및 광고효과의 차이를 비교하고자 한다. 아울러 옥외3D 광고의 상호작용성과 프레즌스가 플로우에 어떤 영향을 주는지 그리고 그 플로우가 광고태도, 브랜드 태도, 구매의도에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 확인하고자 했다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 상호작용성에 있어 2D,3D 광고 유형 간의 차이가 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 그리고 옥외 3D 전광판 광고의 프레즌스와 플로우는 2D 전광판 광고보다 높게 나타났다. 또한 옥외 3D광고의 광고태도와 브랜드 태도가 옥외 2D광고보다 높게 나타났다. 그렇지만 두 광고 유형 간의 구매의도는 통계적으로 차이가 없었다. 둘째, 옥외 3D광고의 상호작용성은 플로우에 영향을 미치지 않았다. 반면, 옥외 3D광고의 프레즌스는 플로우에 긍정적인 영향을 미치고 있었다. 셋째, 옥외 3D광고의 플로우는 광고효과인 광고 태도, 브랜드 태도와 구매의도에 모두 긍정적인 영향을 미치고 있었다. 넷째, 옥외 3D광고의 광고 태도와 브랜드 태도는 구매의도에 모두 긍정적으로 영향을 미쳤다. 이러한 결과는 다양화되는 옥외광고 산업에서 3D 옥외광고의 새로운 가능성과 소비자의 반응을 이끌어내어 긍정적인 광고 효과를 기대할 수 있는 실무적 의의를 제공한다는 데에 의의가 있다.

In this study, we would like to compare the differences in interaction, presence, flow, and advertising effects between outdoor 2D and 3D electronic display advertisements. In addition, it was intended to confirm the interaction of outdoor 3D advertisements and how presence affects the flow and how the flow affects the advertising attitude, brand attitude, and purchase intention. The results of the study are as follows. First, the difference between 2D and 3D advertising types in interaction was not statistically significant. And the presence and flow of outdoor 3D electronic display advertisements were higher than that of 2D electronic display advertisements. In addition, the advertisement attitude and brand attitude of outdoor 3D advertisements were higher than that of outdoor 2D advertisements. However, there was no statistical difference in purchase intention between the two advertising types. Second, the interaction of outdoor 3D advertisements did not affect the flow. On the other hand, the presence of outdoor 3D advertisements had a positive effect on the flow. Third, the flow of outdoor 3D advertisements had a positive effect on all advertising effects such as advertising attitude, brand attitude, and purchase intention. Fourth, both the advertising attitude and brand attitude of outdoor 3D advertisements had a positive effect on the purchase intention.

최근 사회적 행동과 2D:4D 비율(둘째와 넷째 손가락 길이 비율, second-to-fourth digit ratio)과의 관계에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있다. 그 이유는 2D:4D 비율을 이용하여 사회적 행동의 개인차에 대한 생물학적 근거 즉, 태내 테스토스테론의 효과를 살펴볼 수 있기 때문이다. 태내 테스토스테론은 초기 뇌 발달과 손가락 길이 패턴에 관여할 뿐만 아니라, 출생 후 행동에 결정적 영향을 미친다. 2D:4D 비율이 낮을수록 상대적으로 높은 태내 테스토스테론에 노출되었다는 것을 나타낸다. 만약 태내 테스토스테론이 초기 뇌 발달, 손가락 비율, 그리고 출생 후 행동에 주요한 역할을 한다면, 다양한 종류의 사회적 행동은 2D:4D 비율과 관계가 있을 가능성이 높다. 또한 테스토스테론이 사회적 행동의 기저가 되는 신경구조와 기능의 조직화에 관여한다면, 이들 신경네트워크는 테스토스테론 의존 행동을 유발하는 특정 자극(예, 사회적 위협, 테스토스테론 처방)에 의해 활성화될 수 있어야 되며, 그리고 그 자극에 반응하여 나타나는 사회적 행동이 2D:4D 비율에 따라 다르게 나타나야 한다. 따라서 본 논문은 특정 자극에 반응하여 행동을 다르게 조절하는 2D:4D의 역할에 중점을 두고, 경제 게임(예, 신뢰 게임, 공공재 게임, 최후통첩 게임 등)을 이용하여 2D:4D와 사회적 행동(예, 사회적 협력, 위험 감수, 충동성, 그리고 공격성)과의 관련성에 대해 알아본 연구들을 살펴보았다. 또한 2D:4D, 순환 테스토스테론, 그리고 사회적 행동과의 관계에 대한 최근 연구들을 살펴보았다. 연구들은 사회적 의사결정이 2D:4D 비율에 따라 다르게 나타난다는 것을 보여주었다. 뿐만 아니라 태내 테스토스테론은 여러 사회적 행동의 기저가 되는 신경 메커니즘을 사전 프로그램하고, 생리적 또는 환경적 단서에 대한 반응으로 나타나는 행동을 촉진하거나 억제하기위해 신경과정을 선택적으로 조절하는 것으로 보인다.

Recently, there has been an increased interest in the relationship between 2D:4D ratio (second-to-fourth digit ratio) and social behaviors. It is because 2D:4D can be used to explore a potential biological basis (the effect of prenatal testosterone) of individual differences in social behavior. Prenatal testosterone has organizational effects on brain development and finger length pattern, as well as permanent influence on behavior in later life. Low 2D:4D indicates high level of testosterone relative to estrogen in utero. If prenatal testosterone plays an important role in early brain development, digit ratio and later behavior, social behavior should be related to 2D:4D. In addition, if prenatal testosterone shapes the neural networks underlying social behaviors, these networks may be able to be activated by specific stimuli (e.g., social threat, testosterone administration) that provoke testosterone-dependent behaviors, and social behaviors expressed in response to those stimuli may be modulated by 2D:4D. Therefore, this review outlines research findings of the relationship between 2D:4D and social behaviors (e.g., social cooperation, risk taking, impulsivity, and aggression) using economic games (e.g., Trust game, Public goods game, Ultimatum game, etc) with a main focus on the role of 2D:4D dynamics in modulating social behaviors in response to certain stimuli. Studies have shown that 2D:4D affects on social decision making. Furthermore, prenatal testosterone may preprogram the neural mechanisms underlying social behaviors, and it may selectively modifies neural processing to facilitate or inhibit social behaviors in response to environmental or physiological cues.

최근에 많은 연구들이 2D:4D(약지 길이에 대한 검지 길이의 비율)를 성차 또는 성호르몬의 차이를 설명하는 특질이 될 수 있는지에 관심을 모으고 있다. 그러나 현재까지는 여러 연구들의 결과가 다르게 나오거나 서로 다른 연구방법상의 문제점들을 보이고 있다. 본 연구는 유아의 심상회전능력을 남녀의 집단 간 그리고 오른손과 왼손의2D:4D의 상하집단 간으로 구분하여 그 평균을 비교하였다. 연구 결과 유아들의심상회전능력은 남아와 여아 집단 간에 차이가 없었으며 왼쪽 손의 2D:4D 집단 간에서도 차이가 없었으나 오른쪽 손의 2D:4D 집단 간에는 유의한 차이가있었다. 즉, 오른쪽 손의 2D:4D에서 발견되는 지표에 따라 남성호르몬의 영향을 많이 받은 것으로 보이는 집단에서 그들의 성(性)과는 상관없이 심상회전능력이 더 우수하였다. 관련된 선행연구들과 함께 성호르몬의 차이에 따른 심상회전능력의 차이가 유아들의 수학과 관련된 공간교육이나 학업적성진단에 갖는함의들이 논의 되었다.

Much recent research has focused on 2D:4D(the ratio of the lengths of the second to fourth manual digits) as a predictor of the degree of expression of sexually dimorphic and other sex-hormone mediated traits. However, published findings are often contradictory or subject to various methodological problems. In the present study, the differences of MRT(Mental Rotation Ability) scores of young children between gender groups and between 2D:4D(left hand, right hand) groups were tested. As results, means of MRT scores showed no significant difference between for the gender groups and for the 2D:4D group of left hand. However, for the 2D:4D group of right hand, significant differences were founded. These results mean who influenced more testosterone hormone showed higher MRT score than others regardless their gender. The recent 2D:4D literature in light of these findings and their implications for sex differences in special education of young children were discussed.

성호르몬은 출생 전 태아의 뇌 발달에 관여하여 그 구조나 기능을 조직화하는 효과가 있고, 출생 후 행동에 영구적으로 영향을 미치는 것으로 알려져 있다. 또한 초기 뇌 발달에 영향을 주는 바로 그 호르몬이 손가락 길이 패턴에도 영향을 미친다. 2D:4D 비율(둘째손가락과 넷째 손가락 길이의 비율, second-to-fourth digit ratio)이 낮을수록, 즉 둘째손가락이 넷째손가락에 비해 짧을수록 태아가 에스트로겐에 비해 상대적으로 높은 테스토스테론 노출되었다는 것을 나타낸다. 또한 2D:4D 비율은 성적이형 특질로서 평균적으로 남성이 여성보다 그 비율이 더 낮다. 본 논문의 연구 목적은 2D:4D 비율이 태내 테스토스테론 수준을 나타내는 간접 생물지표로 사용될 수 있다는 생리적 증거를 제시하고, 이를 뒷받침 하는 여러 연구들을 살펴보는 것이다. 또한 본 논문은 2D:4D 비율과 성호르몬이 매개된 특질들(정신적, 신체적, 그리고 행동적 특질)과의 관계성을 살펴보았다. 한 성 내에서 비전형적인 태내 테스토스테론 수준은 비전형적인 행동 패턴을 발달시킬 수 있고, 태아의 발달적 항상성을 저해하는 요인으로 작용하여 특정 질병에 취약하게 하는 요인이 될 수도 있다는 것을 보여 주었다. 2D:4D 비율은 신체 체형과 크기, 악력, 체력과도 관계가 있었다. 따라서 2D:4D는 인간을 대상으로 여러 다양한 행동에 대한 태내 테스토스테론의 효과를 연구하기에 유용한 간접 생물학적 지표라고 할 수 있다.

It has been known that testosterone in utero is involved in structural and functional organization of the brain and has permanent effects on later behavior. The same hormone that affects early brain development also contributes to the establishment of finger length patterns. 2D:4D is a proxy biomarker of prenatal testosterone level, as low 2D:4D reflects high testosterone relative to estrogen, and a sexually dimorphic trait, as males tend to have lower 2D:4D than females. The aim of this review is to provide the physiological evidence that 2D:4D ratio can be used as a putative biomarker of prenatal testosterone levels and to give supporting evidence. In addition, this study examined the relationships between 2D:4D and sex-hormone-mediated traits (psychological, physical, and behavioral traits). Atypical levels of prenatal testosterone may be the cause of atypical behaviors and can be a possible indicator of a breakdown of developmental homeostatis, which may predispose individuals to certain diseases. 2D:4D was also associated with body shape and size, handgrip strength, and physical prowess. Therefore, 2D:4D is likely to be indirect biological indicator of prenatal testosterone levels that can be used to examine the effects of prenatal testosterone on various behaviors.

유아의 인물화검사의 점수와 이에 영향을 주는 요인 즉, 생활연령, 성차 및 성호르몬 지수(2D:4D) 간의 상관관계를 알아봄으로써 인물화검사 점수에서 나타나는 차이가 생활연령에 의한 것인지, 외형적인 성의 차이(사회적인 기대)에 의한 것인지, 생득적인 성호르몬 분비량에 의한 것인지 알아보기 위해 부산광역시에 소재한 유치원 2기관과 어린이집 4기관에 재원 중인 3, 4, 5세 유아가 그린 302장의 자화상과 유아들의 생활연령, 성별 그리고 성호르몬의 지수인 2D:4D를 진단하여 이들 간의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 그 결과 유아의 연령집단에 따라 유아인물화의 하위점수에 영향을 주는 변인의 크기가 다르게 나타났다. 즉, 3세 유아의 경우 생활연령과 높은 상관을 보이는 데 비하여 4세 유아의 경우 성역할에 대한 사회학습과 높은 상관을 보였다. 또한, 5세 유아의 경우 다른 연령집단에 비해 성호르몬의 영향인 2D:4D의 비율이 높게 나타났다. 이러한 경향은 지능의 발달이 연령에 따라 발달하기는 하지만 이와 함께 성차와 그에 따른 사회적 기대 및 성역활, 그리고 생득적인 성호르몬이 함께 영향을 미치게 되며 연령이 더욱 증가할수록 생득적인 성호르몬의 영향을 더욱 많이 받을 수 있다는 것을 추측해 볼 수 있다. 이는 유아는 지능에서 연령에 따른 성차뿐만이 아니라 생득적인 성호르몬 또한 많은 영향을 미칠 수 있고, 기존의 외형적인 성에 따른 사회적인 기대가 아닌 유아의 생득적인 경향에 따라 교육적 환경이 달리 제시되어야 할 것이다.

The human figure drawing test is to evaluate more diverse aspects of intelligence and personality than other ones. There are chronological age, gender, and 2D:4D as index of testosterone those effect in the scores of human figure drawing test. In this study preschoolers who were 3, 4, and 5 years old tested by human figure drawing test. As a results different correlational were discovered in each age group. In 3 years old group, chronological variable was most prominent, in 4 years old group gender difference was most, and in 5 years old group 2D:4D was showed most strong correlational. The possibility that in early childhood there may be serial and hierarchical affects, for example intellectual development, social role expecting and gender hormones as innate physiological trends were discussed.

Position estimation using Time of Arrival (ToA), Time Difference of Arrival (TDoA), and Angle of Arrival (AoA) measurements are the commonly used location techniques. These techniques, using location parameters received from different sources, are based on intersections of circles, hyperbolas, and lines, respectively. The location is determined using standard complex computation methods that are usually implemented in software and needed relatively long execution time. This paper consists of minimizing and simplifying the computing process in the Mobile Station (MS) during its geo-location phase needed especially for handover. This work considers designing EToA as extended version of ToA, following the same principle but using another aspect for the computational process.

본 연구는 소비자의 구매행동이 어느 정도 타고난 경향이 있을 것이라는 생각을 입증하기 위해 손가락 비율(2D:4D)과 소비와의 관계를 알아보았다. 154명의 남녀 대학생에게 소비관련 관심분야, 성전형적 소비행동, 성역할 행동 지각, 동영상과 함께 제시된 동성애 소구 광고에 대한 태도를 알아보기 위한 설문을 실시하였다. 그리고 손가락 비율은 오른손 검지와 약지의 손바닥 쪽 근위 주름살의 가운데와 손가락 끝의 가운데 사이 길이를 측정하여 비율을 얻었다. 연구 결과, 부분적으로 손가락 비율에 따른 타고난 성차가 있음이 확인되었다. 소비 관련 관심분야는 영화, 쇼핑, 운동, 음악감상, 공연, 패션/미용 및 게임 차원에서 성차가 발견되었다. 또한 손가락 비율과 성전형적 소비행동은 정적상관으로, 높은 손가락 비율일수록 꾸밈과 의상표현에 대한 관심이 더 높았다. 손가락 비율과 성역할 행동지각에서 남성화된 여성에 대한 태도는 정적상관을 보였으나 남성의 경우는 해당되지 않았다. 또 손가락 비율과 동성애적 소구 광고 태도는 정적상관을 보이는 경향이 있었으나, 여성의 경우는 해당되지 않았다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 학문적 및 실무적 시사점을 논의하였으며 이 연구의 의미와 추후 연구방향을 제시하였다.

This study is investigated the relationship between digit ratio(2D:4D) and consumption. The survey data drawn from male and female college students, 154 college students responded to questions designed to measure consumption-related interests, sex-typed consumption behavior, awareness of sex role behavior, and attitude of homosexual appeal advertising with video clip. And the length of the right 2nd and 4th digits was measured from the crease proximal to the palm to the tip of the digit. In this study sex differences were found for the dimensions movie, shopping, exercise, listening to music, performance, fashion/beauty, and game. There was a positive significant correlation between the right digit ratio and sex-typed consumption behavior, with higher digit ratios associated with higher adornment and clothes expression. We found a significant positive correlation of digit ratio with masculine women in awareness of sex role behavior, but not in men. The results further revealed a tendency for positive correlation between digit ratio and attitude of homosexual appeal advertising, but not in women. Based on the finding of this study, theoretical contribution and managerial implications are discussed.

Intestinal epithelial cell lines have been widely used in the field of biomedical and livestock research, and recently, the use of organoid systems has been attempted. However, they have several limitations as an in vitro platform in particularly in nutrition-related studies. Thus, this study aimed to compare the existing in vitro platform (IPEC-J2 cell line) with a three-dimension (3D) organoid model, and to understand the nutritional phenomena occurring in the intestinal lumen through the establishment and characterization of a two-dimension (2D) organoid model. By comparing the IPEC-J2 cell line and 3D intestinal organoids, we found differences in intestinal epithelial cell types, including nutrient-related enteroendocrine cells and enterocytes. 3D organoids have most of gut epithelial cell types, but IPEC-J2 did not. We further established a 2D organoid model with an exposed apical membrane and compared it with a 3D organoid model. The established 2D organoids had higher expression of enteroendocrine cells and enterocyte marker genes, and most genes were related to nutritional properties (nutrient transporters, hormones, and digestive enzymes). Fatty acids, one of the nutrients, were added to the two organoid models for comparison. Fluorescence image analysis confirmed that more fatty acids were absorbed by 2D organoids. Treatment with a long-chain fatty acid mixture increased the expression of fatty acid receptor (FFAR1 and FFAR4) and hormone (GCG, CCK, and PYY) genes in 2D organoids but not in 3D organoids, leading to the activation of metabolic responses. The more facilitated metabolic process was observed in 2D organoids by increased mitochondria activity and ATP production. Our findings emphasize that pig intestinal organoid systems, particularly 2D organoid model, is better in vitro platform, particularly in nutritionrelated studies. Compared with other in vitro platforms, 2D organoids can be used for studying intestinal epithelial cell-nutrient interactions structurally and characteristically. Our study provides a basis for utilizing a pig 2D intestinal organoid model as a potentially advanced in vitro system for intestinal epithelial cell-based nutritional research in domestic animals.

Three-dimensional (3D) medical image segmentation is vital in clinical applications, but faces challenges like computational complexity and spatial context loss in 2D processing. To address these issues, we propose 3DAS2D, which processes 3D images as 2D slices while retaining volumetric data for better accuracy. Our approach integrates modules like Neighbour Attention, Memory Attention, Memory Bank, and Mask Encoder to capture inter-slice dependencies and historical context within a 2D prediction framework. Evaluated on four datasets covering prostate, cardiac, and lung tumour tasks, 3DAS2D performed comparably to 3D methods. This work offers an efficient, adaptable solution bridging 2D efficiency and 3D accuracy, with significant clinical potential.

This study investigates energy efficiency issues of device-to-device (D2D) communications in heterogeneous networks. To minimize the total transmitted power, an approach based on Q-learning together with adaptive ? -greedy is proposed to optimize the connection of user equipment (UE) with base station (BS) or access point (AP). The proposed adaptive ? -greedy can conduct the adequate exploration and exploitation operations for effective optimization. Simulation results indicate that in the single-cell scenario, the proposed method can attain performance close to the best solution.

Device-to-device (D2D) or Sidelink aided communication is regarded as one of the most promising technologies to improve the spectral efficiency of the 5G and beyond communication system. However, two main challenges exist: 1) the selection of the optimal number of devices for improving the spectral efficiency, and 2) improving the physical layer security of such a communication system. The optimal device improves the secrecy capacity, and the selection of optimal devices enhances the physical layer security. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a double threshold-based optimal device selection (ODS) scheme for a cooperative wireless network with amplify and forward (AF) protocol in the presence and absence of an eavesdropper to enhance the physical layer security for the D2D network. The proposed scheme is analyzed with different distance cases, device scenarios, and modulation schemes. The bit error rate (BER) performance analysis concludes that a performance gain of more than 4 dB is achieved at the BER of 0.004 for the proposed double threshold-based ODS scheme compared to the existing ODS scheme at a high signal to noise ratio (SNR). Furthermore, the proposed scheme enhances the physical layer security.

In this article, we introduce physical-layer security enhancement technique based on artificial noise for secure device-to-device (D2D) communications within a platoon in vehicular platooning networks. In particular, we consider a scenario that two D2D-enabled platoons are on the same way. All the vehicles in one platoon are used to generate artificial noise to enhance the secrecy of D2D communications within the other platoon against information leakage to a potential eavesdropping vehicle. We propose artificial noise generation strategies by the platoon according to the assumption on channel state information (CSI): full-CSI and partial CSI assumptions. We further analyze the effect of artificial noise depending on the relationship between the number of vehicles in two platoons. We finally evaluate the performance of our proposed schemes in terms of secrecy rate through extensive simulations and provide useful intuitions for secure platooning.

Wireless relaying in cellular networks has attracted considerable attention because of its capability of extending coverage and improving transmission reliability. The Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) had standardized the relaying functionality in Release 10. In Release 13, the concept of relaying has been evolved to combine it with device-to-device communications for extending network coverage further. In this paper, a state-of-the-art 3GPP relay technology called the UE-to-Network relay that provides a novel approach of extending network coverage will be introduced briefly.

BackgroundSox 9 is a major marker of chondrocyte differentiation. When chondrocytes are cultured in vitro they progressively de-differentiate and this is associated with a decline in Sox 9 expression. The active form of vitamin D, 1, 25 (OH)2D3 has been shown to be protective of cartilage in both humans and animals. In this study equine articular chondrocytes were grown in culture and the effects of 1, 25 (OH)2D3 upon Sox 9 expression examined. The expression of the transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) ion channels 5 and 6 in equine chondrocytes in vitro, we have previously shown, is inversely correlated with de-differentiation. The expression of these channels in response to 1, 25 (OH)2D3 administration was therefore also examined.ResultsThe active form of vitamin D (1, 25 (OH)2D3) when administered to cultured equine chondrocytes at two different concentrations significantly increased the expression of Sox 9 at both. In contrast 1, 25 (OH)2D3 had no significant effect upon the expression of either TRPV 5 or 6 at either the protein or the mRNA level.ConclusionsThe increased expression of Sox 9, in equine articular chondrocytes in vitro, in response to the active form of vitamin D suggests that this compound could be utilized to inhibit the progressive de-differentiation that is normally observed in these cells. It is also supportive of previous studies indicating that 1?, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 can have a protective effect upon cartilage in animals in vivo. The previously observed correlation between the degree of differentiation and the expression levels of TRPV 5/6 had suggested that these ion channels may have a direct involvement in, or be modulated by, the differentiation process in vitro. The data in the present study do not support this.

Direct communication links between nearby users can be established via device-to-device (D2D) communications, eliminating the need for a base station (BS) or remaining core networks. The D2D users’ transmission power is lower than the BS’s traffic burden. Nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA) expertise allows a transmitter to direct multiple impulses at the same wavelength by power superposition, possibly enhancing spectrum efficiency. In this work, an adaptive recurrent neural network (ARNN) is developed to effectively handle the nonlinearity of transmission powers and channel diversity. Furthermore, a method called fuzzy C-means clustering (FCMC) is designed to group users on different subcarriers with different strengths. For spectrum utilization to improve, clustering is necessary. The advanced coati optimization algorithm (ACOA) is subsequently utilized to assign assets. The Levy Flight (LF) function is taken into consideration when choosing the weight value in the Coati Optimization Algorithm (COA). The simulation findings demonstrate that our method is better at increasing system throughput while meeting users’ file requests. This method enables the efficient use of resources and power control in interactions between devices. The proposed method is implemented in MATLAB, and its performance is evaluated via performance measures. It is compared with conventional approaches. The results indicate that the suggested method achieves superior outage probability values across different user counts, with values of 0.99465 for 40 users, 0.99946 for 60 users, 0.99946 for 80 users, and 0.999446 for 100 users. Comparatively, the Recurrent Neural Network-Honey Badger Algorithm (RNN-HBA) achieved slightly lower outage probabilities, whereas the Deep Belief Network (DBN) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) demonstrated more significant variations, especially with a greater number of users.

With the emergence and popularization of multi-homing intelligent terminals, multi-receiver D2D communication has become a hot research issue. Based on the characteristic that D2D communication can work in licensed and unlicensed spectrum, a new grouping D2D (GD2D) model contains two transmitters (one works in the licensed spectrum and the other works in the unlicensed spectrum) and one receiver is constructed in this paper. To improve the user’s quality-of-service (QoS) at the edge of the cell, we develop a novel relay selection scheme based on a social tie that considers both physical and social constraints. Furthermore, we formulate a resource allocation problem that aims to maximize the system’s energy efficiency (EE). We derive the optimal closed solutions of the expressions by the fractional programming method and the Lagrangian dual approach. Numerical results show that the proposed grouping D2D scheme can yield significant EE performance gain over the traditional cell-edge user scheme.