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The purpose of this study was to investigate the electromyographic (EMG) activity of vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis (VL), and rectus femoris (RF) during open kinetic chain exercise (OKC) and close kinetic chain (CKC) exercise at various angle of the knee joint. 11 normal subjects (6 men, 5 women) participated. Root mean square (RMS) of the vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis (VL), and rectus femoris (RF) was measured by the surface EMG during CKC and OKC exercise at 0°, 45°, and 90° of knee joint. In isotonic contraction of knee extension, RMS of the VL was more increased than the VM and RF during CKC and OKC exercise. In isometric contraction during OKC, RMS of RF was more increase than the VL and VL at 0°and 45°. RMS of the VL was more increased than the RF and VM at 90°. In isometric contraction during CKC, RMS of the VM was more increase than the VL and RF at 0°, 45°, and 90° of knee joint. These findings suggest that isometric contraction of knee using CKC may be more favorable to increase activity of the VM.

Objective: This study examined the effects of McKenzie & Williams exercise and pelvic floor muscle exercise after applying conservative physical therapy to chronic low back pain patients. The patients were evaluated for their pain intensity, muscle strength, and muscle endurance. Method: Sixty-eight outpatients were divided into a McKenzie & Williams exercise group and a pelvic floor muscle exercise group. Each group performed its own exercise 30 minutes per day, three times per week, for 8 weeks. Pain intensity was measured by the McGill Pain Questionnaire and the Oswestry Disability Index. Muscle strength and endurance were also measured. Measurements were made at baseline, and again at four weeks and eight weeks after the intervention. Results: The McGill Pain Questionnaire scores, Oswestry Disability Index scores, muscle strength, and muscle endurance for each group showed significant changes at baseline, and at four and eight weeks after the intervention (p<.05). Significant differences were also evident between the two groups for these four measurements (p<.05). Conclusion: Pelvic floor muscle exercise is more effective than McKenzie & Williams exercise for reducing pain intensity and increasing muscle strength and endurance in chronic low back pain patients.

Objective: This study analyzes the effect of physical therapist’s transfer angle on trunk muscle activities and heart rates. Method: This study was conducted from June to August 2011. Forty-five male and female physical therapists working at R or S hospital in Gyeonggi-do were randomly and equally divided into three groups. They transferred patients at angles of 45˚, 90˚, and 135˚. Trunk muscle activities and heart rates were measured with an electromyogram(QEMG-4, Laxtha, Korea) and a wireless electrocardiogram(Q-Tel RMS, Quinton, USA) respectively. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare muscle activities and heart rates and a paired t-test was used to compare heart rates at rest and during transfer. Results: Trunk muscle activities increased as patient transfer angles increased (p<.05). Heart rates were significantly different among the three groups prior to the work, after the work, at rest, and during the work (p<.05) but changes in heart rates in accordance with patient transfer angles were not significantly different (p>.05). Conclusion: Increased patient transfer angles led to incerase trunk muscle activity, so transfer work at a low angle is effective.

This study aims to compare isokinetic muscle strength of quadriceps femoris and hamstring muscles, major muscles around knee joints, and examine their differences in normal people in accordance with their body mass index. A total of 102 normal subjects in their 20s were divided into a normal group and an overweight and obesity group based on the WHO BMI classifications for Asians and their body compositions were measured from January 3 to August 31 2011 using a body composition analyzer. Absolute muscle strength, bilateral muscle strength deficit, and flexor/extensor strength ratio, and muscle strength relative to body weight of the quadriceps and hamstring muscles were measured with isokinetic equipment and compared. Absolute muscle strength of knee-extensors and knee-flexors was significant (p<.05) but relative muscle strength, bilateral muscle strength deficit, and flexor/extensor strength ratio were not significant between the ordinary group and the overweight and obesity group, both of which consisted of males and females in their 20s, in accordance with their body mass indexes at an angular velocity of 60 °/sec Absolute isokinetic strength of quadriceps femoris and hamstring muscles had positive relation with increase in body mass index in males and females in their 20s.

This study aims to examine the effects of taping on lower leg joint in stroke patients’ on their static and dynamic balance and gait ability. Twenty-six stroke patients receiving physical therapy at A hospital located in Gyeonggi-do were divided equally into a taping on physical therapy and an ordinary physical therapy group. They exercised for 30 minutes each time, 3 times per week for 8 weeks, from June to August 2011. Romberg’s eye open and eye closed tests, limits of stability (LOS) , forwards and back test, timed up and go test(TUG) and 10-meter gait velocity test were performed to evaluate static balance, dynamic balance, and gait ability, respectively, prior to, 4 weeks after, and 8 weeks after the intervention. Differences within each group in relation to the lapse of time were compared with a repeated measure ANOVA. Differences between the two groups were compared with an independent t-test. Regarding comparison of differences within each group, all the tests resulted in significant changes in both groups after the intervention (p<.05). As for comparison of differences between the two groups, the taping on physical therapy group had significantly better test results than the ordinary physical therapy group in all measured items(p<.05). An after lower leg joint taping on stroke patients is more efficient and effective than ordinary physical therapy alone in improving their balance and gait ability.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of occupational therapy with collage on the visual perception and hand function for the children with mild mental retardation(MR). This study was held at P Developmental Center using 20 children with mild MR who received treatment for 12weeks. The two groups were divided into the group that participated in both the collage program and occupational therapy(2times per week, 1day collage, 1day occupational therapy) and the group that only received occupational therapy(2times per week, both times occupational therapy) 10 participants were randomly assigned to the two groups, The results showed that the study group increased in both visual perception and hand function(p<.05), while the control group only showed slight increases in hand function (p<.05). In conclusion, this study indicates that occupational therapy using a collage program increased the abilities of visual perception and hand function for children with mild MR.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of three different types of flooring material Taekwondo studio on the balancing ability of Taekwondo players. In order to serve this purpose, the participation group consisted of 27 adult Taekwondo player students from H University in Gangwon-Do. Then, participations were sampled by using random sampling. Measurement tools used were the Tetrax Interactive Balance System to determine balance. Technical statistics, the change in balance according to flooring material, ANOVA was used. Scheffe was used to determine the similarities in the three different type of flooring material. Results showed that under the soft flooring material more decrease balance ability, and fourier harmony index(FHI) decrease. Hard flooring material group and firm flooring material group improve FHI, but weight distribution index(WDI) were no significant between two group. Overall, it can be concluded that if protect injury and postural stability, we need to consider to select d select a firm flooring material of Taekwondo players.

We investigated the effects of mat exercise and ball exercise on functional disability, balance, and multifidus cross sectional areas in patients with chronic lower back pain. This study recruited 34 patients with chronic lower back pain and randomly assigned them to a mat exercise group and a ball exercise group. Both groups exercised 3 times a week for 4 months, and data using the Oswetry Disability Index (ODI) were collected. Tetrax®balancing scale was used to analyze left and right weight bearing differences, and computertomography(C.T.) was used to analyze multifidus cross-sectional areas. Both groups had significantly decreased ODI after the exercise (p<0.05). Between the two groups, the ball exercise group had more significant decreases in ODI (p<0.05). Both groups had significantly decreased difference left and right balance after the exercise (p<0.05). Both groups had significant differences in the variance of multifidus cross sectional areas in lumbar regions 3, 4, and 5 (p<0.05). These results indicate that when considering an exercise program for a patient with lower back pain, a ball exercise program is more effective compared to a mat exercise program for improving functionality and multifidus rehabilitation.

The purpose of this study was to learning the effects of sitting posture on lung capacity. Subjects were 45 healthy adults and center of pressure, forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and FEV1/FVC were measured. FVC and FEV1 were significantly high in the order of short lordosis posture, normal posture, and slumped posture. Lung capacity reduced the most with slumped posture. When exercising in sitting posture, it will be effective to inform patients about keeping a normal posture or short lordosis posture using lumbar support.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the variation of shoe wedges on balance and functional locomotion capacity in hemiplegic patients. Twenty-six hemiplegic patients who are under rehabilitation at Hanyang University Seoul Hospital took part in this study from June 3, 2003 to Sept 5, 2003. The results of this study are as follows: First, there is a significant difference of weight-bearing rate in 5 and 7.5 degree than before-application when were given 0, 5, 7.5, 10 degree of shoe wedges(p<.05). Second, there is almost no difference of postural-sway when they were given 0, 5, 7.5, 10 degree of shoe wedges. Third, there is a significant difference of functional locomotion capacity in 7.5 degree than before-application when they were given 0, 5, 7.5, 10 degree of shoe wedges(p<.05). As a result, this training seems to promote the symmetry of weight-bearing rate and be effective on the rise of functional locomotion capacity if patients are trained as a standing posture by applying shoe wedge 7.5 degree to the lower limbs of their paralysis side.

Objective To investigate the effect of gastrocnemius muscle fatigue on postural control ability in elderly people.Methods Twenty-four healthy elderly people participated in this study. The postural control ability of single leg standing was evaluated with Health Improvement & Management System (HIMS) posturography before and after fatiguing exercises. After evaluating initial postural control ability, the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of ankle plantarflexion was assessed using a surface electromyogram from the medial belly of the gastrocnemius muscle. After a 5-minute resting period, subjects began submaximal isometric ankle plantarflexion (40% MVC) until 40% of MVC was dropped below 95% for 5 seconds, or subject couldn’t continue working out due to muscle fatigue. And postural control ability was assessed after fatiguing exercise. The mean deviation of center of pressure (COP), length of COP movement, occupied area of COP were measured, and analyzed by paired t-test. Results Mediolateral deviation, length of COP movement, and area of COP occupied were increased after fatiguing exercise of the gastrocnemius muscle. Anteroposterior deviation and length of COP movement were also increased, but had low statistical significance. Conclusion These findings suggest that the gastrocnemius muscle fatigue affects mediolateral stability and accuracy during single leg standing in elderly people. Therefore muscle endurance training is necessary to prevent falls in elderly people.

Objective To investigate associations between angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) polymorphisms and muscle fatigability in 65-year-old Koreans. Method The study participants were 49 Koreans aged 65 years. ACE insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphisms were determined by polymerase chain reaction and serum ACE activity, by spectrophotometry. Body mass index (BMI), body fat mass (BFM), and lean body mass (LBM) were determined. To evaluate muscle fatigability, dynamic Electromyography was used to measure maximum voluntary isometric contractions (MVICs) of ankle plantar flexor muscles. Patients were seated with their hips flexed at 90°, knees fully extended, and ankles at 0°. Continuous submaximal VICs (40% MVIC) were then performed, and contraction duration and EMG frequency changes during the initial 2 min were measured. A self-reported physical activity questionnaire was used to evaluate effects of ACE activity levels on muscle fatigability.Results Among the 49 volunteers, 15 showed II genotype; 22, ID genotype; and 12, DD genotype. Serum ACE activity levels were significantly higher in DD genotype subjects than in II genotype subjects (p<0.05). Furthermore, the duration of submaximal isometric contractions was longer in II and ID genotype subjects than in DD genotype subjects (p<0.05). Dynamic EMG showed significantly lower mean frequency changes in II genotype subjects than in DD genotype subjects (p<0.05). However, LBM, BFM, and BMI were independent of ACE genotypes.Conclusion ACE II genotype subjects showed significantly higher resistant to muscle fatigue than that by DD genotype subjects. However, body composition and BMI showed no correlations with ACE I/D polymorphisms.

Objective: To determine the effects on the lumbar stability caused by various thoracic exercise programs, the extent of spinal posture correction and the increase in thoracic mobility to the extension direction. Method: Exercise programs, which can increase the thoracic mobility to the extension direction, were applied to the exercise group. The control subjects were trained for the correct posture according to ergonomic principles by exercise at home and at the clinic. Both groups had three sessions of exercise program per week for 8 weeks. Results: A comparison of the various parameters in the exercise group before and after exercise showed that the VAS, thoracic kyphosis and lumbar mobility decreasedsignificantly (p＜0.05), and the thoracic mobility in the extension direction, chest expansion, maximal elevation of the arms and spinal length increased significantly (p＜0.05). In addition, the thoracic kyphosis and lumbar mobility increased significantly (p＜0.05), and thoracic mobility in the extension direction, chest expansion, maximum elevation of the arms and the spinal length decreased significantly (p＜0.05), but the VAS did not show a significant difference. Conclusion: A thoracic exercise program, which can correct the posture, improve the functional restrictions of the thoracic spine and reduce the lumbar mobility, is very important.

The purpose of this study was to analyses the main factors of research papers for related with home physical therapy. This study was retrospective descriptive study, the period of data collection was from 1991 to 2011. The data was collected by the journal related in physical therapy, the dissertation of academic degree, National Assembly Library and the web-site for academic information. In the web-site, searched with the keyword 'home physical therapy' and 'after school voucher'. The results were as follows; 1. In the home physical therapy, visiting physical therapy, school physical therapy, there were different based on laws; home physical therapy was based on medical law, visiting physical therapy was based on law for community health and law for long term health insurance, school physical therapy was based on special education law. 2. The summary of research title/thema from 1991 to 2011 was as follows; for the home and visiting physical therapy 'the needs and necessity of home and visiting physical therapy' was 18 papers, 'the contents of service of home and visiting physical therapy' was 18 papers, 'program and skill development' was 16 papers, 'system developing and induction strategy of home and visiting physical therapy 'was 15 papers, 'costs of nome and visiting physical therapy' was 2 papers, 'perception and information of home and visiting physical therapy' was 9 papers, 'Recoding system and administration management' was 9 papers, 'the others 'was 14 papers, for the school physical therapy 'after school voucher system' was 9 papers, the others was 4 papers. The total papers was 114 papers. 3. Finally suggested 'Model of Educational Program for HomeVisiting and School Physical Therapy'.

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to determine Exercisely the effects of applying an Integrated Exercise Program (IEP) with the adapted use of Thera-Band exercise sets to Korean seniors on their improvement in their physical strength (PS), daily living ability (ADL and IDAL). Methods : The Exercise group consisted of 30 Korean seniors of 65 years of age or older, while the control group had another 30 Korean seniors with comparable aging. The Exercise group received the IEP for 50 to 60 minutes per session, three sessions per week, for a duration of consecutive 12 weeks. Results : This confirms the beneficial effects of the IEP on their MA and PS, and their improvement in PS (p<.05), in turn, can improve their IADL (p<.05). The results of this study indicate the potentialities for IEP to help Korean seniors of 65 years or older to improve their PS, ADL and IADL. Conclusion : The IEP is within the physical and financial capabilities of Korean seniors, can be designed and modified and adjusted according to their individual physiological conditions. Sustained, regular exercises under IEP are expected to help resolve physiological issues of aging of Korean seniors.

The purpose of this study was going to research relation of job stress and society psychologic stress according to general characteristic, work characteristic, health characteristic and personality characteristic for the occupational therapist in the working domestic rehabilitation therapy with hospital and welfare center occupational therapist. The research was 91 of withdrawal questionnaire among 102 occupational therapist from 1. November 2005 to 31. December 2005. In the result of analysis the given question for the ninety one occupational therapist showed just normal group 25% 23 person, potential stress group 47% 43 person, and the rest 28% 25 person high risk group. The result shows significance different in general characteristic of job stress about age, final scholarship and marriage. Job stress was included income, working time, office form and working position etc. Health special job stress was significance different according to sleep time. So we have to know a fact of job stress of occupational therapist and prevent of loss of business services. And we have to endeavoring removals factor of stress and good office culture fixation.

The objectives of this study were to examine the relative efficacy of three active exercise programs for work-related, chronic low back pain, and to observe to what extent the programs affected the mechanical stability of the lumbar region. The subjects were 64 employees who were randomly divided into three groups to match the three active exercise programs which were performed 3 times a week for 6 months. All subjects were assessed with the same measurements at a pre-study examination, and then were reassessed at 2 weeks, 3months and 6 months after the study. The pain intensity didn't show any significant difference among the three groups. However, the Oswestry Disability Index showed significant differences among the three groups at 6 months and the lumbar and thoracic exercise groups showed significant decreases compared to the general physiotherapy group (p<.05). Maximal stretching with both hands in the overhead direction showed a significant difference among the three groups at 3 months and 6 months, and the thoracic exercise group at 6 months showed a significant increase in overhead stretching compared to the lumbar exercise and general physiotherapy groups (p<.05). The group that performed maximal stretching with both hands in the overhead direction showed the most significant among the 3 months and 6 months. At 6 months, the thoracic exercise group showed a significant increase in overhead stretching compared to the lumbar exercise and general physiotherapy groups (p<.05). The lumbar region angle of inclination showed significant differences among the three groups at 2 weeks 3 months, and 6 months, with the thoracic exercise group being decreased more significantly at 6 months than the lumbar exercise and general physiotherapy groups (p<.05). Exercise aimed at increasing thoracic mobility has an effect on lumbar stability. Furthermore, it is far more effective for lumbar stabilization than general physiotherapy and deep muscle strengthening lumbar exercise.