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Chinese characters currently in use in Japan play an indispensable role. By contrast, hanja use appears to be in decline in Korea and the general use of Hanja has rapidly been abandoned. This essay discusses how differently Chinese characters have been the vehicle through which the Chinese lexicon became a large part of vocabulary of Korean and Japanese languages and how the difference in policies on Chinese characters between the two countries has caused some problems in Korea. Problems of causing various and serious confusion by distorting and transforming in use of the Korean Language, as shown in an example of the confusion between 「Sechuk」 and 「Sejung」, can be said to originate from three reasons: ①Korean policy on formal hanja education, which abandons teaching Chinese characters in schools, ②An increasing number of young generations in Korea who do not have an opportunity to be exposed to the necessary Chinese characters, by whom many of Japanese substituted Kanji are adopted and pronounced in Korean, ③Lack of formal Hanja education in the normal language education courses in Korea, resulting in incogitant borrowing of Japanese substituted Kanji. In conclusion, this essay tries to present some useful action plans for ensuring correct use of language which will lead us to get out of the distorted application of Japanese Kanji in Korea.

日本語の表記において、漢字は欠かすことのできない、非常に効用性の高い存在である。これに引き替え韓国語の場合、その存在価値と 效用性は日本語に比べて低い方である。本稿では、まず韓日両国語における漢字の位相について調べた後、両国の漢字使用に関する政策の違いと、これによって生じる問題点を指摘している。「洗滌(Sechuk)→洗淨(Sejung)」のように、韓国人自ら歪曲,変質した単語を間違って使うことにより、言語生活に甚だしい混乱を招く問題点は、①漢字教育を度外視する韓国のハングル専用政策, ②日本の「同音の漢字による書き換え」された漢字をそのまま韓国の漢字音として取り入れるハングル世代の増加, ③代用漢字についての漢字教育の不在から生じたことである。 筆者は本稿を通して、韓国語が歪曲ㆍ変質しつつある深刻な現実を直視し、これを正して正常な言語生活を営むことができるよう、漢字混用論の立場から漢字教育の强化とその実行方策を提示している。

본 연구는 정신과에 방문한 환자들을 대상으로 확인적 요인 분석을 적용하여 한국판 IIP-PD의 요인구조를 검증하고자 하였다. 이전의 연구에서 적합도가 우수한 것으로 보고된 3개의 요인구조를 대안 모형으로 설정하여 293명의 환자군을 대상으로 한국판 IIP-PD에 대한 확인적 요인분석을 수행하였다. 그 결과, 서로 상관이 있는 5개의 일차 요인으로 구성된 모형이 수집된 자료에 가장 적합한 것으로 밝혀졌다. 이 결과는 5개의 일차 요인과 하나의 이차 요인으로 구성된 위계적 모형이 가장 적합하다는 외국의 선행 연구 결과와 달랐다. 한국의 경우 미국과는 달리 성격장애를 대표하는 잠재적 요인을 확인할 수 없었지만 여전히 ‘stage 1’에서 성격장애를 선별하는데 유용할 것으로 생각되며, 추후 문항조정 등을 통해서 성격장애를 측정하는데 효용성을 더욱 발전시킬 수 있겠다.

This study attempted to verify the factor structure of the Korean Version of Interpersonal Problems Personality Disorder Scales(K-IIP-PD) by applying a confirmatory factor analysis to psychiatric patients. To evaluate the goodness of fit of three alternative models taken from factor structures which had been previously reported. the confirmatory factor analysis was carried out on the K-IIP-PD with respect to a group of 239 patients. As a result, it was found that the model with five first-order intercorrelated factor was the best fit for the data. This result differed from previous US-based studies which had reported that a hierarchical model with 1 second-order factor and 5 first-order factors was the best fit. Unlike the US-based studies, potential factors representing character disorders were not found here: however it seems that the model will be useful in sorting character disorders in ‘Stage 1’, and its utility will be further developed in measuring the level of character disorders by modifying items in the future.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore problems of clinical nurse performance appraisal system. Methods: This study employed a descriptive qualitative approach. The participants were purposively selected from clinical nurses working across all of the hospital units in a large metropolitan teaching hospital in Tehran, Iran in 2012. Data were collected using five focus group interviews, which were audio taped. The number of participants in each group ranged from 7 to 10. The semi-structured interviews were guided by a set of nondirective questions, and continued until the data reached saturation. Data were analyzed using framework analysis. Results: Four major themes regarding the problems of clinical nurse performance appraisal system emerged from the analysis of textual data. These themes were contextual problems, problems related to performance appraisal structure, problems related to performance appraisal process and those related to performance appraisal results. Conclusion: The findings of this study reveal that the nurse performance appraisal system confronts with various problems. Some of these problems are related to organizational context while the others concerned structure, process and results of the performance appraisal system. In order to achieve high quality of patient care as the final goal of performance appraisal, changing and revision of this system is necessary.

As the Internet has expanded and the continuous expansion of online shopping in China, many rural areas also have sales outlets. Due to the impact of economic conditions, rural locations have inadequate e-commerce logistical infrastructure, the number of outlets is small, and each other is in a decentralized state. For various reasons, the advancement of rural e-commerce logistics lags far behind that in urban areas. As the Internet of Things with big data grow in popularity, we can create and enhance the assurance system for the booming ecommerce in rural areas by building the support system of rural online shopping platform, and strengthening the joint distribution of logistics terminals based on data mining, so as to encourage the quick and healthy growth of rural online shopping.

This study reviewed the programs of college journalism education in South Korea. The review on journalism education programs in ten universities showed that journalism education models in South Korea are different from both the American model that emphasizes field practices and the European model that emphasizes contextual knowledge for journalism. College journalism education in South Korea can be characterized as “the department store model of journalism education,” which focuses on various media and communication theories, with a small number of journalism courses. Journalism education programs in South Korea do not provide a systematic curriculum for practical skills required in the field. Only small proportion of faculty members was found to dedicate themselves to journalism-related courses. There are few journalism-related courses and instructors for the digital media environment. Goals of journalism education are found to be rather abstract and ambiguous, aiming at both the practical skills and theories. New models of journalism education for the new media and digital environment are discussed.

People collectively understand and often use information and knowledge as terms in a variety of contexts without concern nor discussion of their many competing conceptual and theoretical definitions. The concepts of information and knowledge are intrinsically linked and suffer some of the same problems when scholars try to define them, especially when truth is a prerequisite. This theory paper presents a simple thought experiment that relates the reliabilist and truth-tracking analyses of knowledge with the physical and cognitive paradigms of information, respectively. The results of the thought experiment are discussed within the context of the Post-Truth era, with implications and applications for information literacy.

Purpose: The aim of our study was to determine the factors affecting the psychosocial problems of infertile Turkish women and to identify their coping strategies. Methods: This study employed a descriptive qualitative approach. We conducted in-depth interviews to examine the psychosocial problems faced by infertile Turkish women. The participants were selected in two stages. In the first stage, 118 women diagnosed with primary infertility completed a personal information form and the Fertility Problem Inventory (FPI). In the second stage, in-depth interviews (lasting 45e90 minutes) were conducted with 24 (age 20 to 41 years) infertile women randomly selected from the groups formed according to their FPI global stress levels determined in Stage 1. Content analysis was used to examine the qualitative data. Results: The results comprised nine main themes regarding the psychosocial problems encountered by women and the methods used to overcome these problems. These included the meaning attributed to being childless, negative self-concept, perceived social pressure, perceived social support, psychological symptoms, social withdrawal and isolation, spiritual coping, cherishing hope/restructuring life, and adopting traditional methods. Social pressure and stigma were common. Infertility was found to negatively affect the participants' self-perception and view of life. The women used spiritual methods for overcoming stress and avoiding society, as well as traditional fertility remedies. Conclusions: Infertile women suffer from various psychosocial problems because of infertility and they adopt emotion-focused coping methods.

Purposes: The purposes of this study are to describe the health problems experienced by VLBW premature infants and their health care services utilization during the first year of life Method: Eighteen mothers of VLBW premature infants completed a survey questionnaire, asking socioeconomic/demographic information, health/ developmental problems experienced by their infants, and their use of health care services. Results: Of the 18 infants, 78% experienced respiratory problems such as cold/running nose and wheezing during the first year and 33% experienced gastrointestinal problems such as vomiting, diarrhea and constipation. Twelve (67%) infants visited the emergency department at least one time and 10 infants (56%) were hospitalized at least once during their first year of age. Interestingly, infants without chronic lung disease visited the emergency department more than infants without chronic lung disease (p=.213). Infants living in non-disadvantaged neighborhoods were hospitalized more than infants living in disadvantaged neighborhoods (p=.000). Conclusions: Health care providers should initiate educating mothers, particularly those living in disadvantaged neighborhoods, about post-NICU discharge health care needs of their VLBW premature infants while their infants were still in the NICU so that unnecessary visits to the emergency department and rehospitalizations can be possibly prevented.

In this paper, attendance in distance learning courses of a cyber university has been surveyed in an effort to verify the effectiveness of distance learning. Based on survey data from 4,749 distance learning participants, major attending place, major reasons for attending online class, fidelity to online classes, attending time per week, perceived educational effectiveness, perceived and relative seriousness of problems, and other variables have been evaluated. The results indicate that perceptional seriousness of the investigated problems is not statistically important. The findings indicate that, among operational problems, self willingness and cheating are the most remarkable. In contrast, the relative seriousness of traditionally recognized problems such as H/W availability and network speed among environmental problems is least remarkable. An analysis of demographic differences such as sex, employment, and school year in terms of seriousness of problems is also performed. The results reveal the existence of statistically significant differences according to sex, employment, and school year with regard to almost all elements of environment, actual current conditions, and seriousness of problems, with the exception of some elements such as attending place and perceived fidelity.

This study examined those problems noticed under the Asymptotically Generalized Least Squares estimator in evaluating a structural model of physical health. The problems were highly correlated parameter estimates and high standard errors of some parameter estimates. Separate analyses of the endogenous part of the model and of the metric of a latent factor revealed a highly skewed and kurtotic measurement indicator as the focal point of the manifested problems. Since the sample sizes are far below that needed to produce adequate AGLS estimates in the given modeling conditions, the adequacy of the Maximum Likelihood estimator is further examined with the robust statistics and the bootstrap method. These methods demonstrated that the ML methods were unbiased and statistical decisions based upon the ML standard errors remained almost the same. Suggestions are made for future studies adopting structural equation modeling technique in terms of selecting of a reference indicator and adopting those statistics corrected for nonormality.

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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to review the literature on intervention studies for abused children and adolescent in residential facilities in South Korea (ACARF-K). The goal was to understand the problems they experience, to evaluate the content and effectiveness of interventions applied to them, and to develop evidence-based nursing intervention programs. Methods: We used four electronic databases to search for relevant articles. 18 studies according to Whittemore and Knafl's integrative review method to synthesize the literature. Results: The ACARF-K experienced problems in biophysical, psychological, and sociocultural domains related to attachment impairment. Effective intervention strategies were building trust through empathy and fulfillment of needs, encouraging ACARF-K to express themselves and helping them to clarify emotions in an unthreatening environment, and improving their self-concept through activities in which they experienced achievement. Conclusion: Interventions are needed to help restore attachment damage among ACARF-K. The interventions in this study utilized emotional, cognitive, relational, and behavioral therapeutic tools to improve their psychological and social capacities. Future intervention programs for ACARF-K should include these key elements.

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the individual and environmental factors related to emotional/behavioral problems to early adolescence in Korea by applying multilevel modeling. Methods: From the database of the 2014 Korean Child and Youth Panel Survey (KCYPS), the researchers selected 1,977 adolescents who are in the second year of middle school. Multilevel model analysis was performed to estimate the impact of relevant factors at the individual and environmental levels. Results: At the individual level, the significant factors associated with emotional/ behavioral problems included BMI and study tendency in boys, and drinking, study tendency and economic levels in girls. At the environmental level, the significant factor associated with emotional/behavioral problems included relationship with the teacher. Conclusion: The emotional/behavioral problems of early adolescence are influenced not only by the individual factors but also by the environment factor. Therefore, the environment surrounding the adolescents should also be considered to prevent emotional/behavioral problems.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the anger expression types in nurses and to analyze the differences between the anger expression types and interpersonal problems. Methods: The data were collected from 149 nurses working in general hospitals with 300 beds or more in Seoul or Gyeonggi province, Korea. For anger expression type, the anger expression scale from the Korean State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory was used. For interpersonal problems, the short form of the Korean Inventory of Interpersonal Problems Circumplex Scales was used. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, cluster analysis, multivariate analysis of variance, and Duncan's multiple comparisons test. Results: Three anger expression types in nurses were found: low-anger expression, anger-in, and angerin/control type. From the results of multivariate analysis of variance, there were significant differences between anger expression types and interpersonal problems (Wilks lambda F = 3.52, p < .001). Additionally, anger-in/control type was found to have the most difficulty with interpersonal problems by Duncan's post hoc test (p < .050). Conclusions: Based on this research, the development of an anger expression intervention program for nurses is recommended to establish the means of expressing the suppressed emotions, which would help the nurses experience less interpersonal problems.

Purpose The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between bullying and exposure to bullying and the health problems in the primary school children. Methods This study was conducted on 92 parents and 92 students who were sixth grade students in two primary schools in Izmir. The data were collected using the Peer Bullying Scale Adolescent Form and the Identification of Health Problems Form. The data were analyzed through χ2 analysis and odds ratios with a 95% confidence interval. Results About forty-nine percent of the students (48.9%) was male, 51.1% of them was female and the average age was 11.6 ± 0.53 years. It was found that students who had high scores for being exposed to bullying were significantly more likely to experience headache, feeling bad, crying restlessness, nervousness,sleeping problems, dizziness; whereas students who had high bullying scores were significantly more likely to experience only poor appetite. Conclusions Students exposed to bullying have more health problems than the bullying students. It is recommended that programs designed to prevent the negative effects of bullying be developed.

Purpose: Compared to cities, rural areas are in a medical blind spot and face difficulties in accessing medical services due to inconvenient transportation facilities, lack of medical facilities, and the heavy burden of medical expenses. This study was carried out to identify the problems relating to the musculoskeletal system of the elderly in rural and fishing villages, which are medically vulnerable areas, and sought to present a regionally differentiated healthcare model. Methods: The study was conducted in 80 elderly people in two rural villages and two fishing villages after seeking inputs regarding medically vulnerable groups in the Gyeongnam Province. Postural balance and muscle flexibility were assessed and postural evaluation was conducted to identify musculoskeletal problems and gait stability. Strength and range of motion for each body segment were assessed for evaluating functional motion. Results: The elderly in both rural areas showed forward head posture characteristics. The strength level of the elderly in both rural areas was higher than the average, but their flexibility and balance ability were lower than the average. Conclusion: The musculoskeletal problems of the elderly in rural and fishing villages in this study did not show regional characteristics according to the area of residence. However, overall flexibility and balance ability appeared to be reduced. Therefore, a new management model connecting the region and the university is necessary in preparation for the coming era of community care.

Since constrained optimization algorithms are easy to fall into local optimum and their ability of searching are weak, an improved symbiotic organisms search algorithm with mixed strategy based on adaptive ε constrained (ε_SOSMS) is proposed in this paper. Firstly, an adaptive ε constrained method is presented to balance the relationship between the constrained violation degrees and fitness. Secondly, the evolutionary strategies of symbiotic organisms search algorithm are improved as follows. Selecting different best individuals according to the proportion of feasible individuals and infeasible individuals to make evolutionary strategy more suitable for solving constrained optimization problems, and the individual comparison criteria is replaced with population selection strategy, which can better enhance the diversity of population. Finally, numerical experiments on 13 benchmark functions show that not only is ε_SOSMS able to converge to the global optimal solution, but also it has better robustness.

Following Nusselt [1] there were few developments in the theory of laminar film condensation until the advent of digital computers in the 1950s. Approximations used by Nusselt namely neglect of inertia, convection and surface shear stress (for the free convection case) were then found to give very accurate results for the normal practical range of vapour-to-surface temperature difference. Subsequent developments treated the gas phase and dealt with superheated vapour, condensation in the presence of a non-condensing gas and condensation of mixtures. The temperature discontinuity at the vapour-liquid interface has been studied experimentally and theoretically since the $19^{th}$ century and more recently in the 1960s by experiments using liquid metals. In the present paper the focus is on the condensate film and, in particular, the role played by surface tension which is important for condensation on finned surfaces and in microchannels, owing to abrupt changes in curvature of the condensing surface. The way in which surface tension affects condensation heat transfer and difficulties which arise are first illustrated by reference to condensation on a smooth horizontal tube, where the effect of surface tension on heat transfer is minimal. Practically more relevant cases of condensation in microchannels and on finned surfaces and are then discussed and recent results presented.

Recent breakthroughs in generative reasoning have fundamentally reshaped how large language models (LLMs) address complex tasks, enabling them to dynamically retrieve, refine, and organize information into coherent, multi-step reasoning chains. Techniques such as inference-time scaling, reinforcement learning, supervised fine-tuning, and distillation have been effectively applied to state-of-the-art models, including DeepSeek-R1, OpenAI’s o1 and o3, GPT-4o, Qwen-32B, and various Llama variants, significantly enhancing their reasoning capabilities. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of the top 27 LLMs released between 2023 and 2025, such as Mistral AI Small 3 24B, DeepSeek-R1, Search-o1, QwQ-32B, and Phi-4, and analyze their core innovations and performance improvements. We also provide a detailed overview of recent advancements in multilingual large language models (MLLMs), emphasizing methods that improve cross-lingual reasoning and address the limitations of English-centric training. In parallel, we present a comprehensive review of progress in State Space Model (SSM)-based architectures, including models like Mamba, which demonstrate improved efficiency for long-context processing compared to Transformer-based approaches. Our analysis covers training strategies such as general optimization techniques, mixture-of-experts (MoE) configurations, retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), chain-of-thought prompting, self-improvement methods, and test-time compute scaling and distillation frameworks. Finally, we identify key challenges for future research, including enabling multi-step reasoning without human supervision, improving robustness in chained task execution, balancing structured prompting with generative flexibility, and enhancing the integration of long-context retrieval and external tools.

Purpose: This paper is a critical review of descriptive phenomenological methodology in Korean nursing research. We propose constructive suggestions for the improvement of descriptive phenomenological methodology in light of Husserl's phenomenological approaches. Methods: Using the key words of 'phenomenology,' 'experience,' and 'nursing,' we identify and analyze 64 Korean empirical phenomenological studies (selected from 282 studies) published in 14 Korean nursing journals from 2005 to 2018. The PubMed and the Korea Citation Index were used to identify the studies. Results: Our analysis shows that all the reviewed articles used Giorgi's or Colaizzi's scientific phenomenological methodology, without critical attention to Husserl's philosophical phenomenological principles. Conclusions: The use of scientific phenomenology in nursing research, which originated in North America, has become a global phenomenon, and Korean phenomenological nursing research has faithfully followed this scholarly trend. This paper argues that greater integration of Husserlian phenomenological principles into scientific phenomenological methodology in nursing research, such as participant-centered bracketing and eidetic reduction, is needed to ensure that scientific phenomenology lives up to its promise as a research methodology.