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Well known as 'French doctors', Medecins sans frontieres (Doctors without borders) is one of the most famous international humanitarian NGOs in the fields of urgent aid and assistance for the victims of all kinds of natural and/or human disasters, such as earthquake, flood, famine, armed conflicts, etc. Humanitarian ideas were born early in the time of Reform in Europe. But modern humanitarianism has been materialized with the foundation of International Committee of Red Cross in 1875. ICRC has incarnated exclusively humanitarian action for a long time on the international stage and almost all countries recognize this international organization whose action is legitimated by virtue of international law. However, ICRC's neutral stance vis-a-vis Nazi regime and long silence on the jewish concentration camp during World War II were highly criticized. The founders of MSF is deeply influenced by this critic of 'blind neutrality' of Red Cross during World War II. Thus, MSF, which represent new generation of humanitarianism, breaking with traditional virtue of silent action, take the strategy of "shout' and 'witness' at various important humanitarian abuse situations. For' doctors without borders', in many occasions neutrality could mean conspiration with slaughterer, synonym of impuissance, or simple naivety which can easily exploited by power holders. We can enumerate two major factors which enables the spectacular success of MSF in recent decades. First, in modem warfare when civilian populations being often targets of belligerent, NGOs like MSF can more rapidly engage in humanitarian action than ICRC whose action is always delayed by laborious preceding negotiation with belligerent. Second, MSF's 'shout' and 'witness' strategy remarkably fit mass media's attention which guarantee nowadays Ngo's media visibility, therefore Ngo's success. But the great popularity of international Ngos specialized in urgent aid and assistance for the victims produced largely in the Third World contrast with the decline of another type of humanitarian action, specialized in long term development of Third World's countries.

This paper will analyze the process of modern italian civil society. In Italy the primary civil society didn't yet establish at the modem and social level in various sectors after the second world war. But Italy had been so fast developed the national economic that called 'the economic miracle' from 50's to early 60's. The fasten economic development didn't mean the political maturity and the social reforming. Italian '68 movements started in this situation standing for the social reforming and the opposite to traditional customs. In this study it will try to explain how to develop the italian modern civil society through italian '68 movements and which means those movements. Especially in those days italian '68 movements had been substantially and structurally reformed at four social sectors; that of family, that of religion, that of labour, that of politics. Above all, it was begun the movements at the level of civil organization that call NGOs. Based on this point of view, this study insist that italian '68 movements was a beginning of italian civil movements at the level of NGOs.

When discussing NPOs in Japan today, it is helpful to understand the so-called NPO Law, the Law to Promote Specified Nonprofit Activities, enacted in March 1998. Under the NPO Law, NPOs can be incorporated without the approval process, and the governor of the prefecture where the NPOs are located is required to authenticate establishment of such organizations if they conform with the provisions set forth. More than 16,000 NPOs incorporated as Specified Nonprofit Corporation since 1998, which dramatically changed the landscape of Japan's civil society. However, currently in Japan NPOs incorporated under the NPO Law do not have tax-exempt status. A new tax legislation was enforced in October 2001 as the first legislation to address the eligibility of Specified Nonprofit Organizations to receive tax-deductible donations. Under this law, donors may claim tax write-offs for contributions made to an Approved Specified Nonprofit Corporation. Unfortunately the conditions which NPOs must satisfy according to this law are very strict, only 24 incorporated NPOs were approved during the past 3 years.

The traditional approaches in political science or public administration science, respectively aiming at crisis <management> or conflict <management>, pay attention in general to psychological or institutional mechanisms to <control> the possible discord among social actors. But this article shows, through a longitudinal analysis of French AIDS policies during 1982-1994, that the development of any social conflict and political crisis can be analysed in the semantic viewpoint : being a result of social interaction, policy change permit to observe that the rise and fall of different conflicts among various social groups depend on perception and representation of social actors who are able to calculate and pursue a strategic goal. A definitional approach, recently developed in a constructivist perspective, is hereby proposed to test this hypothesis. And, as empirical data, 14 years of press archives (mainly Le Monde) as like 345 AIDS related administrative or political decisions are analysed.

The purpose of this study is to deeply understand and explain the activities of the German Civil Society NGO based on the foundation of "NGO puts Trading States and Civil Society on the assumption of every move." To organize this subject, on Chapter 2 the concept of Trading States, Civil Society, Gesellschaftswelt, NGO and Global Governance will be considered theoretically and on Chapter 3 the status quo of Germany's NGO will be studied. The thesis "NGO puts Trading States and the Civil Society on the assumption of every move" embraces four meanings. (1) A State should have a Capability of a Trading State and openness and from that society an NGO appears. (2) So an NGO lays its root on a Trading State that gives birth to a Civil Society. The meaning of (1)-(2) explains the process of appearance of NGO. (3) NGO connects its Matrix, the Civil Society with the Global Gesellschaftswelt, does a role of a Global Governance and deals with Global issues. (4) Developed by the Openness of Trading States, NGO faces an environmental change called 'Globalization' and helps Trading States to cope with Global problems in an effective way. The meaning of (3)-(4) explains the role of NGO and relationship between a State and NGO. On Chapter 4 it will be studied whether the NGOs of Germany which will be BUND, Misereor and WEED can be explained with the four meanings mentioned before or not. BUND, Misereor and WEED all do meet the four meanings of the four topics, but there is a minor difference when it comes to subject (4). If the strength of cooperation between a State and NGO (BUND, Misereor and WEED) is graded as in the order of 3>2>1 Misereor will be 3, BUND as 2 and WEED to be 1. Cooperation always brings Conflict just like a shadow to a person. The level of Conflict will be in retrograde order which is opposite to the grade of cooperation of BUND, Misereor and WEED. When it comes to Conflict WEED will be 3, BUND as 2 and Misereor to be 1.