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Surface Integrity Modification for Performance Improvement and Restoration of Golf Clubs to Enhance Circular Economy : Statistical Validation, Regulatory Verification, and Eco-efficiency
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- 발행기관
- 선문효정학술연구회 바로가기
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- 간행물
- The Journal of Sciences and Innovation for Sustainable Peace(구 The journal of Hyojeong Academia) 바로가기
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- 통권
- Vol. 4 No. 2 (2026.10)바로가기
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- 페이지
- pp.33-42
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- 저자
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- 언어
- 영어(ENG)
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- URL
- https://www.earticle.net/Article/A493977
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원문정보
초록
- 영어
- Modern golf club engineering has reached a physical and regulatory plateau (e.g., driver coefficient of restitution cap at 0.830), where further face thinning risks catastrophic fatigue failure under high impact forces. This study introduces an ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification (UNSM) paradigm to enhance and restore the surface integrity of golf club faces while maintaining full USGA/R&A regulatory compliance. UNSM induces severe plastic deformation, refining surface grains to 50–200 nm, generating deep compressive residual stress (−800 to −1200 MPa), increasing Vickers hardness by 6.3–29.6%, and forming uniform micro-dimpled textures. Empirical driver tests (N = 30) demonstrate a statistically significant carry distance gain of +8.16 m (p < 0.001, Cohen's d = 1.61) and a 42% reduction in lateral dispersion. Robotic putter tests reveal a 28.1% reduction in the unstable skid phase (p < 0.001) and an 85.45% decrease in mean lateral error, increasing hole-in success rates from 66.67% to 93.33% for new AISI 304 putters (p = 0.0098) and restoring aged copper alloy putters from 64.0% to 88.0% (p = 0.0468). Preliminary trials on wedges and fairway woods also suggest improved wear resistance and fatigue crack retardation. Furthermore, extending club lifespans via room-temperature UNSM remanufacturing avoids energy-intensive primary smelting, offering substantial greenhouse gas reductions per functional club head alongside an online-to-offline (O2O) circular business model.
목차
Abstract
1. Introduction and limitations of macro-geometric innovations
2. Surface integrity modification via UNSM and technological comparison
2.1. Comparative evaluation: UNSM vs. conventional surface treatments
2.2. The USGA and R&A equipment rules compliance verification
3. Statistical validation and empirical results across club categories
3.1. Drivers and high-speed impact performance
3.2. Putters and precision roll optimization
3.3. Trial application to woods, utilities, and irons/wedges
4. Circular economy, resource savings, and environmental impact
5. Practical implementation model: O2O platform for individual retail customers
6. Conclusions
References
키워드
Ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification Surface integrity Statistical inferential validation Golf club Circular economy저자
간행물 정보
발행기관
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- 발행기관명
- 선문효정학술연구회 [Sun Moon Hyojeong Academy Society]
- 설립연도
- 2023
- 분야
- 복합학>학제간연구
- 소개
- Journal of Hyojeong Academia aims to serve as a global platform where researchers and scholars of various disciplines can contribute ideas for our sustainable global community of Co‐existence, Co‐prosperity, and Co‐righteousness. The journal is a multidisciplinary, open‐access, internationally peer‐reviewed academic journal, and it invites all areas of research conducted in the spirit of post materialism including studies centering on God, studies unifying religions and sciences, and studies on all aspects of Co‐existence, Co‐prosperity, and Co‐righteousness.
간행물
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- 간행물명
- The Journal of Sciences and Innovation for Sustainable Peace(구 The journal of Hyojeong Academia)
- 간기
- 반년간
- pISSN
- 3140-1619
- 수록기간
- 2023~2026
- 십진분류
- KDC 238 DDC 289
이 권호 내 다른 논문 / The Journal of Sciences and Innovation for Sustainable Peace(구 The journal of Hyojeong Academia) Vol. 4 No. 2
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