경제안보 관점에서의 기술수출통제 법정책 개선방안 연구 : 주요국 법제 비교를 중심으로
A Study on Improving the Legal Policy for Technology Export Control from the Perspective of Economic Security : Focusing on a Comparison of Major Countries’ Legislation
This study is conducted in recognition of the need to reestablish technology export control as a central institutional mechanism of national economic security, rather than a subsidiary form of industrial regulation, as technology has become a core determinant of national security amid the intensifying U.S.–China technological rivalry and the restructuring of global supply chains. Korea's legal framework for technology export control, comprising the Industrial Technology Protection Act, the National Advanced Strategic Industry Act, and the Foreign Investment Promotion Act, has developed in a fragmented manner, resulting in overlapping regulations, dispersed administrative responsibilities, and a lack of policy coherence. Through a comparative legal analysis of the United States (ECRA, EAR, and FDPR), Japan (FEFTA and the Economic Security Promotion Act), the European Union (Dual-Use Regulation, CRA, and NIS2), and China (Export Control Law and Data Security Law), this study confirms that advanced economies have transformed technology export control into a comprehensive economic security policy linked to industrial competitiveness. Based on these findings, this study proposes four policy directions: enhancing legal consistency with international regimes such as the Wassenaar Arrangement and OECD guidelines; restructuring overlapping functions among domestic laws through an integrated review system; institutionalizing information sharing and cooperative investigation systems among administrative, intelligence, and investigative authorities along with international enforcement cooperation; and transforming export control into an industry-supportive mechanism by linking it with tax credits, R&D incentives, and supply chain resilience policies. By conceptualizing an integrated economic security governance in which regulation and innovation operate in synergy, this study argues that technology export control should be understood not as a mechanism of restriction but as a process of redesigning national competitiveness and institutionalizing economic security.
한국어
기술패권 경쟁의 심화와 글로벌 공급망 재편 속에서 기술수출통제는 단순한 산업규제를 넘어 국가경제안보의 중추적 제도로 부상하고 있다. 본 연구는 미국(ECRA・EAR・FDPR), 일본(FEFTA・경제안보추진법), 유럽연합(Dual-Use Regulation・CRA・NIS2), 중국(수출통제법・데이터안보법) 등 주요국의 기술수출통제 법제를 비교・분석하고, 이를 토대로 우리나라 기술수출통제 법정책의 구조적 문제점을 진단한 후 경제안보 관점의 체계 정비 방안을 제시하였다. 분석 결과 주요국은 기술수출통제를 산업전략과 연계된 포괄적 경제안보정책 으로 발전시키고 있는 반면, 우리나라는 산업기술보호법・국가첨단전략산업법・외국인투자촉진법 간 중첩규제, 부처별 관리체계 분산, 국제규범과의 정합성 부족 등으로 통제의 실효성이 제한되고 있음을 확인하였다. 이에 본 연구는 국제협약 기반의 법제 정합성 강화와 법령 간 기능구조 재편, 행정・정보・수사체계의 연계 강화 및 국제공조 확대, 산업지원형 통제정책으로의 전환과 세액공제・R&D 인센티브 제도화를 개선방안으로 제시하였다.
목차
<요약> Ⅰ. 서론 Ⅱ. 경제안보와 기술수출통제의 이론적 논의 Ⅲ. 주요국 기술수출통제 법제 분석 Ⅳ. 국내 기술수출통제 법제의 문제점 및 개선방안 Ⅴ. 결론 참고문헌 【Abstract】