도솔산 선운사 삼지장의 시대양식과 제작배경
The Characteristics of the Period and Production Background of the Three Kṣitigarbha Bodhisattvas Enshrined at Seonunsa Temple on Dosolsan Mountain
The Seonunsa Temple in Dosolsan Mountain is an ancient temple known as a sacred place of Ksitigarbha faith, as it enshrines the Three Ksitigarbha Bodhisattvas statues, including the Gilt-Bronze Seated Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva statues at Seonunsa Temple, the Seated Stone Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva statue at Chamdangam Hermitage, and the Kṣitigarbha image at Dosolam Hermitage. These three Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva statues were made as single statues and they share common feature of being hooded figures (pigeon type), each wearing a cloth covering over the head. It is extremely rare for a single temple to make and enshrine a statue with a hood as independent images across different periods, and can be regarded as the only known example in Korea. Although no Sacred Objects of Bokjang (腹藏物) have been identified in these statues, its date of production is estimated to be between the late Goryeo and early Joseon periods, around the 14th–15th centuries. Furthermore, it is regarded as representative works of Ksitigarbha statues and religious faith in Korea, as they are large-scale independent statues measuring approximately 80-97cm in height. The Gilt-Bronze Seated Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva statue at Dosolam Hermitage, produced in the earliest period among the three, is a representative work of the late Goryeo Dynasty and marks the emergence of a new iconography known as the hooded Kṣitigarbha (pigeon type). The Seated Stone Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva statue at Chamdangam Hermitage is a unique example with a stone pedestal measuring 1 meter tall. Also, despite being made of stone, it is distinguished by its rich ornamentation and elegance, in the folds of the head covering and the decorative hangings/Yeongnak (瓔珞). The Gilt-Bronze Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva statue at Seonunsa Temple is also a rare example of a gilt bronze statue from the early Joseon Dynasty in the 15th century, measuring 83cm in height. Seonunsa Temple was rebuilt between 1473 and 1484 under the leadership of Prince Deokwon, the son of King Sejo and the uncle of King Seongjong. Considering that the hall of Ksitigarbha (Jijang Hall) was included in this reconstruction project, and that royal water-and-land rites (Suryukjae) and ancestral rituals continuously carried out at Seonunsa in the 15th century, it is highly likely that the large gilt-bronze Seated Kṣitigarbha Bodhisattva of Seonunsa was also built during this period.
한국어
도솔산 선운사에는 도솔암과 선운사의 금동지장보살좌상, 참당암 석조지장보살좌상등 삼지장이 봉안되어 있어, 지장신앙의 성지로 알려져 있는 고찰이다. 이 삼지장은 독존상으로 제작되었으며 머리에 두건을 쓴 피건상이라는 공통점을 지닌다. 한 사찰에서 시기를 달리하면서 피건지장상을 독존으로 제작하여 모시는 경향은 매우 드물어 우리나라에서는 유일한 사례라 할 수 있다. 이 지장상에서 복장물은 확인되지 않았지만, 제작시기는 고려후기부터 조선초기인 14-15세기로 추정된다. 또한 80-97cm에 이르는 큰 규모의 독존상으로 조성된 점에서 우리나라의 지장상과 신앙을 대표하는 작품이다. 가장 이른 시기에 제작된 도솔암 금동지장보살좌상은 고려후기의 대표적인 작품으로피건지장이라는 새로운 도상의 시작을 알린 작품이다. 참당암 석조지장보살좌상은 1m 에 이르는 석조대좌를 갖추었으며, 석조임에도 두건의 접힘이나 영락 등에서 장식과 화려함이 돋보인다. 선운사 금동지장보살상 역시 83cm에 이르는 규모에 가사 고정 장식이 특이한 사례가 드문 조선전기 15세기의 금동상이다. 선운사는 1473-1484년 당시세조의 아들이자 성종의 작은아버지이었던 덕원군이 주도한 중창불사가 이루어졌다. 이불사에 지장전이 포함되어 있고 15세기 왕실의 수륙제 및 조상 천도가 선운사에서 이루어진 점을 감안하면 대형 금동불인 선운사 금동지장보살좌상 역시 이때 조성되었을 가능성이 높을 것이다.