‘선문화・선예술’ 구축에 있어서스즈키 다이세쓰[鈴木大拙] 전사(前史) - 무로마치 문화에 대한 근대일본의 이해(일본사 관련 문헌을 중심으로) -
A Study on the History before Suzuki Daisetsu in the Establishment of “Zen Culture and Zen Art” ― A modern understanding of the culture of the Muromachi Period ―
The seemingly self-evident concept of Zen culture and art is a modern product devised in the social situations faced by modern Japan. The Zen culture and art have developed as cultural nationalism in the magnetic field of modern Japanese Buddhist nationalism rather than a universal concept as the traditional Oriental heritage. In an effort to clearly trace the process of the Zen art theory being established, this study examined the history before Daisetsu in the literature about the Japanese history to figure out how the Muromachi culture was understood before Suzuki and others established the concept of Zen culture and art. There is extreme rarity in the understanding of Muromachi culture in relation with the religiosity of Zen in the literature before 1910. Muromachi culture is summarized as ① the extravagance of Yoshimasa and resulting development of various arts and crafts and ② the prosperity of Zen Buddhism by the support of shoguns and warriors including Yoshimasa and its influences on various types of culture. In the 1910s, Higashiyama culture attracted huge attention as the origin of modern culture thanks to the evaluation of Sasakawa Rinpu, thus exerting influences. Rinpu mentioned the tea ceremony and ink-and- wash paintings in relation to Zen and did not understand them as the expressions of realization, but his works offered a literature base for the concept of Zen culture and art later. During the similar period, Tsuda Sokichi regarded Zen's influence on Muromachi culture as the Chinese interest and argued that its essence lied in the classical interest of old times. While Rinpu placed some importance on the expressive patterns of culture and considered Higashiyama culture as a new culture distinguished from the previous times, Tsuda found the essence penetrating different appearances in the classical interest and understood Muromachi culture in the continuity with the previous times. In short, the interest in Muromachi culture was established as a general trend even though the literature about the Japanese history until the 1920s did not understand the culture as the expression of Zen realization.