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초록

영어

In the late Tang and the Five Dynasties periods, China faced large-scale transitions throughout the entire area including politics, economy, and society. As for Buddhism, even persecution came during the reign of Emperor Wuzong in the Tang Dynasty.
As a result, various Buddhist sects declined while Zen developed many schools and became prosperous.
Throughout the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period and even after the Song Dynasty, Chinese people considered Zen as Buddhism itself even though there were
other numerous Buddhist sects. A significant change in quality, thus, had occurred from dogmatic and aristocratic to practical and popular Buddhism.
Among various schools of Zen, the Linji school which emphasized Patriarchal Zen became mainstream. This was possible through the efforts of Linji Yixuan, the founder of the Linji School. In the late Tang, he went to Hebei, north of Yellow River, to avoid severe persecution by Emperor Wuzong. At that time, the area voiced opposition against the Tang Dynasty. It had sufficient economic bases and its main products came from agriculture. Based on its economic power, Hebei area became more and more independent from the central government, so it didn't mind central orders. Warriors and powerful clans acted as authorities, and it was they who offered protection for Linji Yixuan to establish the Linji school.
Due to the persecution, monks should face the reality of daily life as lay persons while dealing with the challenge to revive Buddhism. To make a breakthrough in resolving this dilemma, not only Linji but other Zen teachers made every possible effort based on positive acknowledgement of the reality they faced, and through their efforts as follows, Zen was able to become the most popular Buddhism in China.
The words of the classical masters were collected in the texts to play a role as Sutras and the books of Zen monastic regulations were made to provide strict practices to monks who lived a life which didn't differentiate them from lay persons. Also, the development of a temple in which monks all performed mundane tasks made it possible for Zen teachers to deepen their thought and establish their own schools. This kind of self-sufficient temples acted as a stronghold for Zen at the beginning until it found strong financial supports from the authorities.
Likewise, Zen was established by eliminating the difference between monks and lay persons, abolishing the prohibition against mundane activities, and by accepting Chinese cultural thoughts as well as everyday life of Chinese people. In other words, Zen was not the denial of Indian Buddhism, but the result of natural adaptation of Indian Buddhism to Chinese life, which in return, led to the blooming prosperity of Zen in China.

한국어

폐불사건도 있었던 당말오대변혁기에 다른 종파들은 쇠퇴해감에도 불구하고 선종은 오히려 5가7종라는 종파가 생겨나고, 그 중에서도 특히 조사선이 성행하게 되는 계기를 마련한다.
이것은 당시의 정치적 상황이나 선종내의 노력이 빚어낸 결과이다. 먼저 정치적 상황으로, 안녹산의 난 이후 지방의 통제를 위해 설치했던 행정기구인 번진의 독립화, 특히 화북지역의 경제력 강화에 따른 자립과 회창폐불단행을 들었다. 이런 당시 상황은 회창폐불을 단행했을 때 환속승들의 은신처가 되고 선종의 종풍을 펼칠 수 있는 기회의 땅이 된다. 그 대표적인 한 사람이 주로 하북지방에서 독자적인 교화를 펼친 임제의현이다.
한편 내적으로는 경전의 역할을 하는 어록과 승속을 차별하지 않는 민중생활 속에서의 엄격한 수행을 규정한 청규의 성립, 민중 속에서의 수행상 제시, 그리고 사원경제의 안정성, 즉 자급자족제로부터 단월의존 일변도로의 변화 등 선사들이 자신만의 독특한 종풍을 펴는 데에 탄탄한 기틀이 된다.
이처럼 선종은 당말오대라는 시대적 변화의 진통시기에 중국민족의 생활과 중국사상의 문물 속으로 내던져져 노동금지ㆍ승속의 엄격한 구분 등에 대한 타파 격이 된 것은 인도불교를 부정하려는 의도에서가 아니라 현실에 대한 절대긍정에서 출발하여 완전하게 중국식으로 자연스럽게 배인 결과라고도 할 수 있다.

목차

Ⅰ. 서언
 Ⅱ. 정치적 요인
  1. 번진세력의 독립화
  2. 회창폐불
 Ⅲ. 선종내적 요인
  1. 선사들의 의식변화와 노력
  2. 선종교단의 재정기반
 Ⅳ. 결어
 국문 요약문
 영문요약문
 참고문헌

키워드

선종 회창폐불 번진 당말5대 하북 삼진 . Zen Buddhism the Hui-cha'ng persecution Fanzhen (regional military governors) the late Tang and the transitional Five Dynasties periods Three Hepei Provinces. 藩鎭 河北三鎭

저자

• 장미란 [ Chang, Mi-Ran | 동국대학교 ]

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