Earticle

해안 영역에서의 해수의 범람은 재산 및 인명피해를 야기한다. 이러한 피해를 최소화 하고자 방파시설을 설치하지 만, 고정식 방파시설의 경우, 변화하는 해상상태에 대응할 수 없으며, 과도한 설정에 의한 설치는 환경적 피해를 일으킨다. 본 연구에서는 환경적 피해를 줄이고 선박의 항행에 지장이 없는 가변식 초기 쇄파 장치에 대한 연구를 실험적 방법과 입자 법을 이용한 수치 해석적 방법으로 연구하였다. 초기 쇄파 장치의 유무에 따라 해안절벽으로 넘어오는 파의 범람은 큰 차이 가 있었으며, 이는 실험과 수치 해석 모두 확인되었다. 또한 초기 쇄파 장치의 위치에 따른 영향 역시 고려되었으며, 위치 역시 중요한 요소임이 확인되었다.

The flooding and overtopping due to unexpected large ocean wave may occur serious problems to environments and structures. Generally fixed wave breakers and several structures were installed to prevent such damages, however, they may affect to environments and charted path of ships badly. In this regard, new type of initial wave breaker was investigated in both of experimentally and numerically. For the experiments, conceptual devices were built by authors with stereo vision system. The moving particle semi-implicit method was adopted for simulation. It is revealed that the initial wave breaker reduce the damages from ocean waves by energy dissipated earlier. Furthermore, the effects of position of the initial wave breaker was also considered.

The control performances for active re-reflecting wave control suggested in the previous paper have been verified in cases of regular and irregular waves in a real two dimensional wave basin. For regular waves, the control performances are investigated in terms of reflection coefficients, expected amplitudes of propagating waves and wave absorbing capabilities after cessation of wave generation, compared with those of no-control cases. For irregular waves similar verification procedures were adopted. Though there are certain constraints due to the geometrical non-linearity of wave maker and certain nonlinear characteristics due to the near field and gravity waves these experiments show that the control logic could be useful in realizing re-reflecting wave control in conditions of real wave basin.

The question of wave source identification in a wave maker problem is the primary objective of the this paper. With the observed wave elevation, the existence of the wave maker velocity is discussed with the help of the mathematical theory of inverse problems. Utilizing the property of the Strum-Liouville system and compactness, the uniqueness and the ill-posedness(in the sense of stability) for the identification are proved.

Active control has been partly applied to suppress the re-reflecting waves in wave basin with plunger-type wave maker to obtain desirable waves. This limitation comes from the non-confirmable theoretical background to the control algorithm. This paper proposes control logic to overcome this drawback, based on the impulse response function for propagating waves between control input and the wave height. The performances have been verified as reasonable in practical application by comparing with the propagating wave components in numerical wave basin, using wave decomposition method. Moreover, the control logic can also give useful wave-absorbing performance after cessation of wave generation.

Piston type wave makers or flap type wave makers are usually adopted as a wave maker which disturbing the fluid domain with sinusoidal motion. Recently hybrid wave maker which could be operated as not only piston type and/or flap type but also swing type wave maker have been devised by utilizing the link mechanism. The wave board of hybrid wave maker has been devised to be independently controlled by the horizontal actuators on upper and lower end of the wave board. The wave board could operate as a flap type wave board when the lower hinge is in a stationary condition and the upper hinge is operated with sinusoidal motion. On the contrary, the swing type wave board could be obtained by the lower hinge is activated and the upper hinge is in a stationary condition. When both end of the wave board is activated in a synchronized condition, the wave board motion become piston motion. In addition the hybrid wave maker could enhance the piston motion with flap motion or swing motion by selecting control parameters. Various wave board motion of hybrid wave maker and relevant wave form have measured on the wave board and departed location. It is appeared that the novel hybrid wave maker could be utilized for the improvement of wave qualities in experiments.

Piston type wave makers or flap type wave makers are usually adopted as a wave maker which disturbing the fluid domain with sinusoidal motion. Recently hybrid wave maker which could be operated as not only piston type and/or flap type but also swing type wave maker have been devised by utilizing the link mechanism. The wave board of hybrid wave maker has been devised to be independently controlled by the horizontal actuators on upper and lower end of the wave board. The wave board could operate as a flap type wave board when the lower hinge is in a stationary condition and the upper hinge is operated with sinusoidal motion. On the contrary, the swing type wave board could be obtained by the lower hinge is activated and the upper hinge is in a stationary condition. When both end of the wave board is activated in a synchronized condition, the wave board motion become piston motion. In addition the hybrid wave maker could enhance the piston motion with flap motion or swing motion by selecting control parameters. Various wave board motion of hybrid wave maker and relevant wave form have measured on the wave board and departed location. It is appeared that the novel hybrid wave maker could be utilized for the improvement of wave qualities in experiments.

파랑변형을 다루는 수치모형실험을 수행할 때 외부조파를 사용할 경우 구조물이나 지형에 의해 반사되어 나온 파랑이 조파지점에 도달할 때 실험영역으로 재 반사되는 문제가 발생한다. 이를 해결하기 위해 내부조파기법의 개발에 대한 연구가 필수적이었으며, 자유수면변위를 변수로 사용하는 모형의 경우 그 연구가 매우 활발하게 진행되어 왔다. 한편, Navier-Stokes 방정식 모형의 경우 자유수면변위를 변수로 사용하는 2차원 모형에 비해 상대적으로 연구가 미흡하였다. 본 연구에서는 운동량 원천항을 이용한 내부조파기법을 2차 정확도의 VOF 기법을 사용한 Navier-Stokes 방정식 모형에 적용하였다. 수치모형에 내부조파기법을 적용하여 다양한 주기를 가지는 정현파를 조파하였으며, 수치모형실험 결과와 정확해를 비교하여 검증하였다.

바닥조파기가 설치된 수로에서 직립 구조물의 위치에 따른 합성파의 파고 변화에 대해 검토하였다. 검토를 위해 구조물에서 파랑의 반사가 발생하는 것으로 가정하였으며, 바닥조파기의 움직임에 따른 재반사는 매우 작은 것으로 가정하여 무시하였다. 규칙파 및 불규칙파를 대상으로 하여 검토하였는데, 실험 대상 구조물을 바닥조파기 중앙에서 (2n+1)/4 파장 만큼 떨어진 곳에 설치하면 구조물에서 반사된 파와 바닥조파기에서 생성된 파의 위상이(2n+1)π만큼 차이가 나 상쇄되었다. 반면, 조파기에서 2n/4 파장 만큼 떨어진 곳에 구조물을 설치하면 조파기에서 생성된 파와 반사파의 위상이 일치하여 진폭이 2배로 증폭되었다. 구조물에서 파랑의 반사율을 고려할 경우, 반사율이 커지면 파랑의 상쇄나 증폭효과는 감소하였다. 본 연구에서 제시하는 결과는 바닥 조파기가 설치된 수로에서 실험할 때, 구조물에서 발생하는 반사파에 의한 다양한 교란 현상을 효과적으로 방지하는데 기여할 수 있을 것으로 보인다.

The variation of superposed wave height with respect to the location of vertical structure in a flume equipped with a bottom wave maker was investigated. For verification, wave reflection at the structure was assumed, while secondary reflections due to the motion of the bottom wave maker were considered negligible. Both regular and random waves were examined. It was found that when a structure is installed at a distance of (2n+1)/4 wavelengths from the center of the bottom wave maker, the phase difference between the incident wave generated by the wave maker and the reflected wave from the structure becomes (2n+1)π, resulting in wave cancellation. In contrast, when the structure is placed at a distance of 2n/4 wavelengths, the incident and reflected waves are in phase, leading to an amplification of wave amplitude by a factor of two. When the reflection coefficient of the structure was taken into account, higher reflection reduced both the cancellation and amplification effects. The results suggested in this study provide an effective approach to suppressing disturbances caused by reflected waves when conducting hydraulic experiments in flumes equipped with bottom wave makers.

기존에 제시된 Lin 과 Liu (1999)의 VOF 기법을 이용한 내부 조파 방법을 레블셋 기법에 적용하였다. 기하학적으로 유리한 유한요소법을 이용하여, Navier-Stokes 방정식의 공간차분에는 Characteristic Galerkin 기법을, 시간차분에는 Fractional Four-Step 기법을 적용하였다. 그림에 보인 바와 같이 중심(x=0)에서 전파하는 경우, 외부조파에 의한 영역내 재반사 문제가 해결되어 선형파를 의도한 바대로 잘 조파할 수 있었다.

Lin and Liu(1999)는 VOF기법을 도입한 RANS 방정식 모형을 이용하여 목표 파형을 조파할 수 있도록 연속방정식의 질량 원천항을 이용하는 내부조파기법을 제안하였다. 이로부터 외부조파에 의한 영역 내 재반사 문제가 해결되어 RANS 방정식 모형을 이용한 파랑수치실험이 수행되어 발표되어 왔다. 본 연구에서는 RANS 방정식 모형의 운동량 원천항을 이용한 내부조파기법을 사용하여 목표 파형을 조파할 수 있도록 하였다. FLUENT의 사용자 정의함수를 이용하여 두 조파방법에 대해 수치실험하고 비교하였다. 그리고 조파기법의 적용성을 살펴 보기 위해 Luth et al.(1994)의 수리실험을 수치모의하고 그 결과를 비교하였으며, 수심방향 변화를 보이는 수치 모의 결과들을 제시하고 고찰하였다.

For RANS equation model using VOF scheme Lin and Liu (1999) developed internal wave-maker method to generate target wave trains by using designed mass source functions of the continuity equation. By using this method studies on various numerical wave experiments has been achieved without the problem caused by wave reflection due to an external wave-maker. In this study, the wave-maker method to generate target wave trains by using a momentum source function was proposed. The computational results obtained by applying the mass and momentum source functions into FLUENT were compared with each other. To see its applicability, the hydraulic experiment of Luth et al. (1994) were numerically simulated and their measurements are compared with the computations, and the vertical variations of computed results were shown and investigated.

This paper presents a comparative study on numerical and wave-maker generated waves. The wave-makers employed to carry out the experiments have mathematical forms. The linear and quadratic models were tested. When it comes numerical analysis, the authors used the FLUENT which is widely used commercial code. Only two dimensional cases were considered. The experiments were done in a small wave flume. The waves were generated for various frequencies to examine the characteristics of the water waves. The comparison of the numerical and wave-maker generated waves were made.

2차원 조파수조 내에서 취득된 불규칙파 실험 데이터를 이용하여 조파기 입력파고를 예측하는 인공신경망(NN) 및 가우시안 과정 회귀(GPR) 모델을 수립하고 그 성능을 평가 및 비교하였다. 두 모델 모두 불규칙파 조파 시 목표파고를 재현할 수 있는 입력파고를 매우 높은 정확도로 추정할 수 있었으며, NN 모델에 비해서는 GPR 모델의 성능이 더 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구 결과를 바탕으로 조파수조에서 수리실험을 수행할 때 조파기 입력파고 설정 시 시행착오를 줄임으로써 실험에 소요되는 시간을 줄일 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

A neural network (NN) and Gaussian process regression (GPR) model for predicting the input wave height of the wave generator were established, and their performance was evaluated and compared using irregular wave data acquired in a two-dimensional wave flume. Both models were able to predict the input wave height that can produce the target wave height of irregular waves with a very high accuracy. Among the two models, the GPR model showed better performance than the NN model. Based on the results of this study, it is expected to reduce the time required for experiments by shortening trial and error in setting the input wave height of the wave generator when conducting physical experiments in a wave flume.

본 연구는 해상풍력발전을 위한 기초적인 연구로서 해상의 상태를 단순히 모사한 파랑에 의한 부유체의 시계열 및 주파수 거동의 특성을 파악하기 위하여 조파기를 구축하고 이의 타당성연구를 하고자 하였다. 소형의 조파수조에 모사된 여러 가지 파고 데이터를 검증하였으며, 단순한 부유형상을 제작하여 설치하고 이의 거동을 해석하였다. 부유체의 거동분석을 위해 하부체에 계류선을 설치 유무에 따라 그 거동특성도 관찰하였다. 부유체 거동을 가시화하기 위하여 부유체 내에 LED를 설치하여 고속카메라를 이용하여 촬영한 이미지를 해석하였다. 그 결과 부유체에 계류선이 설치된 경우 파랑에 의한 힘이 계류선으로 분산이 된다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 부유체의 시계열 거동에 대한 스펙트럼 분석 결과 파랑의 주기가 길어질수록 피크값이 점차 감소한다는 것을 확인하였다.

Our aim was to simulate ocean waves in a small-size wave flume and observe the motion of a cylindrical floating body placed in an offshore environment. To precisely visualize the oscillation of the body, a set of light-emitting diode illuminators and high-speed charge-coupled device camera were installed in the flume. Spectral analysis was performed of the movement of the floating body. The wave generator and absorbers worked well to simulate stable regular waves. As the period of the oncoming waves changed, the movement of the floating body substantially differed when tethered to a tension-leg mooring cable. In particular, when connected to the tension-leg mooring cable, the natural frequency of the floating body suddenly appeared at 0.391 Hz as the wave period was increased.