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삼림욕을 통한 피톤치드요법이 인체생리대사에 미치는 영향에 관한, 치유 효과 연구를 위해 31명을 연구대상으로 혈압과 맥박, 타액스트레스 호르몬, 뇌파(알파파, 베타파), 심박변이도 7종류의 검사를 삼림욕 전·후에 실험적으로 측정을 하였다. 그 연구 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 수축기 혈압이 숲 체험 전보다 남자 1.3%, 여자 0.94%, 확장기 혈압은 남자 3.9%, 여자 1.7%로 숲 체험 후에 유의성 있게 감소하였다. 그리고 맥박은 남자 2.5%, 여자 2.3%로 유의성이 있게 낮아졌고, 맥박은 분당 1.5 정도 낮게 나타났다. 스트레스에 반응하는 코티졸의 양은 숲 체험 전보다 후가 남자는 1.7% 정도 감소하였으나, 여자는 유의성이 있게 감소하지 않았다. 숲 체험 대상자들에 대한 전·후의 전체 뇌파량을 측정한 결과는 α량은 남자 5.4%와 여자 6%로 증가하였다. β량은 남자는 6.3% 낮게 나타났으며, 여자는 유의성이 없었다. 자율신경계에 미치는 영향에서는 숲 체험 후 남자는 신체적 스트레스에서 2.75%로 유의성 있게 저하되었고, 부교감신경 활성도에서 2.83%, 스트레스 저항도 에서 3.67%, 그리고 심기능 안정도에서 3.08%로 유의성 있게 증가하였다. 여자는 신체 각성도에서 4.39%와 교감신경 활성도에서 2.65%로 유의성 있게 저하되었고, 스트레스 저항 도에서 3.67%로 유의성 있게 증가하였다. 남녀에서 유의성이 없는 항목도 실제로는 증감의 차이를 보였다. 따라서 남자가 여자에 비해서 숲 체험 경험이 심박변이도에 크게 도움이 되는 것으로 나타났으며, 여자도 남자에 비해서 약간의 차이는 있지만 도움이 되는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 바탕으로 정리해 볼 수 있는 본 연구결과는 산림욕을 하고 난 후의 인체는 안정적인 상태의 뇌파와 혈압과 맥박 이완을 알 수 있었으며 스트레스 감소로 생리적인 변화와 심리적인 안정이 증강되는 것을 알 수 있었다.

In order to study the natural healing effects of forest phytoncide, blood pressure, heart rate, stress hormone cortisol, brain waves(α, β‚-waves), and 7 types of heart rate variability of 31 subjects were measured before and after the subjects experienced forest therapy. Questionnaires on stress (occupational and psychosocial) and anxiety (state and trait) were also conducted on the same 31 subjects in order to measure changes in their clinical physiology. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were shown to be significantly lower after forest therapy. For systolic blood pressure, male subjects recorded a decrease of 1.3% and females 0.94%, while for diastolic blood pressure male subjects displayed a decrease 3.9% and females 1.7%. And heart rates were shown to be lowered by 1.5 beats per minute. The level of stress hormone cortisol decreased by 1.7% in male subjects after the forest walk. However, no significant changes were recorded in female subjects. The subjects’ brain waves before and after forest therapy showed that α-waves increased in both males and females by 5.4% and 6%, respectively. And β-waves decreased 6.3% in males, while minimal change was found in females. In the area of the autonomic nervous system, after forest therapy, male participants displayed significant decrease in physical stress by 2.75%, while showing meaningful increase in parasympathetic activity by 2.83%, resistance to stress by 3.67%, and cardiac function stability by 3.08%. Female participants showed substantial lowering of physical alertness by 4.39% and sympathetic activity by 2.65%, while resistance to stress rose significantly by 3.67%. Those areas which showed low significance still showed changes in results. It was observed that forest therapy helped level heart rate variability considerably more in males than females. And, though a narrow difference exists, it seems females also benefited from the therapy as well. In conclusion, the forest therapy contributed to the human body by stabilizing brain waves and blood pressure, as well as easing heart rate, while also stabilizing the physical and mental state by reducing stress levels.

Volatile terpenes are characteristic chemical compounds contained in the rhizomes of genus Atractylodes plants and their chemical structure have been identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The present study aimed to classify volatile terpenes analyzed by GC-MS in Atractylodes rhizomes by their chemical structures. The articles published from 2007 to 2017 were searched using electronic databases. The reported volatile terpenes identified by GC-MS were classified by their chemical skeletons. Volatile terpenes were divided into C10-based monoterpenes and C15-based sesquiterpenes and they were subdivided into acyclic, monocyclic, polycyclic (bicyclic and tricyclic) terpenes. Particularly, monocyclic sesquiterpenes included Elemene-type, Olefinic, and Bisabolene-type; bicyclic sesquiterpenes included Eudesmane-type, Guaiane-type, Germacrene-type, Cadinene-type, Humulene-type, Caryophyllene-type, Himachalane-type, Eremophilane-type, Spirovetivane-type, Hydroazulene-type, Marasmane-type, Olefinic, and Valencane-type; and tricyclic sesquiterpenes included Longifolene-type, Aristolene-type, Patchoulane-type, Isocomene-type, Cedrene-type, Copaene-type, Longipinane-type, Neoclovene-type, and Panasinsane-type. The present study provides structural information of volatile terpenes from Atractylodes rhizomes, which would be fundamental data for further structural researches.

Cinnamomum camphora is widely distributed in southeastern of China and is a representative species of Laurales, which has important ecological and economic values due to its richness in plant secondary metabolites. In this study, the chromosome-level reference genome of C. camphora was published with a genome size of 670.29 Mb, of which contig N50 was 2.41 Mb and scaffold N50 was 60.19 Mb, and the duplicated sequences accounted for about half of the genome. Comparative genomic analysis showed that C. camphora underwent three whole-genome duplication (WGD) events, with the distant WGD event being an ε-replication event shared by angiosperm ancestors; the intermediate WGD event occurring before the divergence of Laurales and Magnoliales (Liriodendron chinense); and the recent event occurring approximately before the divergence within Laurales. In addition, we examined the expression of terpene synthesis-related genes in seven different tissues and found that DXS, DXR and HDR, the key limiting enzymes of the MEP pathway associated with monoterpene synthesis, were highly expressed in flowers. In addition, a total of 83 CcamTPS genes were predicted and annotated in the camphor tree genome, and most of them were highly expressed in leaves, stem tips and bark. The chromosomal-level reference genome of the C. camphora provides new insights into the special evolutionary status of magnoliids and terpene biosynthesis.

편백나무와 화백나무의 잎으로부터 시료전처리, 물과 잎의 혼합비, 추출시간, 채취시기 등 정유 추출에 적합한 조건을 구명하고 잎으로부터 추출된 정유조성성분을 GC-MS로 분석하였다. 정유추출에 적합한 전처리법으로는 믹서기로 잎을 분쇄하는 방법이 좋았으며, 증류수와 잎의 혼합비율은 그다지 영향을 미치지는 않았으나 증류수 1 L당 100 g의 잎을 혼합하였을 때 추출효율이 가장 좋았다. 정유추출시간은 시 간이 경과함에 따라 추출효율은 증가하였지만 탄화향이 심해 5시간이 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 계절에 따른 정유수율은 편백나무는 겨울이 4.5%, 화백나무는 가을에 채취한 시료가 5.3%의 높은 수율을 보였다. 편백나무정유와 화백나무정유 조성분은 차이를 보였으며, 주성분은 monoterpene류였다. 편 백나무정유의 주성분은 limonene, terpinene-4-ol, γ-selinene 및 α-cedrene였으며, 화백나무정유의 주성분은 α-pinene, myrcene, limonene, bornyl acetate, β-caryophyllene, longifolene 및 β-cedrene이었다.

For the effecient extraction methods of essential oil, pretreatment of leaves, ratios of water and leaves, extraction time, and collection season from the Chamaecyparis obtusa and Chamaecyparis pisifera leaves were studied. The chemical composition of essential oil was analyzed by GC-MS. The yield of essential oil from ground leaves was higher than that of chopped leaves. The yield of essential oil was not affected much by mixing ratios of water and leaves. The yield of essential oil reached maximum after 5 hours. The content of essential oil of C. obtusa leaves collected during winter was 4.5%, whereas the content of essential oil of C. pisifera collected during fall was 5.3%. The composition of essential oils extracted form C. obtusa and C. pisifera was different. The major constituents in the essential oil of C. obtusa were monoterpene as limonene, terpinene-4-ol, γ-selinene, and α-cedrene, and those of C. pisifera was monoterpens as α-pinene, myrcene, limonene, bornyl acetate, β- caryophyllene, longifolene, and β-cedrene.

Forests are valuable natural resources for people living around the mountains. In particular, the comfortable feeling or healing is one of the most important benefits obtained from forests. This healing can be possible by many aspects of forests, including the landscape, natural sounds, anions, and pleasant aromas. We focused on the volatile organics from forest causing pleasant aromas, phytoncides. Twenty phytoncides were monitored from February to September in a national tree garden (BaekDoDaeGan SooMokWon). Five sites were monitored two times per month and 20 phytoncides were detected. Borneol showed the highest annual average concentration and the order of concentration was borneol > mycene > sabinene > limonene > α-pinene. The average phytoncide concentration was relatively high in spring and summer season when the trees were physiologically active. Daily monitoring showed that the afternoon hours had higher concentrations of phytoncides than the morning hours, which may be due to the stabilized atmospheric conditions at the sites. Among the five sites, coniferous forests gave higher phytoncide emissions than broadleaf tree forests. The current study showed that forests produce several phytoncides that cause a healing effect and a forest bath may be beneficial to the health of visitors to forests.

Candida albicans, a polymorphic fungus, causes systemic and local infections. Recent reports show that the fungus is a main etiological agent for the arthritis. For trea tment, antifungal drugs and/or rheumatoid drugs are used, but resistance and side effects limit application of the drugs. In search of new sources for treatment of the fungal arthritis, we choose Egb 761 (extract of Ginkgo leaves 761), one of the most popular over-the-counter herbal medicines. The Egb 761 contains two major ingredients such as terpene and flavonoid. In the present study, we examined if the terpene portion of Egb 761 had anti-inflammatory activity against C.albicans-caused arthritis. The terpene was extracted with combination of methanol and water from the Egb 761, followed by gel-permeation chromatography. Presence of terpene was determined by the Salkowski colorimetric method and HPLC analysis. For an animal model of inflammation induction, mice were given an emulsion form of C.albicans cell wall mixed with Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) by footpad-injection. Results showed that intraperitoneal administration of the water-soluble portion that contained terpene and flavonoid reduced the inflammation. Whereas the terpene had anti-inflammatory activity, flavonoid portion had no such activity, For determination of possible mechanism of the activity, the terpene seemed to be suppression of nitric oxide (NO) production from LPS-treated macrophages. Taken together the Ginkgo terpene may have anti-inflammatory effect against C.albicans-caused arthritis, possibly by blocking NO production.

We isolated seven terpenes and five phenolic constituents from the aerial parts of Lactuca indica L. using column chromatographic separation of its MeOH extract. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic methods to be trans-phytol (1), $3{\beta}$-hydroxyglutin-5-ene (2), 5,6-epoxy-3-hydroxy-7-megastigmen-9-one (3), $11{\beta}$-13-dihydrolactucin (4), 2-phenylethyl $\beta$-D-glucopyranoside (5), cichorioside B (6), 1-hydroxylinaloyl-6-O-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside (7), (6S,9S)-roseoside (8), benzyl-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside (9), 2-(3'-O-$\beta$-D-glucopyranosyl-4'-hydroxyphenyl)-ethanol (10), 3-($\beta$-D-glucopyranosyloxymethyl)-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-5-(3-hydroxypropyl)-7-methoxy-dihydrobenzofuran (11), and (+)-taraxafolin-B (12). Compounds 1-3, 5, and 7-12 were isolated for the first time from this plant source. The isolated compounds were tested for cytotoxicity against four human tumor cell lines in vitro using a Sulforhodamin B bioassay.

Since platelet-activating factor (PAF) is involved in inflammation, allergic response and anaphylactic shock, PAF receptor antagonists may have potential for controlling these disease conditions. The extract of the leaves of Ginkgo biloba having a higher content of terpenoids (12%) with flavonoids (24%) (YY1224) was prepared in order to obtain the increasing PAF antagonistic activity. As expected, YY1224 showed a higher PAF antagonistic binding affinity ($IC_{50}\;=\;0.09\;{\mu}g/ml$) using $[^3H]PAF$ and rabbit platelets as ligand and receptor source, compared with an $IC_{50}$ of $>\;100\;{\mu}g/ml$ by Egb 761, a standardized extract. YY1224 also showed a higher inhibitory activity against PAF-induced platelet aggregation and NO production from lipopolysaccharide-treated RAW 264.7 cells. In addition, it protected PAF-induced death in mice by oral administration at 15 mg/kg. All these results suggest that YY1224 may show favorable effects on PAF-related disorders.

Aster species has been used in traditional chinese medicine for treatment of a bruies and asthma. On reviewing the literatures of this species, monoterpene glycosides, diterpenoids, triterpene glycosides, cyclic pentapeptides, oligopeptides and flavonoids 1) were isolated and some pharmacological activites were investigated 2). In continuation of our search for bioative components from Korean medicinal plants, we have examined Aster spathulifolius, collected from Jeju island on August 2001. (omitted)

Three new sesquiterpene hydroperoxides, 1-[3-(2-hydroperoxy-3-methylbut-3-en)-4-hydroxyphenyl]ethanone (2), $7{\beta}-hydroperoxy-eudesma-11-en-4-ol$ (3), and $7{\alpha}-hydroperoxymanool$ (4), together with three known compounds, germacrone (1), ent-germacra-4(15),5,10(14)-trien-$1{\alpha}$-ol (5) and teucdiol A (6) were isolated from the aerial parts of Aster spathulifolius (Compositae). Their structures were characterized using chemical and spectroscopic methods. The isolated compounds were tested for their cytotoxicity against five human tumor cell lines in vitro using a SRB method. The two new compounds, 3 and 4, showed moderate cytotoxicity against human cancer cells with $ED_{50}$ values ranging from 0.24 to $13.27\;{\mu}g/mL$.

Recent studies have shown that some of the PCB (polychlorinated biphenyl)-degraders are able to effectively degrade PCB in the presence of monoterpenes, which act as inducers for the degradation pathway. Rhodococcus sp. T104, an effective PCB degrader, has been shown to induce the degradation pathway by utilizing limonenes, cymenes, carvones, and pinenes as sole carbon sources which can be found in the natural environment. Moreover, the strain T104 proved to possess three separate oxidation pathways of limonene, biphenyl, and phenol. Of these three, the limonene can also induce the biphenyl degradation pathway. In this work, we report the presence of three distinct genes for aromatic oxygenase, which are putatively involved in the degradation of aromatic substrates including biphenyl, limonene, and phenol, through PCR amplification and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). The genes were differentially expressed and well induced by limonene, cymene, and plant extract A compared to biphenyl and/or glucose. This indicates that substrate specificity must be taken into account when biodegradation of the target compounds are facilitated by the plant natural substrates.

Terpenoids have a wide range of biological functions and have extensive applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and flavoring industry. The white-rot fungus, Polyporus brumalis, is able to synthesize terpenoids via terpene synthase, which catalyzes an important step that forms a large variety of sesquiterpene products from farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP). To improve the production of sesquiterpenes, the terpene synthase gene was isolated from Polyporus brumalis and was heterologously transformed into a Pichia pastoris strain. The open reading frame of the isolated gene (approximately 1.2 kb) was inserted into Pichia pastoris to obtain a recombinant enzyme. Five transformants were obtained and the expression of terpene synthase was analyzed at the transcript level by reverse transcription PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and at the protein level by SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis). Expression of the terpene synthase gene product was elevated in the transformants and as expected the molecular weight of the protein was approximately 45 kDa. These recombinant enzymes have potential practical applications and future studies should focus on their functional characterization.

Chromatographic separation of the MeOH extract from the aerial parts of Saussurea pulchella led to the isolation of seven terpenes (1-4, 11-13), and eight phenolics (5-10, 14-15). Their structures were determined by spectroscopic means to be $(3S)-3-O-(3',4'-diangeloyl-{\beta}-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-3,7-trimethylocta-1,6-diene$ (1), $7{\delta}-methoxy-4(14)-oppositen-1{\beta}-ol$ (2) $4(15)-eudesmene-1{\beta},6{\alpha}-diol$ (3), $3{\alpha}-hydroxy-5$, 6-epoxy-7-megastigmen-9-one (4), (+)-syringaresinol (5), (7S, 8R, 8'R)-5,5'-dimethoxylariciresinol (6), $8{\alpha}-hydroxypinoresinol$ (7), (7'R, 8'R)-2,2'-dimethoxy-4-(3-hydroxyl-propenyl)-4'-(1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl)-biphenyl ether (8), 4-allyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenyl glucoside (9), 2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)phenyl ${\beta}-D-glucoside$ (10), $(-)-oplopan-4-one-10{\alpha}-O-{\beta}-D-glucoside$ (11), $linalyl-O-{\beta}-D-glucoside$ (12), amarantholidoside IV (13), (+)-1-hydroxypinoresinol $1-O-{\beta}-D-glucoside$ (14), and syringin (15). Compounds 1-3 and 8-13 were first isolated from the genus Saussurea. The isolated compounds were examined for cytotoxic activity against four human cancer cell lines in vitro using the sulforhodamin B bio assay method.

Three cerebrosides 2, 3, and 5 and two terpene glycosides 1 and 4 have been isolated from the methanol extract of the root of Aster scaber. Their structures were determined as 3-Ο-$\beta$-D-glucuronopyranosyl-oleanolic acid methyl ester (1), (2S, 3S, 4R, 2 R, 8Z, 15 Z)-N-2 -hydroxy-15 -tetracosenoyl-1-Ο-$\beta$-D-glucopyranosyl-4-hydroxy-8-sphingenine (2), (2S, 3S, 4R, 8Z)-N-octadecanoyl-1-Ο-$\beta$-D-glucopyranosyl-4-hydroxy-8-sphingenine (3), 1$\alpha$-hydroxy-6$\beta$-Ο-$\beta$-D-glucosyl-eudesm-3-ene (4), and (2S, 3S, 4R, 2 R, 8Z)-N-2 -hydroxy-hexadecanoyl-1-Ο-$\beta$-D-glucopyranosyl-4-hydroxy-8-sphingenine (5) on the basis of spectroscopic methods.

점박이응애(Tetranychus urticae)에 대한 34종 terpene의 훈증독성, 접촉독성 및 기피효과를 조사하였다. 훈증독성은 10${\mu}\ell$/1(공기)의 농도에서 isosafrole, safrole이 모두 98.4%의 살비율을 나타내었다. 이 두 화합물의 LD$_{50}$값은 각각 2.6, 4.3${\mu}\ell$/1이었다. 접촉독은 isosafrole만이 알에 대해서 60.2%의 살란활성을 보인 것 외에 대부분의 terpene에서 활성이 낮거나 없었다. 약제감수성 계통에 대한 기피반응을 조사한 결과 hexanoic acid와 limonene이 1,000ppm에서 각각 79.1%와 87.8%의 기피효과를 나타내었다. 한편 fenprothion저항성 계통과 pyridaben저항성계통에 대해서 hexanoic acid는 각각 77.8%과 83.3%의 기피효과를 나타내었다. 그러나 두저항성계통에 대한 limonene(1,000ppm)의 기피효과는 각각 17.8%와 10.0%로서 감수성계통에 대한 기피효과와 상반된 결과를 나타내었다.다.

These studies were carried out to investigate fumigant, contact toxicity and repellency effects of 34 terpenes against acaricide susceptible the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae. In addition, the efficacy was also tested against two acaricide-resistant strains. Two terpenes, isosafrole and safrole showed fumigant toxicity of 98.4%, at 10${\mu}\ell$/1 (air) concentration. LD$\_$50/ values of these two terpenes were 2.6${\mu}\ell$/1 and 4.3${\mu}\ell$l/1, respectively. Most terpenes showed low or no contact toxicity, except isosafrole showing 60.2% mortality against eggs. Hexanoic acid and limonene showed repellency effects of 79.1%, 87.8%, respectively, to the susceptible strain at concentration of 1,000 ppm in the lab conditions. Hexanoic acid (1,000 ppm) showed repellency effected of 77.8% and 83.3% to fenpropathrin and pyridaben resistant strains, respectively. However, limonene showed no repellency to the two resistant strains.

오미자의 건조공정에 의한 휘발성 terpene류와 색의 변화를 조사하기 위하여, 건조조건을 $50^{\circ}C$와 $70^{\circ}C$의 열풍건조, $-70^{\circ}C$의 진공동결건조의 3종 건조방법으로 건조한 후 SDE 연속추출장치로 terpene류를 추출하여 GC/MS로 분석하고, 각 건조된 오미자를 마쇄한 분말의 색도를 Hunter colorimeter로 측정하였다. 생오미자의 GC/MS 분석 결과, 15종의 monoterpene류, 28종의 sesquiterpene류 및 7종의 terpene alcohol류가 확인되었으며, 또한 myrcene (56.97 ${\mu}g/g$)과 ${\gamma}-terpinene$ (58.49 ${\mu}g/g$)이 monoterpene류, ${\beta}-elemene$ (120.16 ${\mu}g/g$), ${\alpha}$-bergamotene ($103.45{\mu}g/g$), ${\gamma}$-selinene (75.97 ${\mu}g/g$), ${\beta}$-cubebene (66.69 ${\mu}g/g$), aristolene (51.25 ${\mu}g/g$) 및 ${\alpha}$-ylangene (28.06 ${\mu}g/g$) 등이 sesquiterpene류, 그리고 T-muurolol (96.45 ${\mu}g/g$)과 terpinen-4-ol (46.02 ${\mu}g/g$)이 terpene alcohol류의 주성분이었다. 건조과정의 초기에 생오미자 terpene류의 절반 이상이 감소되었으며, 이후 건조기간의 경과에 따른 추가적 감소는 아주 적었다. 또한 총 terpene류의 절반 이상을 차지하는 sesquiterpene류의 함량은 진공동결건조에서는 소량 증가하다 6일 이후 감소하는 패턴을 보였다. 그리고 terpene alcohol류는 진공동결건조한 시료에서 그 함량이 비교적 많이 남았으나, 고온인 $70^{\circ}C$에서 열풍건조한 시료에서는 가장 적게 남아 있었다. 건조방법에 따른 L값은 동결건조, $50^{\circ}C$ 열풍건조, $70^{\circ}C$ 열풍건조 순서로 높았으며, a값 및 b값도 동결건조에서 가장 높았으며 $70^{\circ}C$ 열풍건조에서 가장 낮게 나타났다.

Schizandra fruit (Schizandra chinensis fructus) were dried by three processes, $50^{\circ}C$ (50HAD), $70^{\circ}C$ hot air (70HAD) and freeze drying process (FRD). Terpenoid were collected by SDE(Simultaneous Steam Distillation-Extraction) and followed by GC-MSD analysis. Also colour profile of each dried samples were measured by Hunter colorimeter. From fresh schizandra fruit, were detected 15 kinds of monoterpene, 28 kinds of sesquiterpene and 7 kinds of terpene alcohol. Myrcene(56.97 ${\mu}g/g$) and ${\gamma}$-terpinene(58.49 ${\mu}g/g$) were the major monoterpenes, ${\beta}$-elemene(120.16 ${\mu}g/g$), ${\alpha}$-bergamotene (103.45 ${\mu}g/g$), ${\gamma}$-selinene (75.97 ${\mu}g/g$), ${\beta}$-cubebene(66.69 ${\mu}g/g$), aristolene (51.25 ${\mu}g/g$) and ${\alpha}$-ylangene(28.06 ${\mu}g/g$) were the sesquiterpenes, and T-muurolol (96.45 ${\mu}g/g$) and terpinen-4-ol(46.02 ${\mu}g/g$) were the terpene alcohols. The dried samples lost more than half of terpenoid content of fresh schizandra fruit during early stage of drying process, and then the level of terpenoid content was not significantly changed. The content of sesquiterpenes appeared to increase until 6 day of FRD. The amount of residual terpene alcohols contained in schizandra fruit dried by FRD was more than those remained after drying by other processes, and schizandra fruit dried by 70HAD exhibited the least residual terpene alcohols. Brightness parameter $L^{\ast}$ decreased with the rise in the level of drying temperature, to which redness parameter $a^{\ast}$ and yellowness $b^{\ast}$ appeared to be similar.

Terpene synthase plays a key role in biosynthesis of triterpene saponins (ginsenosides) and is intermediate in the biosynthesis of a number of secondary metabolites. A terpene synthase (PgTPS) cDNA was isolated and characterized from the root of Panax ginseng c.A. Meyer. The deduced amino acid sequence of PgTPS showed a similarity with A. deliciosa (AAX16121) 61%, V. vinifera (AAS66357) 61%, L. hirsutum (AAG41891) 55%, M. truncatula (AAV36464) 52%. And the segment of a terpene synthase gene was amplified by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR). We studied expression of terpene synthase under stressful conditions like chilling, salt, UV, and heavy metal stress treatment. Expression of PgTPS was increased gradually after exposure to stresses such as chilling, salt, and UV illumination. But its transcription seems to be reduced by cadmium and copper treatment.