Earticle

본 연구에서는 문제에 포함된 구성요소를 토대로 작성된 구성요소맵을 통하여 주어진 문제를 창의적으로 해결하는 방법을 제사하였다. 구성요소 맵을 작성하기 위하여 문제에 포함된 각종 인자를 부분구성요소, 결 합구성요소, 구성요소간 영향 등으로 구분 정의하였다. 정의된 구성요소와 결합관계 및 영향을 토대로 문제 상황제시형 구성요소 맵을 작성하고 작성된 사전 구성요소맵을 토대로 구성요소간의 관계를 분리 및 재결합 하여 문제해결 구성요소 맵을 작성하였다. 작성된 문제해결 구상요소로부터 이상적 해결방안을 손쉽게 도출 할 수 있었다.

Creative methods to solve a given problem using element map was suggested in this study. In order to create an pre-element map, various factors that are included in the problem were defined and classified into followings: partial element, combined element, influence between elements and etc. Problem solving element map was produced by separating and recombining relationship between elements using pre-element map. By using created problem solving element map, ideal solution could be easily derived.

The present study investigates the difficulty of solving the mathematical problem, namely the DLP (Discrete Logarithm Problem) for ephemeral keys. The DLP is the basis for many public key cryptosystems. The ephemeral keys are used in such systems to ensure security. The DLP defined on a prime field $Z^*_p of random prime is considered in the present study. The most effective method to solve the DLP is the ICM (Index Calculus Method). In the present study, an efficient way of computing the DLP for ephemeral keys by using a new variant of the ICM when the factors of p-1 are known and small is proposed. The ICM has two steps, a pre-computation and an individual logarithm computation. The pre-computation step is to compute the logarithms of a subset of a group and the individual logarithm step is to find the DLP using the precomputed logarithms. Since the ephemeral keys are dynamic and change for every session, once the logarithms of a subset of a group are known, the DLP for the ephemeral key can be obtained using the individual logarithm step. Therefore, an efficient way of solving the individual logarithm step based on the newly proposed precomputation method is presented and the performance is analyzed using a comprehensive set of experiments. The ephemeral keys are also solved by using other methods, which are efficient on random primes, such as the Pohlig-Hellman method, the Van Oorschot method and the traditional individual logarithm step. The results are compared with the newly proposed individual logarithm step of the ICM. Also, the DLP of ephemeral keys used in a popular password key exchange protocol known as Chang and Chang are computed and reported to launch key recovery attack.

This paper introduces a numerical method for integration of the linear and nonlinear differential dynamic equation of motion. The variation of acceleration in two time steps is approximated as a combination of both trigonometric cosine and hyperbolic cosine functions with weighted coefficient. From which all necessary formulae are elaborated for the direct integration of the governing equation. A number of linear and nonlinear dynamic problems with various degrees of freedom are analysed using both the suggested method and Newmark method for the comparison. The numerical results show high advantages and effectiveness of the new method.

목적 : 본 연구는 척수손상 환자를 대상으로 RPS Form을 적용하여 작업치료에서의 임상적 평가의 효용성을 알아보고, 적용 사례를 단계적으로 설명하여 실제 사용 방안을 제시하고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 31세의 척수손상 남성 환자를 대상으로 RPS Form을 적용한 평가와 중재를 제공하였다. 또한 임상전문 가 6인과 RPS Form의 효용적 측면에 대하여 논의하였다. 결과 : RPS Form은 척수손상 환자의 신체구조 및 기능, 활동 및 참여 이외의 환경적 요소까지 효율적으로 평가할수 있었고, 논리적인 결정을 내릴 수 있어 임상에서 적용하기 유용하였다. 환자의 중재에 대한 반응, 또한 긍정적이었다. 결론 : RPS Form은 건강에 대한 ICF의 재활관리 서비스를 한 장의 평가지로 시각화하여 사용이 간편하고, 그 내용 이 분명하여 임상적 추론을 주도하기에 용이하였다. 또한 타 재활 전문영역과의 원활한 팀 접근과 함께 근거기반의 작업치료를 제공할 수 있었다. 따라서 RPS Form의 폭넓은 적용을 위해서는 임상의 각 질환별 특징을 반영한 ICF Core sets의 첨부가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

Objective : This study was performed to verify the comprehensive perspective based on the ICF-model and logical clinical thinking of Rehabilitation Problem Solving(RPS) Form. Methods : The patient was a 31-year-old man who injured spinal cord. A plan of care was to address impairment, activity limitation and participation restrictions by using RPS Form. And we discussed about clinical utilities of RPS Form with 6 clinical experts. Results : After the intervention, subject participated in computer lecture more often and for longer duration. And he expressed positive attitude about intervention. Experts mentioned agreeable opinion about using RPS Form in clinic. Conclusions : RPS provides a visual simpleness and clearness and it also guides logical thinking in clinical practice. Therefore RPS Form can be used to enhance multidisciplinary patient management and assists in clarifying clinical roles as part of a multidisciplinary team. The case report demonstrates that the RPS Form can be a viable strategy for occupational therapy.

The satisfiability problem is always a core problem in artificial intelligence (AI). And how to improve the efficiency of algorithms solving the satisfiability problem is widely concerned. Algorithm IER (Improved Extension Rule) is based on extension rule. The number of atoms and the number of clauses affect the efficiency of the algorithm IER. DPLL rules are helpful to reduce these numbers. Then a complete algorithm CIER based on splitting rule and extension rule is proposed in this paper in order to improve the efficiency. At first, the algorithm CIER (Complete Improved Extension Rule) reduces the scale of a clause set with DPLL rules. Then, the clause set is split into a group of small clause sets. In the end, the satisfiability of the clause set is got from these small clause sets'. A strategy MOAMD (maximum occurrences and maximum difference) for the algorithm CIER is given. With this strategy, a better arrangement of atoms could be got. This arrangement could make the number of small clause sets fewer and the scale of these sets smaller. So, the algorithm CIER will be more efficient.

Purpose: This study aimed to construct and test the structural relationships between self efficacy and clinical performance among undergraduate nursing students. The model was based on Bandura’s self efficacy theory and a review of previous studies. The hypothesized model included emotional intelligence as a personal factor, self efficacy as self efficacy beliefs, problem solving ability as a skill, and clinical performance as a performance. Methods: Data were collected from June 23 to August 11, 2014 using structured questionnaires. The study sample was 205 senior nursing students. Data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN 21.0 and AMOS 21.0 programs. Results: The hypothesized model was shown to be x²=183.186 (dF=118), Goodness-of- Fit Index (GFI)=.91, Normed Fit Index (NFI)=.91, Comparative Fit Index (CFI)=.96, and Root Mean Squared Error of Approximation (RMSEA)=.05. Self efficacy (β=.29 p=.033) and problem solving ability (β=.42 p=.007) had a direct effect on the clinical performance. Furthermore, self efficacy had mediating effect on the relationship between emotional intelligence and clinical performance. Conclusion: These findings provide that when developing nursing curriculum and intervention programs, self efficacy and problem solving ability should be considered as key factors facilitating the clinical performance of nursing students. Moreover, consideration should be given to the indirect effects of emotional intelligence subscales on clinical performance via self efficacy and problem solving ability.

Determining the optimal levels of the technical attributes (TAs) of a product to achieve a high level of customer satisfaction is the main activity in the planning process for quality function deployment (QFD). In real applications, the number of customer requirements for developing a single product is quite large, and the number of converted TAs is also high so the size of the house of quality (HoQ) becomes huge. Furthermore, the TA levels are often discrete instead of continuous and the product market can be divided into several market segments corresponding to the number of HoQ, which also unacceptably increases the size of the QFD optimization problem and the time spent on making decisions. This paper proposed a genetic algorithm (GA) solution approach to finding the optimum set of TAs in QFD in the above situation. A numerical example is provided for illustrating the proposed approach. To assess the computational performance of the GA, tests were performed on problems of various sizes using a fractional factorial design.

Conformal mapping has been a familiar tool of science and engineering for generations. Determination of a conformal map from the unit disk onto the Jordan region is reduced to solving the Theodorsen equation, which is an integral equation for boundary correspondence functions. There are many methods for solving the Theodorsen equation. It is the goal of numerical conformal mapping to find methods that are at once fast, accurate, and reliable. In this paper, we analyze Niethammer’s solution based on successive over-relaxation (SOR) iteration and Wegmann’s solution based on Newton iteration, and compare them to determine which one is more effective. Through several numerical experiments with these two methods, we can see that Niethammer’s method is more effective than Wegmann’s when the degree of the problem is low and Wegmann’s method is more effective than Niethammer’s when the degree of the problem is high.

Nowadays, it has become common to equip a device with Bluetooth. As such devices become pervasive in the world; much work has been done on forming them into a network, however, almost all the Bluetooth Scatternet Formation Algorithms assume devices are homogeneous. Even the exceptional algorithms barely mentioned a little about the different characteristics of devices like computational abilities, traffic loads for special nodes like bridge nodes or super nodes, which are usually the bottleneck in the scatternet. In this paper, we treat the devices differently not only based on the hardware characteristics, but also considering other conditions like different classes, different groups and so on. We use a two-phase Scatternet Formation Algorithm here: in the first phase, construct scatternets for a specified kind of devices; in the second phase, connect these scatternets by using least other kinds of devices as bridge nodes. Finally, we give some applications to show the benefit of classification.

An efficient boundary-based optimization technique is applied in the numerical computation of free surface flow problems, by reformulating them into the equivalent optimal shape design problems. While the sensitivity in the boundary method has mainly been calculated using the boundary element method (BEM) as an analysis means, the finite element method (FEM) is used in this study because of its popularity and easy-to-use features. The advantage of boundary method is that the design velocity vectors are needed only on the boundary, not over the whole domain. As such, a determination of the complicated domain design velocity field, which is necessary in the domain method, is eliminated, thereby making the process easy to implement and efficient. Seepage and supercavitating flow problem are chosen to illustrate the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed method.

To solve the bufferbloat problem, active queue management (AQM) has been recommended but existing AQM algorithms suffer from poor adaptability to dynamic traffics. We develop a novel adaptive AQM algorithm named TODU for a better Trade-Off between queuing Delay and link Utilization. TODU aims to maintain a stable queue length against dynamical network traffics by adapting the drop probability to balance the expected link utilization and queuing delay. We compare TODU with benchmark algorithms in Network Simulator-2 and the results demonstrate that TODU achieves a better trade-off between low queuing latency and high link utilization in a dynamical environment.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the predictive strength of students' self-efficacy, problem-solving skills, and other characteristics in performing intravenous practices and monitor phlebitis and infiltration. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out with 736 third and fourth-year students studying at the Health Sciences Faculties of Balikesir and Sakarya universities. The data were collected using the Self-Efficacy Scale, Problem-Solving Inventory and Catheter Care and Infiltration Monitoring Questionnaire. Results: The participants' mean Catheter Care and Infiltration Monitoring Questionnaire score significantly and positively correlated with their mean Self-Efficacy Scale score on a moderate level (r=.25; p<.001) but significantly and negatively correlated with their mean Problem-Solving Inventory score on a moderate level (r=-.21; p<.001). In other words, because a low Problem-Solving Inventory score indicates that the person's problem-solving skill is high, the Care and Infiltration Monitoring Questionnaire score increased as the problem-solving skill increased. While the Self-Efficacy Scale predicted the year of study and catheter care and infiltration monitoring variables positively, the Problem-Solving Inventory predicted the satisfaction with the profession variable negatively. Conclusion: Self-efficacy, problem-solving, liking the profession, and year of study predict success in catheter care and infiltration monitoring. For this reason, guidance may be provided in the development of a comprehensive education system toward increasing students' problem-solving skills, self-efficacy, and professional knowledge and skills.

The aim of this study was to determine effects of team-based simulation learning on team efficacy, interpersonal understanding, and problem solving ability of nursing students with a non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design. Subjects were senior nursing students enrolled in a simulation course. A total of 91 participants were divided into an experimental group (n = 44) and a control group (n = 47). The former consisted of teams of three to four students who experienced 15 sessions of team-based simulation learning for 8 weeks, while the latter received sessions of individual simulation learning. A survey regarding team efficacy, interpersonal understanding, and problem solving ability was conducted for the two groups before and after the treatment. Collected data were analyzed using SAS 9.2. The experimental group with team-based simulation learning exhibited a significant improvement in team efficacy after learning compared to the control group with individual simulation learning (t = 3.63, p ≤ 0.001). The level of interpersonal understanding also increased after learning for both experimental and control groups. The between-group variation was insignificant. The level of problem solving ability was increased to a greater extent for the experimental group than the control group, while the increase for the experimental group was statistically significant(t = 3.43, p ≤0.001). Team-based simulation learning was shown to be an effective learning method to enhance the team efficacy, interpersonal understanding, and problem solving ability of nursing students.

Purpose: This study investigated the effects of a nursing leadership program on self-leadership, interpersonal relationships, clinical performance, problem-solving abilities, and nursing professionalism among nursing students in South Korea. Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted. The Practice-Driven Nursing Leadership Program for Students (PDNLP-S) was developed based on the ADDIE model (analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation). This quasi-experimental study design included 60 nursing students. The experimental group (n=30) participated in the PDNLP-S for 120-minute sessions over 5 weeks, while the control group (n=30) received usual lectures. The PDNLP-S included lectures, discussions, and individual and group activities to cultivate core nursing leadership competencies such as individual growth, collaboration, nursing excellence, creative problem-solving, and influence. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the Mann-Whitney U-test, and the independent t-test with IBM SPSS Windows ver. 26.0. Results: The experimental group demonstrated significant improvements in self-leadership (t=3.28, p=.001), interpersonal relationships (t=3.07, p=.002), clinical performance (U=268.50, p=.004), and problem-solving abilities (t=2.20, p=.017) compared to the control group. No significant difference was observed in nursing professionalism (t=0.50, p=.311). Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the PDNLP-S improved nursing students' self-leadership, interpersonal relationships, clinical performance, and problem-solving abilities. The PDNLP-S can play a significant role in cultivating future nurse leaders by enhancing these nursing leadership competencies among nursing students.

Dire problems such as climate change and epidemic diseases challenge us. To solve them demands interdisciplinarity among science, humanism, and art. However, we have failed to effectively link them. Interdisciplinarity for problem solving, whose essence resides in community problem solving, is not going to be realized without, first, solving the problem of community that relates to collective behavior per se. Thus, this paper explicates the behavioral process of making community possible and constructive with a new paradigmatic view. Finally, it delineates the mechanics or technologies for composing or choreographing the process of effective interdisciplinary or community problem solving before the fact so as to solve those dire, situational problems.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of multi-mode simulation learning on critical thinking disposition, on the problem solving process and on clinical competence of nursing students. Methods: A nonequivalentcontrol group with pre-posttest was designed. The participants in this study were 65 students who were enrolled in an emergency and critical nursing course at N university. The treatment group consisted of 33 juniors in 2010 and the control group 32 juniors in 2011. Collected data were analyzed using chi-square, independentt-test, and ANCOVA with the SPSS/WIN 18.0 for Window Program. Results: There were significant increases in problem solving process and clinical competence in the treatment group who participated in the multi-mode simulation learning compared to the control group who did not (t=-2.39, p=.020; F=12.76, p=.001). However, there were no significant differences in critical thinking disposition between the treatment and control group (t=0.40, p=.692). Conclusion: Multi-mode simulation is an effective teaching and learning method to enhance the problem solving process and clinical competence of nursing students. Further exploration is needed to develop and utilizemulti-mode simulation for diverse scenarios, depending on emergency nursing educational goals and environments and to develop a universal method to measure outcomes.

This study confirms and extends Situational Theory of Problem Solving (STOPS) by examining it in the context of the U.S.-China trade dispute. Using Chinese national survey data (N = 935), this study reveals that the attitude towards China’s stand on the trade dispute as a significant negative mediator between antecedent perceptual variables and multiple communicative actions: online information seeking, online information permitting, and information sharing. This study provides empirical proof of STOPS from a different cultural setting other than the U.S. It not only confirms the theoretical structure of the novel variables developed through STOPS, but also advances the theory by testing the communicative actions in the online realm as dependent variables. Practical implications on crisis communication and political public information management were also discussed.