Earticle

This paper clarifies the grammaticalization of a single form that belongs to multiple grammatical categories, specifically considering the so-called sono-ta hitei expressions hoka, kiri, shika, and pakk-ey ‘only’ in Japanese and Korean. These expressions behave as both negative polarity items (NPIs) and adverbial particles. The arguments of this paper are as follow: (i) These expressions are characterized by the following generalizations: The grammaticalization of adverbial particles and NPIs occurs at about the same time. Likewise, degrammaticalization of these grammar categories also occurs at around the same time. (ii) The reason for this could be that adverbial particles and NPIs belong to the same category, that is, the minor category. (iii) If a single grammatical form has more than one minor category, these categories possess a strong grammatical feature like a group. Therefore, they behave in the same manner when entering or exiting a minor category.

This paper describes the surface form measurement of a spherical smooth surface by using single shot off-axis Fizeau interferometry. The demodulated phase map is obtained and unwrapped to remove the $2\pi$ ambiguity. The unwrapped phase map is converted to height and the 3D surface height of the surface object is reconstructed. The results extracted from the single shot off-axis geometry are compared with the results extracted from four-frame phase shifting in-line interferometry, and the results are in excellent agreement.

Static Single Assignment (SSA) form is an intermediate representation which encodes information about data and control flow that is use used to facilitate program analysis and optimization. SSA form simplifies this process with its size linear to program size. Thus we use SSA form to efficiently facilitate bytecode level analysis and optimizations in our CTOC program processor project. In this paper, we illustrate the application and implement implementation of SSA form using an example. We give the conclusion after experimental results.

본 연구에서는 천연다이아몬드의 인선형상을 R형과 S형으로 구분하여 제작하 고 미세이송과 절삭속도 변화를 주어 이에 얻어지는 표현거칠기, 칩 생성기구 및 경면 성을 검토하였다.

Ultra precision cutting should be satisfied with two conditions of Mirror Like and shape grade, and especially Mirror Like depends on surface roughness. In this study, in order to develop Mirror Cutting for Al alloy, this was done with edge form of single crystal diamond tool divided into R type and S type. Surface roughness machined by S type tool is more satisfactory than by R type tool, being the lowest value of 13.8nm. In addition, Mirror surface can reach above 90% of reflection rate by both R type and S type tool, but machined surface by R type tool has much more fine fracture portions rather than by S type tool. Even though feed rate decreases from 5.mu.m to 1.mu.m, surface roughness doesn't show improvement.

This study aims to develop a form-finding algorithm for a single-layered pneumatic membrane. The initial shape of this pneumatic membrane, which is an air-supported type pneumatic membrane, is to find a state in which a given initial tension and internal pneumatic pressure are in equilibrium. The algorithm developed to satisfy these conditions is that a nonlinear optimization problem based on the force method considering the deformed shape is formulated, and, it's able to find the shape by iteratively repeating the process of obtaining a solution of the governing equations. An computational technique based on the Gauss-Newton method was used as a method for obtaining solutions of nonlinear equations. In order to verify the validity of the proposed form-finding algorithm, a single-curvature pneumatic membrane example and a double-curvature air pneumatic membrane example were adopted, respectively. In the results of these examples, it was possible to well observe the step-by-step convergence process of the shape of the pneumatic membrane, and it was also possible to confirm the change in shape according to the air pressure. In addition, the calculation results of the shape and internal force after deformation due to initial tension, air pressure, and self-weight were obtained.

본 논문에서는 상관함수와 최소자승 기법에 기반하여 단일 음원의 위치가 원거리 혹은 근거리 모두 가능한 경우, 이에 상관없이 닫힌 형태로 위치를 추정하는 기법을 제안한다. 최근 균일 환영 배열에서 상호상관함수를 이용하여 원거리 단일 음원의 위치를 2차원으로 추정하는 기법이 제안되었으며, 이를 확장하여 근거리 단일 음원의 위치를 3차원으로 추정하는 기법이 제안되었다. 그러나 기존 기법은 음원의 위치가 원거리, 혹은 근거리로 제한된 상황만 다루고 있다. 반면 제안 기법은 먼저 원거리 음원으로 가정하여 거리 독립적으로 방위와 고각을 구하고 이후 거리 추정에서 원거리와 근거리 음원을 구분하여 혼합 환경에 적용가능하다. 시뮬레이션에서는 두 가지 경우 모두에 대해 실험하여 제안 기법의 타당성을 검증하였다.

Based on correlation and least square method, a closed-form algorithm for estimating the location of mixed far-field and near-field source is presented using the Uniform Circular Array (UCA). Recently, for a homogeneous circular arrangement case, a correlation based closed-form algorithm is proposed to estimate 2-D angle (azimuth, elevation) and the extended algorithm is proposed to 3-D location (azimuth, elevation, range). These algorithms assume the far-field source or near-field source only. Therefore, for mixed source localization, the proposed algorithm estimates source location with the assumption of far-field source, and then estimates the range to distinguish the far-field from the near-field source. For both cases, numerical experiments have been performed, which confirmed the validity of the proposed algorithm.

Czochralski 방법에 의해 육성된 Nd:YAG 단결정으로부터 CW mode의 1064nm laser를 발진시켰다. 육성된 단결정은 직경 50mm, 길이 120mm 이었으며, Nd 이온 농도는 O.2~0.9at% 이었다. 육성된 단결정 boule로 부터 결정학적 결함부위인 core 및 facet가 없는 양질의 단결정 부위를 Twyman-Green interferometer로 선빌하였다. 추출핀 부위는 절단, 가공, 연마공정 및 코팅 공정을 통해 직경 6.35mm, 길이 lOOmm의 laser rod를 제작하였다. 절단은 core drill, 또는 원통 연삭기를 사용하여 rod 형태로 가공하였으며, 상$\cdot$하면 polishing은 평행도 10", 직각도 5', 평활도 $\lambda$/10 수준까지 실험실에서 자체 가공하여 일반적인 laser 발진용 rod의 spec.을 만족시킬 수 있었다.

Single layer free-form structures are being highlighted in the field of architecture due to its attractive shape. In these structures, node connecting system is very important because the node must resist bending and axial stress simultaneously. So the local and global stabilities of entire structure can be determined by the stiffness of node system. In this study, therefore, various types of bending test with axial force were performed. As a result, bending capacity with axial force of a new spherical node for free-form structure could be performed and structural capacities were checked to use in real structure.

본 논문에서는 환형배열을 이용하여 단일음원이 코히어런트 분산 분포를 가지는 경우 닫힌 형태로 음원의 위치를 추정하는 기법을 제안한다. 음원이 다중경로를 거쳐 센서에 도달하는 경우 분산음원으로 보이며 이때 음원의 위치는 대표 방위, 대표 고각, 대표 방위의 분포, 대표 고각의 분포 네 가지 변수로 표현될 수 있다. 이러한 경우 DSPE(Distributed Source Parameter Estimator) 기법과 같은 탐색 기법으로 네 변수를 찾기 위해서는 매우 많은 탐색과정을 필요로 한다. 본 논문에서는 빠른 위치 추정을 위해 센서간의 상관함수와 최소자승기법을 이용하여 닫힌 형식으로 대표 방위와 고각을 추정하는 기법을 제안한다. 특히 음원이 대표적인 분포 모델인 가우시안 분포를 따를 경우 방위와 고각의 표준편차 또한 닫힌 형식으로 추정한다. 시뮬레이션에서는 DSPE 기법과 비교하여 제안 기법의 타당성을 확인하였다.

In this paper, we propose a method for estimating the position of a source in a closed form when a single source has coherently distributed property against a circular array. When a sound source reaches a sensor through multipath environments, it is seen as a distributed source and can be represented by four variables: the nominal azimuth, nominal elevation, azimuth angular spread, elevation angular spread. Therefore, it requires a lot of computation by a search method such as DSPE (Distributed Source Parameter Estimator). In this paper, we propose a method of estimating the nominal azimuth and elevation angle in a closed form using correlation function and least squares method for fast position estimation. In particular, if the source is assumed as Gaussian distribution model, the standard deviation is also estimated in a closed form. In the simulation, the validity of the proposed method is confirmed by comparing with the DSPE.

6월 민주화 항쟁의 산물이었던 1987년헌법 5년단임 대통령제의 가장 큰 업적은 1948년헌법 제정 이후 지속적으로 있어왔던 독재자 출현의 고리를 끊었다는 점이다. 독재시대와의 절연은 한국사회 전반에 자리 잡고 있던 권위주의의 유산을 혁파하는 데 중요한 기반이 되었다. 1987년헌법은 정치･경제･사회･문화 각 분야에지대한 영향을 미쳤다. 1987년 이후 대한민국은 네 차례의 정권교체를 경험하면서 민주주의가 성숙해졌다. 공직자의 재산공개제도, 금융실명제, 인사청문회 실시 등을 통해 사회 전반의 투명성이 높아지고 있다. 권위주의의 타파는 경제와 문화 영역에서도 긍정적인 영향을 미쳐 경제가 발전하고 문화가 융성해지고 있다. 관치경제의 시대가 저물자 대한민국에서 글로벌기업이 등장하고 있고, 검열의 시대가 종말을 고하자 대한민국의 문화산업이 세계적인 영향력을 갖기 시작했다. 이처럼 1987년헌법체제와 5년단임 대통령제의 성과가 분명하지만, 문제점들도 상당하다. 대통령 측근들의 비리와 부정부패, 대통령에게 집중된 과도한 권력으로 발생하는 폐해, 대통령의 무능, 선거주기의 문제로 인한 대통령과 의회의 관계의 문제점, 파당적 리더십과 갈등의 정치 심화 등의 문제를 해결하기 위해서는 개헌이 필요하다. 현재의 시스템을 획기적으로 바꿔야 문제점들을 개선할 수 있기 때문이다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위한 개헌안으로 한국형 대통령제를 제안하고자 한다. 구체적인 내용은 결선투표로 선출하는 대통령의 임기는 4년 중임제로 변경하되, 선거주기를 조정하여 의원을 집권 초반기 총선과 중간선거에서 각각 절반씩 선출한다. 국민들은 두 차례의 총선을 통해 대통령과 국회를 중간평가할 수 있다. 부통령제 도입은 새로운 문제를 야기할 수 있으므로, 국무총리제도는 유지하되 국회가 총리 추천권을 갖는다면, 2년 마다 실시하는 의원선거에서 야당이 승리할 경우에는 총리 인선에 적극적인 역할을 할 수 있을 것이다. 이를 매개로 연립정부 구성도 할 수 있다. 그리고 대통령의 헌법기관구성권에 관한 권한을 축소하여 국회의 영향력을 확대할 필요가 있다.

The greatest achievement of the 5-year term presidency under the 1987 Constitution, which was the product of the June Democracy Movement, was breaking the cycle of dictatorship that had persisted since the enactment of the 1948 Constitution. The isolation from the era of dictatorship became an important foundation for abolishing the legacy of authoritarianism that had taken root throughout Korean society. The 1987 Constitution has had a profound impact on the political, economic, social, and cultural spheres. Since 1987, South Korea has experienced four regime changes, and democracy has matured. Transparency in society as a whole has improved through systems such as disclosure of public officials' assets, real-name financial transaction system, and confirmation hearings for public appointments. The elimination of authoritarianism has also had a positive impact on the economy and culture, leading to economic development and the growth of the cultural industry. As the era of state capitalism comes to an end, global companies are emerging in South Korea, and the era of censorship comes to an end, South Korea's cultural industry has begun to gain global influence. Despite the clear achievements of the 5-year term presidency under the 1987 Constitution, there are also significant issues that need to be addressed. These include corruption and malfeasance among the President's inner circle, the damage caused by excessive concentration of power in the hands of the President, the incompetence of the President, problems in the relationship between the President and the National Assembly due to issues in election cycles, and political polarization caused by factional leadership conflicts. I would like to propose a Korean-style presidentialism as a constitutional amendment to solve these problems. Specifically, the term of office of the president elected by a runoff vote shall be changed to a four-year mid-term system, but the election cycle shall be adjusted to elect members in half in the early general elections and mid-term elections, respectively. This would give citizens the opportunity to evaluate the President and the National Assembly through two parliamentary elections. Introducing a vice-presidential system could lead to new problems, so it is preferable to maintain the Prime Ministerial system, but if the National Assembly has the power to recommend the Prime Minister, they could play an active role in the appointment of the Prime Minister every two years, in the event of an opposition party victory in a parliamentary election. This could also enable the formation of a coalition government between the ruling and opposition parties. In addition, it is necessary to reduce the President's authority to appoint constitutional officials and to expand the influence of the National Assembly.