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The purpose of this study was to identify the causal relationships among mentoring experience, self management and self confidence of Taekwondo athletics. To achieve the purpose, the total 290 subjects, were sampled from Taekwondo athletics in Korea Taekwondo Association. There answered the given questionnaires. For the research tool, mentoring experience used the questionnaires scales which modified mentoring experience questionnaires developed by Kan(2011), self management used the questionnaires scales which develop by Huh(2003) and self confidence used the questionnaires scales which develop by Yoo and Huh(2002). To process data, AMOS 5.0 and SPSS PC+ 15.0 Version statistical program for WINDOWS were used and descriptive statistic, t-test, one-way ANOVA, factor analysis, correlation and covariance structure analysis were conducted. Through such processes and method of the study as above, the results of this study are as follow. The relationships among mentoring experience, self management and self confidence of Taekwondo athletics were the causal relation. First, mentoring experience statistically and significantly influences self management. Second, self management statistically and significantly influences self confidence.

This study examined the analysis of the relationship between self management, stress coping and goal orientation of college athletes. The number of the surveyed for this study was 284 who participated in the college. The reliability and validity test of the questionnaire itself was conducted by using SPSS & AMOS Window 18.0 program; the result of descriptive analysis, factor analysis, correlation analysis, standard multiple regression analysis, path analysis are as follows; The results were as being follows. First, the self management is partially influences on the stress coping and goal orientation of college athletes. Second, stress coping in college athletes is partially influences on the goal orientation of college athletes. Lastly there is a causal relationship between the self management, stress coping and goal orientation of college athletes.

This research was conducted to know self management’s effect on Sports-Confidence and Exercise Flow among University golfers. We analyzed 250 questionnaire responses and draw a conclusion using statistic test(Correlation Analysis & Multiple Regression) by SPSS 18.0 statistical program. First, self management’s low factors affect Sports-Confidence low factors such as physical and psychological preparation factor in all variable factors. Second, mental management and interpersonal management in self management’s low factors affect cognitive commitment. And behavioral commitment affect mental management, interpersonal management, and discipline management. Third, Exercise Flow (physical and psychological preparation factor) affect all kinds of variable factors.

The purpose of this study was to identify the causal relationships among self management, performance and leadership of Gymnastic coach’s. The instrument for data collection was a questionnaire in which self management as identified by Hu(2003) and performance by An(2002) and leadership as identified by Wright(1996). 280 subjected were selected from Gymnastic teams in Korea by the cluster sampling method. Among these selected subject, 268 responded, and data analyses consisted of employing factor analysis, correlation and covariance structure analysis using SPSS/PC＋ 15.0 and AMOS 7.0. The following results were obtained: The relationships among self management, performance and leadership of Gymnastic coach’s were the causal relation. First, leadership statistically and significantly influences self management. Second, self management statistically and significantly influences performance.

The purpose of this is to prove the relationship between achievement goal orientation, self-management and performance of amateur boxers. After setting this research, the participants whom training in boxing gyms which was located in the entire current country and convenience sampling of 301 students and adults in that group in 2010. The research tool for using this was the Achievement Goal Orientation scale as amended and supplemented by Duba & Nicholls(1989), Self-Management scale as amended and supplemented by Hur(2001), Performance scale as amended and supplemented by Wi(2005). The Cronbach's price α, which was a measurement tool reliability of this research appeared with .521-.914 distributions. The investigation procedure directness visited the corresponding area and completed self-administering method with question sheets then collect them. After collecting the available datum, then put it into the windows SPSS/PC+15.0 version Program, which was used to arrange unitary variate analysis. Unlike in this research method and process, we get the result about the relationship between achievement goal orientation, self-management and performance of amateur boxers. First, Achievement Goal Orientation, Self-Management and Performance differ statistically and significantly according to socio-demographic variables of boxing players.

Purpose: Stage 3 chronic kidney disease (CKD) is highly prevalent and often progresses to end-stage renal disease without effective self-management. This study examined the effects of an Individual and Family Self-Management Program delivered via a mobile communication application on self-management behaviors and clinical outcomes among patients with stage 3 CKD.Methods: A 12-week quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest control group design was conducted among 50 patients with stage 3 CKD at a tertiary hospital in Thailand, between January and May 2024. The intervention group received a self-management program grounded in Individual and Family Self-Management Theory and delivered via the LINE chatbot. The program included educational content, self-regulation strategies, and structured family support, while the control group received usual care. Outcomes included self-management behaviors, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). Analysis of covariance was used to adjust for baseline differences.Results: After adjustment for baseline values, the intervention group showed significantly greater improvements in self-management behaviors (F=7.92, <i>p</i><.05) and eGFR (F=52.92, <i>p</i><.001) compared with the control group. Significant reductions were also observed in SBP (F=26.84, <i>p</i><.001), DBP (F=12.61, <i>p</i><.05), and HbA1c levels (F=7.74, <i>p</i><.05).Conclusion: A mobile-based Individual and Family Self-Management Program effectively improved self-management behaviors and key clinical outcomes among patients with stage 3 CKD, supporting the integration of family engagement and digital technology in chronic disease care.

Purpose: This study aims to identify factors affecting the Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) in patients with atrial fibrillation. Methods: The study subjects were 158 outpatients with atrial fibrillation at a university hospital in Metropolitan City B. Data were collected from March 18, 2022 to July 1, 2022 and were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and hierarchical multiple regression with SPSS 22. Results: Self-management behaviors (β=.27, p<.001), self-efficacy (β=.30, p<.001), and grit (β=.33, p<.001) were found to have statistically significant effects on HRQoL. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that age, employment status, and monthly household income explained 23.6% of the variance in HRQoL, while subjective health status and perceived stress added 18.6% of the variance. Self-management behaviors, self-efficacy, and grit had an explanatory power of 32.4%, and the overall explanatory power was 74.6%. Conclusion: Self-management behaviors, self-efficacy, and grit were identified as factors affecting HRQoL in patients with atrial fibrillation. These results will be used as important fundamental data to develop nursing interventions in order to improve the HRQoL of patients with atrial fibrillation.

Purpose: To identify and explore the latent categories of self-control and clarify the relationship betweenself-control and self-management of stroke survivors under different categories. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted using a general information questionnaire, theChinese version of the Dual-Mode Self-Control Scale, and the Stroke Self-Management Scale to measuresociodemographic data, self-control, and self-management. The questionnaires were administered faceto-face, and a convenience sampling method was used to collect the data. A total of 519 stroke survivorsfrom a tertiary hospital in Henan Province, China, were included. Data were analyzed using latent profile analysis and the Kruskal?Wallis H test. Results: The four-profile model was the most suitable. It was named as follows: low impulse-highcontrol group (25.0%), low impulse-low control group (39.7%), high impulse-high control group(24.7%), and high impulse-low control group (10.6%). The self-management scores of the low impulseand high control group were significantly higher than those of the other three groups. Conclusion: Stroke survivors demonstrate moderate levels of self-control. In particular, patients withambivalent self-control psychologies are noteworthy as they require strategies to address this contradictorypsychological situation. Healthcare providers should consider the unique self-control characteristicsof stroke survivors to assist them in enhancing their self-control abilities. Future researchshould use more objective assessment methods to examine long-term changes in self-control amongstroke survivors and their relationships with self-management.

Purpose: This study was conducted to examine the effects of a telephone-based self-management support program led by nurses on self-care behavior, biological index for cardiac function, and depression. Methods: This study is a quasi-experiment in nonequivalent control group design. Thirty-eight heart failure patients underwent medical treatment at the hospital (18 heart failure patients in the experimental group and 20 heart failure patients in the control group). The experimental group (n = 18) received the telephone-based self-management support program, which included a 30-minute face-to face education session and four telephone consultation and education sessions. The face-to-face education session was conducted at the first visit to the outpatient clinic. Thereafter, weekly telephone consultations and education sessions were performed for 4 weeks. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, independent t test, paired t test, and repeated measures analysis of variance using the SPSS/WIN 21.0. Results: The participants in the experimental group showed significantly increased self-care behavior scores (t = 6.65, p < .001), decreased N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide level (U=-2.28, p = .022), improved left ventricular ejection fraction values (t = 2.24, p = .032), and decreased depression scores (t =-3.49, p = .001) compared with the control group. Conclusion: The findings indicate that the telephone-based self-management program is an effective intervention to improve self-management in heart failure patients.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to construct and test a hypothetical model of self-management behavior in patients with chronic low back pain based on the results of previous studies and a literature review. Methods: Data from 218 outpatients with spinal disease who visited a university hospital from January 21 to August 3, 2021 with chronic back pain that had lasted for more than 3 months were collected and analyzed. Results: The goodness-of-fit of the final model satisfied recommendations (RMR=.01, RMSEA=.07, GFI=.97, NFI=.95, TLI=.92, CFI=.97). Negative illness perception directly and negatively influenced self-management behavior (β=-.15, p=.021), and also indirectly affected self-management behavior through self-efficacy (β=-.07, p=.007). Positive illness perception directly exerted a positive impact on self-management behavior. Active participation, internal health control, and self-efficacy all directly influenced self-management behavior. Conclusion: In order to improve self-management behavior in patients with chronic low back pain and spinal diseases, it is crucial to first determine whether the patient's perception of their illness is positive or negative. Patients should be encouraged to adopt a positive attitude towards their condition and to persist with self-management.

Purpose: Diabetes mellitus has been either the fourth or fifth leading cause of death among Taiwanese adults during 1995e2015. Older adults with diabetes are at higher risk of developing diabetic macrovascular and micro-vascular complications. The purpose of this study explored the self-management experiences of middle-aged and older adults with diabetes through a focus group. Methods: Purposive sampling was used to recruit patients with diabetes from the metabolic outpatient clinics of medical centers and regional hospitals in Taiwan. Two focus groups, comprising a total of 23 participants, were employed to collect data, and group discussions were held a total of four times in an education room that was distant from clinical areas. Results: Three themes were generated from analysis of the collected data: (1) “listening to the voice of the body and observing physical changes,” (2) “re-recognizing diabetes and challenges,” and (3) “selfmanagement implementation dilemmas.” This study provided new insights into the experiences of middle-aged and older adults in Taiwan regarding their self-management of diabetes. Conclusion: Healthcare teams should be involved in the self-management education of patients with diabetes as early as possible to reduce patients’ anxiety and to develop more patient-centered, culturesensitive clinical skills. In addition to monitoring patients’ self-management, healthcare professor should pay more attention to patients’ successful adaptation to and coexistence with the disease.

Purpose: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a condition characterized by the gradual loss of kidney function over time. Self-management programs have been widely applied to chronic disease education programs, which are designed to delay deteriorating kidney functions, preclude depression, and improve quality of life. This study aims to analyze effectiveness of self-management programs in bettering CKD patients' eGFR, mitigating depression symptoms and improving quality of life in randomized control or clinical trials. Methods: Using key terms, a search was conducted in English-language, peer-reviewed journals on CKD that were published between 2002 and 2014 on databases including CINAHL, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE. The measurable variables included CKD patients' eGFR, depression, and quality of life. Random and fixed effects meta analysis were applied with standard error and correlation based measure of effect size. Results: Eight studies met the inclusion criteria. A self-management program significantly impacted CKD patients' depression and mental quality-of-life dimensions, with an effect size of .29 [95% confidence interval (CI) (0.07, 0.53)] and .42 [95% CI ( 0.75, 0.10)]. However, the intervention of a selfmanagement program had no significant effect on patients' eGFR as well as physical quality-of-life dimensions, with effect sizes of .06 [95% CI ( 0.69, 0.81)] and .16 [95% CI ( 0.81, 0.50)]. Conclusions: Self-management programs of patients with chronic kidney disease can improve the depression and mental quality of life. Aside from providing more objective evidence-based results, this study provides a reference for clinical health care personnel who tend to patients with CKD.

Purpose: This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effects of shared decision-making (SDM)-based self-management interventions on health outcomes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Methods: Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, three databases were searched in July 2022, supplemented by gray literature and citation searching. Randomized controlled trials that integrated SDM components into COPD self-management programs were included. Two reviewers independently performed study selection, data extraction, and risk-of-bias assessment. Random-effects models were used to pool odds ratios (ORs) for dichotomous outcomes and standardized mean differences (SMDs) for continuous outcomes, with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Outcomes included hospital readmission, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), functionality, physical symptoms, psychological symptoms (depression and anxiety), and self-efficacy.Results: Seven studies (n=1,028) met the inclusion criteria. SDM-based interventions showed no statistically significant difference in hospital readmission (OR=1.59, 95% CI, 0.79 to 3.19; I²=49.1%) and no significant improvement in HRQoL (SMD=0.19, 95% CI, ?0.14 to 0.51; I²=98.3%). Depression showed no significant effect (SMD=?0.01, 95% CI, ?0.39 to 0.38; I²=98.1%). Self-efficacy improved slightly (SMD=0.12, 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.23; I²=89.4%), with substantial heterogeneity. Evidence for other secondary outcomes was inconsistent.Conclusion: SDM-based self-management interventions did not demonstrate clear benefits for hospital readmission or HRQoL in patients with COPD. Given the heterogeneity across studies, these findings should be interpreted cautiously. Future trials should use standardized SDM frameworks, assess implementation fidelity, and apply consistent outcome measures to clarify the role of SDM in COPD management.

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the relationship between stigma and self-management among patients undergoing hemodialysis and to identify the key factors influencing their self-management practices. Methods: A convenience sample of 139 hemodialysis patients, aged 18 years or older with an arteriovenous fistula, was recruited from online websites designed for patients undergoing hemodialysis in South Korea. Data were collected using a self-reported questionnaire that assessed demographic and clinical characteristics, self-management behavior, and stigma. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, the independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson r correlations, and hierarchical regression analysis to evaluate the influence of stigma on self-management. Results: Hierarchical regression analysis showed that demographic and clinical characteristics accounted for 25.1% of the variance in self-management, and the inclusion of stigma increased the explained variance to 31.4%. Significant predictors included the number of hemodialysis sessions per week (≥3) (β=?.38, p<.001), stigma (β=?.27, p<.001), monthly household income (≥4 million won) (β=.24, p=.014), and marital status (single) (β=?.18, p=.028). Conclusion: The findings highlight the substantial impact of stigma and treatment burden on self-management, while socioeconomic status and marital support serve as protective factors. Targeted interventions that reduce stigma and strengthen support systems are warranted.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the status and factors associated with self-management behavior (SMB) of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in a border area of southwest China. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with T2DM patients in Dali, China. The participants filled in the questionnaires including demographic and disease-related characteristics, psychosocial status, resources of DM knowledge, knowledge of DM care, competency in DM care skills, the Chinese Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale (C-DMSES), and the Chinese Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (C-SDSCA). All the data were analyzed with SPSS version 26. Multiple linear regression analysis examined associations between predictors and SMB. Results: A total of 470 valid questionnaires have been collected. The score for overall SMB was 50.71±11.99; 19.6% of patients were at a good level, 48.3% were moderate, and 32.1% were poor. The significant factors that influenced SMB included self-efficacy (β=0.37; p<.001), competency in DM care skills (β=0.22; p<.001) and lacked in the treatment confidence (β=-0.09; p=.023). Conclusion: The level of self-management among T2DM patients in this area was medium-low state. For future studies, our findings suggest that self-efficacy, competency in DM care skills, and treatment confidence should be considered essential factors in improving the self-management behavior of T2DM patients in the border area of southwest China.

Purpose: This study aimed to develop and examine the validity and reliability of a self-efficacy scale for preventive health management related to premature labor (PHMSE-PL) for women of childbearing age. Methods: Instrument development and validation were undertaken in three steps: conceptualization through a literature review and in-depth interviews, item generation and evaluation of content validity, and evaluation of construct validity and reliability. The content validity, factorial structure validity, and internal consistency reliability of the PHMSE-PL were evaluated, and cognitive interviewing was undertaken. Data were analyzed using confirmatory factor analyses, Cronbach's ?, and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: The content validity was assessed by experts and was strengthened through cognitive interviews with women of childbearing age. The PHMSE-PL comprised 34 items across five factors. The construct validity of the PHMSE-PL was supported. Cronbach's ? for the total scale was .97 (95% CI=.96-.97). Conclusion: An evaluation of the psychometric properties of the PHMSE-PL scale found it to be a valid and reliable tool for women of childbearing age. The scale appears to be useful for women of childbearing age to self-assess their preventive health management self-efficacy related to premature labor and for health professionals to evaluate and promote women's preventive health management.

Purpose: The aims of this study were to develop a new instrument for measuring self-management witha hierarchical structure [the Diabetes Self-Management Scale (DSMS)] in patients with type 2 diabetes,and evaluate its psychometric properties. Method: The DSMS instrument was developed in three phases: (1) conceptualization and item generation;(2) content validity and pilot testing; and (3) field testing of its psychometric properties. A conveniencesample of 473 participants was recruited in three university hospitals and one regional healthcenter, South Korea. Results: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses yielded two second-order component modelsexplaining the common variance among six first-order factors. Principal axis factoring with a varimaxrotation accounted for 60.88% of the variance. Confirmatory factor analysis of the hierarchical structurerevealed the following fit indices: c2/df ¼ 1.373, standardized root-mean-square residual ¼ .050,goodness-of-fit index ¼ .935, incremental fit index ¼ .975, comparative fit index ¼ .974, and root-meansquareerror of approximation ¼ .039. All Cronbach' a values for internal consistency exceeded the criterionof .70. All of the intraclass correlation coefficients for testeretest reliability exceeded .70 exceptthat for the taking-medication subscale. The components of the DSMS were moderately correlated withthe comparator measures of self-efficacy and health literacy administered for convergent validity. Conclusion: The DSMS is a new instrument for measuring the complex nature of self-management inpatients with type 2 diabetes, comprising 17 items scored on a five-point Likert scale. The DSMS exhibitssatisfactory psychometric properties for five reliability and validity metrics, and so is a suitable instrumentto apply in both research and clinical practices.

Purpose: This systematic review evaluates the effectiveness of medication self-management education programs (MSEP) for older adults by analyzing the core characteristics and reported outcomes of successful interventions. Guided by King’s Goal Attainment Theory, this study identifies which program elements, such as scope, provider, and duration, are associated with positive clinical and psychosocial outcomes, aiming to provide evidence-based recommendations for practice and future research amid rising polypharmacy and inappropriate medication use. Methods: A systematic review searched seven databases (up to September 3, 2024) for randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental studies of medication self-management education for adults 65+. Inclusion followed PICOTS-SD (Participants, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, Time, Setting, and Study Design). Quality was assessed (RoB 2.0, ROBINS-I). Data were narratively synthesized, mapping program characteristics to King’s theory (e.g., interaction, transaction) to analyze goal attainment pathways. Results: The 34 included studies demonstrated that MSEP are broadly effective in improving both clinical and psychosocial outcomes. Specifically, comprehensive, multi-session interventions were frequently associated with significant improvements in psychosocial outcomes such as quality of life and self-efficacy, particularly when delivered by multidisciplinary teams or nurses. In contrast, medication-specific programs (14 studies), often led by pharmacists, proved highly effective in enhancing key clinical outcomes, including medication adherence and the reduction of drug-related problems. Conclusion: MSEP effectively enhance adherence. In accord with King’s Goal Attainment Theory, effectiveness is achieved via a ‘transactional’ process. Programs strong in ‘interaction’ (multi-session, nurse-led) achieve psychosocial ‘goal attainment’, while ‘action’-focused programs (pharmacist-led, specific) achieve clinical ‘goals’. The theory may underscore the need for tailored interventions.

Purpose: This review aimed to analyze the use of behavior change techniques (BCTs) and the degree of theory implementation using a theory coding scheme (TCS) in mobile self-management interventions for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: In this scoping review, four electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, and CENTRAL) and gray literature sources were searched. Studies were independently screened according to predefined criteria. The BCT taxonomy was used to categorize techniques, and the TCS was applied to evaluate the quality of theory implementation. Results: Seventeen randomized controlled trials were included. Twenty-five unique BCTs were identified (mean, 8.1 per study). Commonly used BCTs included social support (unspecified) (n=14), instructions on how to perform a behavior (n=14), feedback on behavior (n=11), and prompts/cues (n=11). Techniques related to capability, such as habit formation, rewards, framing/reframing, and verbal persuasion, were rare (n=1 study each). TCS scores ranged from 5 to 15 (mean, 10.3). All included studies cited a theory, used it to select intervention techniques, and employed randomization. However, no study used the findings to refine the theory, and only one conducted a mediational analysis of theoretical constructs. Conclusion: Mobile T2DM self-management interventions commonly rely on a limited range of BCTs and show restricted theoretical application beyond basic implementation. Future interventions should employ a broader array of BCTs and apply theories more rigorously, including tailoring interventions, empirically testing theoretical mechanisms, and refining theories based on results to increase their effectiveness.

Purpose: This study developed a self-management program for patients undergoing lumbar spinal stenosis surgery utilizing the information-motivation-behavioral skills (IMB) model. Methods: This study employed a quasi-experimental design with a nonequivalent control group and pretest?posttest design. Data were collected from August 11, 2022, to March 31, 2023, at a general hospital in South Korea. A total of 58 patients participated in the study (30 experimental, 28 control group). The experimental group received a six-session self-management program based on the IBM model, whereas the control group received usual education and information. Data were analyzed with SPSS/WIN 23.0 using the independent t-test, chisquare test, Fisher’s exact test, Shapiro-Wilk test, and Mann-Whitney U test. Results: Significant differences were observed in self-management information (p<.001), personal motivation (p=.002), social motivation (p=.002), behavioral skills (p=.002), behaviors (p=.003), health-related quality of life (p<.001), and disc height (p=.006) in the experimental group following program implementation, compared to the control group. However, no significant differences were found in lower extremity muscular strength, lumbar lordotic angle, or the visual analog scores for low back pain and leg pain between the two groups. Conclusion: The self-management program developed in this study, based on the IMB model, was effective in improving self-management information, motivation, behavioral skills, behaviors, health-related quality of life, and self-management health outcomes in patients undergoing lumbar spinal stenosis surgery. Nevertheless, future research should aim to verify the long-term effects of such self-management programs by extending the intervention period.