Earticle

본 논문은 금융결제원·코레일네트웍스·하이플러스카드가 개발한 전국호환 교통카드 시스템과 삼성SDS가 개발한 호환 교통정보집계시스템을 연계하여 테스트베드를 구축하고 운영한 결과를 보여준다. 광주광역시에서 시내버스 4개 노선, 지하철 1호선 20개 역, 철도 2개 역, 호남고속도로 2개 구간에 전국호환 교통시스템을 구축하였고, 서울대 IC카드센터에 호환교통정보집계시스템을 구축하였다. 그리고 480명의 테스트요원에게 전국호환 테스트 카드를 배포하여 약 6개월 동안 테스트베드를 운영하였다. 이는 전국호환 교통카드 시스템과 호환 교통정보집계시스템에 적용한 전국호환 표준 기술이 실제로 전국 모든 대중교통수단에 적용 가능함과 호환성, 정확도, 안전성, 신뢰성 등을 검증하기 위함이다. 테스트요원이 테스트카드를 지불단말기에 접촉시키면, 지불단말기 안에 있는 지불SAM과 연동하여 거래를 수행하고, 거래 내역을 정산시스템에 송신하여 정산하며, 호환 교통정보집계시스템에 일부 거래 내역을 전송하여 집계한다. 테스트베드를 통해 이러한 과정을 살펴보고, 전국호환 표준 기술 적용 시스템 운영 중 나타나는 문제점이나 개선사항을 도출하여 이를 해결하였다. 그리고 테스트요원의 설문조사와 민원 사항을 통해 테스트베드의 성공적인 결과를 입증하였다.

In this paper, we describe the result of the test-bed on Nation-wide Interoperable Transportation System connected with Interoperable Traffic Information Collection System, which was developed by Korea Financial Telecommunications & Clearings, KOREAIL NETWORKS, HiPlusCard and Samsung SDS. we constructed Nation-wide Interoperable Transportation System on 4 downtown bus routes, 20 stations on line 1 subway, 2 stations of a train and 2 sections of the Honam highway in Gwangju and Interoperable Traffic Information Collection System in Seoul University IC Card Center. So we operated that by 480 Several staff were given a test card and asked to try it for about 6 months. This test-bed is for demonstrates the accuracy, safety and credibility of the Nation-wide Interoperability standard technology and it can be applied to all of transportation practically. When the staffs contact the card to Purchase terminal, the card performs transaction with Purchase SAM in the terminal, then transactions ara used to calculate in Settlement system and Interoperable Traffic Information Collection System. Through the test-bed, we examined this process and found unexpected problems happening during the test operation and have successfully solved them. In addition, the results of the test-bed let us know what additional improvement might be required for System. The successful run of the test-bed was verified by an evaluation of the test-bed staff and a public survey.

The charge operation of an ice storage system has been analyzed in this paper. The thermal characteristics of major components of the ice storage system. i.e., the refrigerator and the ice storage tank are evaluated from performance tests on an existing ice storage system. Based on the measured data for thermal characteristics, a simulation is carried out for the charge operation and the effect of the refrigerator size on the system performance is investigated. The results indicate that the larger the refrigerator size for a given storage capacity, the lower the inlet temperature of the ice storage tank so that the lower the efficiency of charge operation. It is also found that there exists an optimal size of the refrigerator with which the ice storage at the end of the charge operation is maximized, but the complete charge is not possible even with the optimally sized refrigerator. This leads to the result that the design capacity of the storage tank should be larger than the required amount of cold energy for the daytime cooling considering the practically chargeable amount of cold energy during the nighttime. Where the cooling load sharing of the storage is 40%, the nominal capacity of an ice storage tank needs to be larger than the required storage amount by 30%.

원수의 탁질 중에서 입경이 $10^{-1}$mm이상인 것은 보통침전으로 제거가 가능하지만, 입경이��$10^{-3}mm$이하가 되면 일반적으로 콜로이드입자라고 총칭하며 그대로의 상태로서는 거의 침강되지 않을 뿐만 아니라 급속여과기구에서도 포착되지 않는다. 따라서 급속여과 방식에서는 이와 같은 탁질을 효과적으로 제거하기 위한 전처리로서 응집조작으로 인한 콜로이드상의 탁질을 플록화하여 약품침전이나 급속여과에서 포착되도록 탁질의 성상을 변화시키는 조작이 반드시 필요하다. 또한 양호한 플록을 효과적으로 형성시키는 약품혼화와 플록형성 등을 강구해야 한다. 이에 본 연구에서는 현재 국내에서 운영하고 있는 정수처리시스템의 일부인 혼화지내에 혼화지점의 단면적을 축소시켜 약품혼화효과를 극대화하고 혼화기의 소요동력을 감소시켜 혼화효과를 개선하며 혼화지내 혼화기 운용의 비용 절감 효과를 증가시키기 위한 저에너지형 CF혼화장치를 개발하는데 연구 목적이 있다. 연구결과 CF혼화장치의 설치시 약품 투입 위치에 따라 $2{\sim}6%$정도의 탁도제거율의 상승과 슬러지 높이의 차이를 보이는 것으로 나타났으며 이 실험 결과 약품투입장소에서 혼화지의 Compact화로 인해 급속 혼화를 이룰 경우 더 많은 플록화로 인해 탁도 제거율이 높아지는 것을 알 수 있다.

Objectives: Although Korean Acupuncture (KA) in Korean Medicine (KM) shares its origins with Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), it has made its own contribution to the field of acupuncture and general medicine. This study reviews characteristics of KA. Methods: Representative theories of KA were reviewed in light of a constitutionally individualized and practically integrated approach. Individualized approach in KA is based on constitutional energy traits recognized in Saam, Taegeuk, and Eight Constitution acupuncture theories. New practically integrated therapeutic modalities, such as herbal, and bee venom acupunctures, have also been developed in KA. Results: As a form of natural medicine, KA along with KM put emphasis on the vitality and self-correcting mechanism of an individual, which led to the refinement of constitutional approach. KA along with KM theories features a summarized understanding and practical application of integrated therapeutics, which produced creative development of new modalities. Conclusions: KA is expected to make significant contributions to the individualized and practical medicine, based on basic research and clinical trials.

Monopoly regulation and fair trade Act(=Fair Trade Act) seems to have been influenced by Japanese The Antimonopoly Act(=AMA), but it seems that research on AMA was neglected. Particularly, “practices practically suppressing competition” seems to be lacking in depth discussion, despite the fact that it is a constituent of abuse of Market-Dominating Position and Unfair Collaborative Acts. Based on the discussions of AMA, this paper first identifies the competition in Fair Trade Act, and shows how the competition is related to “practices practically suppressing competition”. And this paper have examined the implications of “practices practically suppressing competition” through its historical progress. “practices practically suppressing competition” have been embodied in the case in Japan, and it is necessary to take the discussion in Japan as an interpretation of Fair Trade Act and proceed with the discussion in depth. Because, unlike the US or the EU, Fair Trade Act has Unfair Trade Practices like AMA. If Fair Trade Act, which is difficult to discern due to Abuse of Market-Dominating Position and Unfair Trade Practices, would accept the discussion of substantial restraint of competition in Japan, it could further develop the interpretation theory of Fair Trade Act.

This thesis aims to discuss the shape of the ‘a practically capable worker(일군)’ that appeared in recent North Korean newspaper novels. These refer to working-level executives who pursue loyalty, justification, and practical interests in a practical balance when carrying out business. In particular, short stories published in the Literature Newspaper from 2024-25 during the third period of the Kim Jong-un era are analyzed through literature review and historical methods. This is part of a study to examine the trends and issues of North Korean literature after the Covid-19 pandemic through media contents of literary magazines and literary newspapers. As a result of analyzing short stories during this period, it can be seen that the latest construction of the Pyongyang city district, a new rural revolution platform, and local development policies were embodied as works as characteristics of realist literature. As a result of analyzing the characters of short stories published in newspapers, ‘a practically capable worker‘ emerged as a representative epitome of the zeitgeist. The characteristics of the main character of the novel have changed from the conventional loyal hero to the ‘a practically capable worker‘ who is in close contact with the production site. These characters are characterized by pursuing practical pragmatism with knowledge of science and technology. Representatively, in A Short Story “The Changing Shapes”(He‘s getting better, 2025), which depicts the computer learning enthusiasm of discharged soldiers who internalized the ‘Local Development 20x10 Policy‘, you can see the ‘a practically capable worker‘ required by the times.

중국에서 1987년 1월 1일부터 「민법통칙(中華人民共和國 民法通則)」이 시행된 이래 불법행위법과 매스미디어법이 상호 결합되어 추진된 연구 과정에서 미디어 불법행위법에 관한 연구과제가 대두될 수 있었다. 이는 이론적인 연구와 사법상의 실무를 통하여 꾸준히 발전함으로써, 매스미디어법의 결함을 보완하고, 미디어의 불법행위에 대한 제재와 미디어의 권리보호 및 표현의 자유와 같은 중요한 역할을 담당하게 되었다. 「중국 불법행위법(中華人民共和國 侵權責任法)」은 불법행위에 관한 일반 조항과 더불어 인터넷 불법행위도 함께 규정함으로써 미디어 불법행위를 명확하게 인정하게 되었으며, 미디어의 권리를 보호할 수 있는 충분한 법률적 근거를 마련하게 된 것이다. 이에 따라 미디어 불법행위법은 중국 불법행위법의 기초하에 그 중요한 법률 조정 역할을 계속적으로 발휘하게 될 것이다.

Media torts liability law as an interdisciplinary subject has formed and developed theoretically and practically with the combinative study of torts liability as well as journalism and communication law in China, which makes journalism and communication law strong enough to punish media torts, play an important role in protecting the rights of media providers and freedom of expression, since General principles of the Civil Law of China has been put into practice. Tort liability law in China stipulates both general rule and Internet tort liability, which provides sufficient legal ground for identifying media torts correctly and protecting rights of media providers. Media tort liability law will play an increasingly significant part in legal regulation of rights and obligations.