Earticle

This article suggests that T-to-C movement occurs in a main-wh interrogative even when the subject is a wh-phrase. When the subject wh-phrase in Spec-TP moves to Spec-CP, suppression of agreement on C is assumed to occur, which is also found in languages like Turkish and Palauan, though in different ways. In this case the trace of T is visible to affix hopping. When the object wh-phrase moves to Spec-CP, the suppression of agreement on C does not occur, which makes do-insertion applicable. Therefore, the contrast between subject and nonsubject asymmetry with respect to do-insertion follows.

Chomsky (1995) and Lasnik (2000) propose that the dummy do is inserted at PF as a last resort when T-to-V hopping is impossible. This last resort approach is based on the assumption that T-to-V hopping and do-insertion are in complementary distribution. However, Embick & Noyer (2001) challenge the last resort approach by refuting thecomplementariness of T-to-V hopping and do-insertion. In this squib, however, I propose that their argument is not valid, and so we can still maintain the complementariness of the two operations, thereby supporting the last resort approach to do-insertion. In the course of providing arguments for the last resort approach, I propose that thesentential negator and the constituent negator are in complementary distribution, and modals, just like other types of auxiliary, undergo head movement to T.

Demand for colonoscopy is increasing because it is an important tool not only for screening of colorectal neoplasm but also for resection of such lesions in early stage. Cecal intubation requires expertise on shortening of the examination time and improvement of the cecal intubation rate without causing pain to the patients. About 5% to 10% of patients still experience difficulties or failure of the cecal intubation. There are number of factors that affect the difficulty of the colonoscopy such as technical skill of the endoscopist, angulated sigmoid, redundant colon, advanced age, female gender, diverticular disease, and inadequate bowel preparation. In an effort to overcome these situations and to and aiding colonoscope insertion with reducing pain, various methods have introduced. Like this review discusses ways to approach patients with technically difficult colons for achieving the successful cecal intubation.