Earticle

Given that communicative competence plays a critical role in multinational military operations, effective instructional approaches that promote practical language use have become increasingly important in military English education. This study investigates how speaking activities implemented in an EFL military English instruction by analyzing various functions of comprehensible output and how such output processes emerge during classroom interaction. The study draws on Littlewood’s communicative continuum as a pedagogical framework and examines classroom interaction from the perspective of Swain’s Comprehensible Output Hypothesis. For this study fourteen military English learners participated in three-month intensive English course engaging in speaking activities and completed perception questionnaires. A mixed-method approach was employed using triangulated data from classroom observation logs, instructor reflective journals, and learner perception questionnaires. The findings indicate that structured speaking activities tended to promote grammatical accuracy, while authentic communicative activities encouraged fluency and meaning negotiation. Through repeated task engagement, learners noticed linguistic gaps, tested alternative forms, and gradually refined their spoken output. Pedagogically, these findings highlight the value of communicative speaking activities in fostering speaking development through multiple comprehensible output functions.

A discussion of a method has been used with success in terrain modelling to estimate the height at any point on the land surface from irregularly distributed samples. The special requirements of terrain modelling are discussed as well as a detailed description of the algorithm and an example of its application.

환경갈등은 고전적인 이슈인 동시에 여전히 빈번히 발생하고, 해결이 어렵고, 주민의 삶과 직결되어 있다는 점에서 사회문제로서의 정책적 우선순위를 가지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 76개의 중범위 갈등사례의 분석을 위해 다각화 전략(triangulation)을 이용한 실증연구를 수행하였다. 구체적으로는 퍼지셋에서 사용되는 퍼지소속 점수 부여를 통해 퍼지변수를 생성하고, 생성된 퍼지변수의 결합을 통한 조절변수를 활용하여 포아송 회귀모형, 음이항 회귀 모형을 통해 환경갈등의 지속기간에 영향을 미치는 요인을 검증하였다. 분석결과 갈등주체로써의 정부개입수준은 환경갈등의 지속기간에 대해 주요 영향요인으로 나타났다. 또한 갈등원인으로써의 이익관련성은 그 자체로는 갈등지속기간에 유의미한 영향력을 행사할 수 없지만, 특정한 조건(입지관련성, 정부개입 수준)이 결합되었을 때에는 정(+)의 방향으로의 유의미한 영향력을 행사하고 있었다. 본 연구는 갈등기간에 대한 선행 연구들이 가지고 있는 방법론적 한계를 극복하고, 원자료가 내포하고 있는 개별 특성을 최대한 활용하여 갈등연구에 대한 새로운 접근 가능성을 제시하였다.

Environmental conflicts are a classic issue that has already been diversified, but it still has policy priority as a social problem that is directly linked to our lives. In this study, we attempted qualitative quantification in the data conversion process for empirical research through triangulation strategy to analyze 76 cases of environmental conflict. First, we generated fuzzy variables through the fuzzy-set calibration. In the next step, we combined the fuzzy variables to generate the moderator variables. The analysis was conducted through the Poisson regression model and the negative binominal regression model. The analysis showed the level of government intervention to be a major factor affecting the duration of environmental conflicts. In addition, profit relevance was not a significant factor affecting the duration of conflict in itself, but when combined with specific conditions (such as location relevance, government intervention level), it had a significant influence on the duration. Our study overcomes the methodological limitations of previous studies and suggests a new approach to conflict research by maximizing the unique characteristics of original data.

불규칙 삼각망은 대표적으로 사용되는 지형 모델링 방법 가운데 하나이다. 이 방법은 적은 데이터 량으로 지형의 특징을 잘 표현할 수 있고, 렌더링 시간을 단축시킬 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 능선 검출 알고리즘을 이용하여 지형데이터로부터 능선과 계곡을 검출하고, 이를 불규칙 삼각망의 구성을 위한 정점들의 집합으로 사용함으로써 기존 방식과 거의 동등한 오차수준에서 삼각망의 구성시간을 현저하게 단축시키는 방법을 제안하고 있다.

Triangulated irregular network is one of the most frequently used terrain modeling methods. It represents terrain precisely using only a small amount of data, and enables fast rendering of terrain. In this paper, ridges and valleys are extracted from the terrain, and used as a set of vertices for the construction of triangulated irregular network. An experiment shows the new method reduces the time for construction of the triangulated irregular network significantly with almost equal amount of induced error.

A discussion of a method that has been used with success in terrain modelling to estimate the height at any point on the land surface from irregularly distributed samples. The special requirements of terrain modelling are discussed as well as a detailed description of the algorithm and an example of its application.

Reverse engineering has been widely used for the shape reconstruction of an object without CAD data and it includes some steps such as scanning of a clay or wood model, and generating some manufacturing data in an STL file. A new approach to remove point data with Delaunay triangulation is introduced to deal with the size problems of STL file and the difficulties in the operation of RP process. This approach can be used to reduce a number of measuring data from laser scanner within a specified tolerance, thus it can avoid the time for handing point data during modeling process and the time for verifying and slicing STL model during RP process. Developed software enables the user to specify the criteria for the selection of group of triangles either by the angle between triangles or the percentage of triangles reduced, and thus RP models with accuracy will be helpful to automated process.

Most divide-and-conquer implementations for Delaunay triangulation utilize quad-edge or winged-edge data structure since triangles are frequently deleted and created during the merge process. How-ever, the proposed divide-and-conquer algorithm utilizes the array based data structure that is much simpler than the quad-edge data structure and requires less memory allocation. The proposed algorithm has two important features. Firstly, the information of space partitioning is represented as a permutation vector sequence in a vertices array, thus no additional data is required for the space partitioning. The permutation vector represents adaptively divided regions in two dimensions. The two-dimensional partitioning of the space is more efficient than one-dimensional partitioning in the merge process. Secondly, there is no deletion of edge in merge process and thus no bookkeeping of complex intermediate state for topology change is necessary. The algorithm is described in a compact manner with the proposed data structures and operators so that it can be easily implemented with computational efficiency.