Earticle

Oxide buffer layers for YBCO coated conductors were fabricated using MOD processing and development of microstructure and texture were investigated. A CeO2, buffer layers were formed on RABiTS tape. Acetate-based precursor solution was employed to synthesize the precursor solution. Subsequently, the precursor solution was stabilized and modified with triethanolamine. CeO2 precursor gel film was coated and annealed in Ar/H2 atmosphere at high temperature. An annealed CeO2 film shows mixed orientation with high (001) texturing. It was shown that (111)texture of CeO2 layers were enhanced by multiple coating. This degradation was attributed to development of microcracks in the multiply coated CeO2 films. Also discussed are the synthesis and the characterization of La2Zr2O7 (LZO) buffer layers on RABiTS tape. A biaxially textured LZO buffer layer was fabricated with MOD processing method using metal alkoxide based precursor solution. It was shown that the LZO film were epitaxially grown on RABiTS tape and crack-free & uniform surface was obtained after annealing in Ar/H2 atmosphere.

본 시험은 여러 종류(호밀, RS; 볏짚, RSS; 소맥, WS; 트리티케일, TS; 귀리, OS; 청보리, BS)의 사일리지를 대상으로 단백질을 분획(fractionation)하고, in vitro 방법으로 buffer 추출 전과 추출 후의 사일리지를 배양하였을 때 반추위 미생물에 의한 발효성상, 가스발생량 및 분해율을 조사하고자 실시되었다. 사일리지의 가용성 물질은 borate- phosphate 용액으로 추출하였으며, 반추위액과 인공 타액이 동일한 비율로 구성된 배양액을 혐기적인 조건에서 48시간동안 배양(39℃)하면서 발효 성상과 nylon bag을 이용한 사일리지의 in vitro 분해율을 조사하였다. 사일리지의 soluble protein(SP) 함량은 RSS에서 총 CP 함량 중 2.11%로 가장 낮았으며, RS와 BS 및 OS에서는 7% 이상의 높은 함량을 보였다. 또한 A fraction(NPN)은 RS에서 총 CP의 74.33%로 가장 높았으나 TS 및 RSS의 NPN 함량은 48% 정도로 비교적 낮았다. Buffer 불용성 단백질(IP) 중 B2 fraction은 RS, RSS 및 WS에서 총 CP의 7% 이상으로 비교적 높았던 반면 TS(1.45%)와 BS(2.13%)에서 매우 낮았다. 이와는 달리 B3 fraction은 WS(4%)를 제외하고는 다른 사일리지에서 5.99∼15.20%의 함량을 보였다. 체내 이용성이 매우 낮은 C fraction은 볏짚 사일리지(RSS)에서 27.07%로 다른 종류의 사일리지(1.40∼9.93%)에 비하여 현저히 높은 수준이었다. 배양 12시간 까지는 추출 전에 비하여 추출 후의 사일리지 배양액에서 pH가 높았으나(P<0.01∼P<0.001) 48시간에는 오히려 추출 전의 사일리지 배양액의 pH가 낮았다(P<0.01). 배양액의 ammonia-N는 모든 사일리지에서 추출 전의 농도가 추출 후의 농도에 비하여 현저히(P<0.01∼P<0.001) 높았으나 사일리지 종류에 의한 영향을 받지 않았다. 모든 사일리지에서 추출 후에 비하여 추출 전의 VFA 농도가 현저히 증가되었다(P<0.01∼P<0.001). Acetate의 조성 비율은 buffer 추출 전에 비하여 배양 24시간까지 추출 후 모든 사일리지에서 높았던(P<0.01∼P<0.001) 반면 propionate와 butyrate 비율은 배양 24시간까지 추출 전에 더 높았다(P<0.001). 배양 12시간까지는 buffer 추출 전의 사일리지로부터 더 많은(P<0.01∼P<0.001) 양의 gas가 발생되었지만 그 후로(24∼48시간)는 오히려 buffer로 추출된 후의 사일리지에서 발생량이 더 많았다(P<0.01). 추출 후에 비하여 추출 전 사일리지의 DM과 CP 분해율이 현저히(P<0.001) 높았으나 NDF 분해율의 경우 오히려 추출 후의 사일리지에서 높았다(P<0.001). 그러나 각 사일리지에 대한 buffer 추출 전 후의 평균치에서는 사일리지 간에 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 본 시험의 결과로 미루어 보아 사일리지로 인해 현저히 증가된 NPN 함량이 사일리지의 단백질 이용율을 크게 낮출 것으로 보이며, 단백질을 포함한 buffer 가용성 물질은 사일리지의 초기 발효를 크게 촉진할 수 있는 것으로 여겨진다.

Protein fractionation was evaluated from whole crop silages of rye(RS), wheat(WS), triticale(TS), oat(OS), barley(BS), and rice straw silage(RSS), and in vitro trial was carried out to examine the effect of silage and extraction of soluble protein on fermentation characteristics, total gas production and degradation. Soluble protein of silages was extracted with borate-phosphate buffer, and fermentation characteristics, gas production and degradation of silages were estimated by incubating anaerobically the mixed solution of strained rumen fluid and artificial saliva(1:1, v/v) containing dried and ground silages placed in nylon bag at 39℃ up to 48h. Soluble protein(SP) content was lowest for RSS as 2.11% in total CP compared to those for other silages. Highest A fraction(NPN) was observed from RS (74.33% of total CP) while those from TS and RSS were relatively low(48%). B2 fraction was relatively higher for RS, RSS and WS than for TS and BS. B3 fraction was lowest in WS among silages. C fraction(27.07) in RSS was higher than in other silages(1.40∼9.93%). pH in incubation solution was increased(P<0.01∼P<0.001) for extracted silages up to 12h but decreased(P<0.01) at 48h for non-extracted ones. Contents of ammonia-N(P<0.001) and total VFA(P<0.01∼P<0.001) were higher for non-extracted silages than for extracted ones. Acetate proportion was increased(P<0.001) in buffer extracted silages while those of propionate and butyrate were decreased(P<0.001) up to 24h incubation. Increased (P<0.001) total gas production was obtained from non-extracted silages up to 12h while gas production was increased(P<0.01) in extracted ones thereafter. In vitro degradation of dry matter and CP was increased(P<0.001) in non-extracted silages but that of neutral detergent fiber was increased(P<0.001) in extracted ones without difference among silages. Difference in mean values of degradability for each silage prior to- and post extraction with borate buffer, however, was not found among silages. It may be concluded that high NPN content of silages may reduce the protein availability in silages and borate buffer soluble components in silages can stimulate the early stage of fermentation.

In order to simplify and reduce the cost of the analysis process for reference samples, STR typing using direct PCR buffer was confirmed. To select an efficient buffer, STR typing was performed using two kinds of buffers. As a result of comparing the STR full profile detection rate and peak height through the heat treatment-based rapid extraction method of the reference samples, it was confirmed that STR GO! was more efficient than Prep-n-Go. In addition, when using commercially available STR and Y-STR analysis kits (GlobalFiler, PowerPlex Fusion, Y23), it was found that there was no problem in result analysis even if the PCR reaction volume for DNA extracted with STR GO! was reduced to 10 uL. However, the detection rate of STR profiles decreased in DNA that had passed time after extraction. To overcome this, the dilution ratio of the PCR amplification product was adjusted and it was confirmed that there was no problem with STR typing even 4 weeks after extraction. This study is expected to be of great help in simplifying and reducing costs of STR typing for reference samples.

The present research was carried out to evaluate the possibility of female offspring production using artificial insemination buffer (AIB) before artificial insemination (AI). To do it, we carried out the optimization of AIB, making of AIB gun and analysis of affecting AI rate after AIB treatment. AIB made with the base of Tris‐buffer supplemented with L‐arginine and several materials that could be reduced the motility of male sperm compared with female one. This mean that female sperm could be increased the possibility of fertilization with ovum compared with male one. AIB must be deposited into 2nd to 4th cervix by the guide of AIB gun. After 15 min of AIB insertion, frozen semen was deposited into same place after. Total 352 cattle were inseminated with AIB insemination and was not significant difference between AIB and traditional AI rate (56.8 vs. 55.7%). However, AIB AI rate was significantly differs among 12 different farms. The parturition number of cows did not effect on AIB AI rate among 1st to 7th parturition number of cows. The proportion of AIB AI success rates in hanwoo cows was significantly higher than in dairy cows (61.0% vs. 48.7%), but the average AI success rate was not different between AIB and conventional AI (56.8% vs. 55.7%). The female offspring production rate in 2nd to 4th cervix deposition place was significantly higher than in uterus body (77.7% vs. 59.6%, p<0.05). The injection volume of AIB in 5 and 10 ml was significantly higher than in 2 ml (77.7, 78.7 vs. 51.8%, p<0.05), but not different between 5 and 10 ml ABI volume. The best exposure time of AIB in the cervix was 10 and 15 min rather than that of 5 min (79.2%, 77.2% vs. 63.2%, p< 0.05), and so AIB have to expose at least 10 min to get higher female offspring. In conclusion, AIB could be used in AI industry to produce female offspring and also AIB AI can be increased the AI success rate compared with traditional AI rate.

This paper aims to explore a common practice in which a bank designs an optimal double-layered debt contract through the means of controlling a lending rate and a deposit rate. For this study, I modify a monopolistic version of the Monti-Kelin model interpreted by Freixas and Rochet (2008). Positioned between depositors and borrowers, the bank takes into account the likelihood of a borrower exercising his or her limited liability in case of a negative income shock. On the other hand, the bank could also exercise its own limited liability against depositors if necessary. Thus, anticipating the consequences of dually limited liability, the bank specifies the conditions of loan and deposit contracts. In this regard, this paper contributes to the existing literature in that it explains endogenous determinations of credit ceiling and capital buffer of the two debt contracts a bank is involved in. It examines how the contracts can vary (asymmetrically) throughout a business cycle jointly with the deposit and the lending rates. A major result from the model is that a lending rate for a fully collateralized loan as well as a deposit rate for an unsecured loan may exhibit asymmetric and even adverse responses to the counter-cyclical policy rate adjustments. Furthermore, in the presence of capital regulation, it is deduced that the countercyclical interest rate policy may amplify the pro-cyclicality of bank lending.

We investigated the structural suitability of GdFeO3 (GdFO) as a buffer layer for the GdBa2Cu3O7-x (GdBCO) superconducting films. GdFO films with different thicknesses and GdBCO thin films were all prepared by using a pulsed laser deposition technique. The analyses of X-ray diffraction and EXAFS data indicates that the c-axis parameter increases and the Fe-O bond length decreases with the GdFO thickness due to the compressive stain induced by the lattice mismatch between GdFO and STO substrate and as a result, the Debye-Waller factor, an index of disorder in the local structure near the Fe-O bond, increases with the GdFO thickness. However, for the GdBCO/GdFO bilayer structure, the Debye-Waller factor decreases as the GdFO thickness increases indicating a diminished disorder by the structural coupling between GdFO and GdBCO. These results indicate that an appropriate thickness of GdFO is required to be utilized as a magnetic buffer layer for the GdBCO superconducting films.

자연기반해법 중 하나인 홍수터는 블루-그린 네트워크로서 유역의 환경, 사회 및 경제적 이점을 제공한다. 본 연구는 용담호 지류의 수질에 대한 홍수터의 적용 효과를 평가하였다. 특히, 홍수터의 문제점과 개선점을 파악하고 제시하였다. 2021년 9월부터 2022년 4월까지 용담호 내 총 6개 지점에서 수질 및 토양 시료를 채취하였다. 수질 분석 결과, 모니터링 지점 중 상전면 갈현리 하류(SG_W_D2)에서 탁도, 총 부유물질(TSS), 화학적 산소요구량(COD), 총인(TP), 총질소(TN) 농도가 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다. 이는 9월과 10에 실시된 샘플링은 녹조발생에 기여 가능한 것으로 분석되었다. 또한, 토양 오염도 분석을 통해 모든 농경지에서 높은 TN및 TP 농도를 보여 농경지의 영양물질 축적량이 높은 것으로 평가되었다. TN 농도는 정천면 월평리 농경지(JW_S_A), 주천면 신양리(JS_S_A) 순으로 나타났으며, 가장 낮은 곳은 상전면 갈현리 원지반(SG_S_O)로 조사되었다. 본 연구에서 확인된 홍수터 유형 중 II-A 유형, II-B 유형, III 유형은 블루-그린네트워크의 기능을 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나, 초기 홍수터의 경우 블루-그린네트워크를 고려하지 않아 설계가 부실 및 성능이 저하되는 결과가 초래되기에, 이러한 홍수터의 성능을 최적화하기 위해서는 블루-그린 네트워크 를 고려한 설계 개선 및 보수가 필요하다. 본 연구 결과는 향후 홍수터 설계시 활용 가능할 것을 사료된다.

Buffer zones, an example of nature-based solutions, offer wide range of environmental, social and economic benefits due to their multifunctionality when applied to watershed areas promoting blue-green connectivity. This study evaluated the effects of buffer zone application to the water quality of Yongdam reservoir tributaries. Particularly, the challenges and improvement of the buffer zone design were identified and suggested, respectively. Water and soil samples were collected from a total of six sites in Yongdam reservoir from September 2021 to April 2022. Water quality analyses revealed that among the sites monitored, downstream of Sangjeonmyeon Galhyeonri (SG_W_D2) was found to have the highest concentration for water quality parameters turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN). This finding was attributed to the algal bloom observed during the sampling conducted in September and October 2021. It was found through the soil analyses that high TN and TP concentrations were also observed in all the agricultural land uses implying that nutrient accumulation in agricultural areas are high. Highest TN concentration was found in the agricultural area of Jeongcheonmyeon Wolpyeongri (JW_S_A) followed by Jucheonmyeon Sinyangri (JS_S_A) while the lowest TN concentration was found in the original soil of Sangjeonmyeon Galhyeonri (SG_S_O). Among the types of buffer zones identified in this study, Type II-A, Type II-B and Type III were found to have blue-green connectivity. However, initially, blue-green connectivity in these buffer zone types were not considered leading to poor design and poor performance. As such, improvement in the design considering blue-green network and renovation must be considered to optimize the performance of these buffer zones. The findings in this study is useful for designing buffer zones in the future.

Queueing models are good models for fragments of communication systems and networks, so their investigation is interesting for theory and applications. Theses queues may play an important role for the validation of different decomposition algorithms designed for investigating more general queueing networks. So, in this paper we illustrate that the batch size distribution affects the loss probability, which is the main performance measure of a finite buffer queues.

We investigated the flux pinning properties of GdBa2Cu3O7-x (GdBCO) superconducting films grown on a LaFeO3 (LFO) buffer layer forming a bilayer structure. LFO films with different thicknesses and GdBCO thin films were all prepared by using a pulsed laser deposition technique. The magnetization measurements revealed that the critical current density of the GdBCO bilayer structure with the LFO buffer layer increased in low magnetic field regions compared to pure GdBCO films. Notably, the variation in critical current density and the position of the maximum pinning force density did not exhibit a simple dependence on the LFO buffer layer thickness. Dew-Hughes’ model fitting confirmed that normal surface pinning is the primary pinning mechanism for both the thinnest and the thickest LFO films. However, for intermediate LFO buffer layer thickness, additional pinning mechanisms beyond normal surface pinning were identified, likely due to the defects from misoriented crystallites, as indicated by the close correlation between the fitting exponent and the grain size of the bilayer structure.

We have grown MgB2 on SiC buffer layer by using metallic Hastelloy tape as the substrate. Hastelloy tape was chosen for its potential practical applications, mainly in the power cable industry. SiC buffer layers were deposited on Hastelloy tapes at 400, 500, and 600 oC by using a pulsed laser deposition method, and then by using a hybrid physical-chemical vapor deposition technique, MgB2 films were grown on the three different SiC buffer layers. An enhancement of critical current density values were noticed in the MgB2 films on SiC/Hastelloy deposited at 500 and 600 oC. From the surface analysis, smaller and denser grains of MgB2 tapes are likely to cause this enhancement. This result infers that the addition of SiC buffer layers may contribute to the improvement of superconducting properties of MgB2 tapes.