Earticle

This study is to show the qualitative analytic methods of facial asymmetry with threedimensional morphometry and find out asymmetry change resulted from enlarging three local regions. Steel balls (1.2 in diameter) were attached in twenty seven landmarks of a symmetrical artificial human skull. This artificial human skull was used as experimental materials. Twelve different asymmetrical artificial human skulls were formed by gradually enlarging the mandibular body length, gonial angle, and ramus height of the left hemiface. From the three-dimensional morphometry of each skull type, nine local area measurements and three total sum area measurements(representing the mandibular area, maxillary area, and lower facial area) were acquired and made into the surface area asymmetry degree. Menton deviation itself was used as the surface area asymmetry degree while right-left percentages were used in the other measurements. These surface area asymmetry degrees were compared with each other to find out asymmetry change according to the degree of actual facial asymmetry. Through the statistical analysis, following results were obtained. The results were as follows: 1. Left maxillary area of artificial human skull was 7.13 0.26% larger while mandibular area was 4.14 0.12% smaller than each those of right hemiface. After all, left lower facial area was 1.44 0.07% larger than those of right hemiface.(n=7) 2. Among the reduce rates of surface area asymmetry degree resulted from enlarging three local regions, ramus height was similar to mandibular body length while it was bigger than those of gonial angle. 3. Among the increase rates of menton deviation resulted from enlarging the local regions, ramus height was the biggest, mandibular body length was the second and gonial angle was the smallest. These results suggest that three-dimensional morphometry can be used to qualitatively analyse facial asymmetry and the asymmetry degree is more influenced by enlarging the ramus height, mandibular body length than those of gonial angle.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze students experiences during clinical practice in nursing management. Methods: Assessing through computerized databases, self-reflection reports of 57 students were analyzed. Text network analysis was applied to examine the research. The keywords from each student's reports were extracted by using the programs, KrKwic and NetMiner. Results: The results of the keyword network analysis of what students learned in the nursing process included 27 words. The keyword network analysis of what students learned from the problem solving process included 23 words and the keyword network analysis of improvements in Clinical Practice of Nursing included 31 words. Conclusion: Studies related to clinical practice have been increasing, and themes of the studies have also become broader. Further research is required to investigate factors affecting clinical practice specifically in nursing management. Further comparative studies are necessary to define differences in clinical practice systems related to improving nursing students competency.

목적: 본 연구는 잠재계층분석(Latent Class Analysis; LCA)을 통해 생활습관 유형을 분류하고, 각 유형의특성을 분석하는 데 목적이 있다. 연구방법: 본 연구는 2021년 한국의료패널조사 데이터를 사용하여 65세 이상 고령자 3,724명을 대상으로하였다. 주요 변수는 인구통계학적 요인과 생활습관(신체활동, 만성질환, 흡연, 음주, 스트레스, 체질량지수, 주관적 건강) 요인이며, 잠재계층분석(LCA)을 통해 생활습관 유형을 도출하고, 각 유형 간의 차이를 카이제곱 검정 및 효과 크기(Cramér’s V)를 통해 분석하였다. 결과: 잠재계층분석(LCA) 결과, 고령자의 생활습관은 4개의 유형(안정형, 균형형, 취약형, 위험추구형)으로분류되었다. 각 유형은 생활습관 요인에서 유의한 차이를 보였으며(p < .01), 특히 흡연과 음주, 주관적건강 인식이 주요 구분 요인으로 확인되었다. 또한, 유형 간 인구통계학적 특성에서도 연령, 성별, 교육 수준 등에서 뚜렷한 차이를 보였다. 결론: 고령자의 생활습관은 네 가지 유형으로 분류되며, 각 유형 간 건강행동과 인구통계학적 특성에서유의미한 차이가 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 건강행태가 상호 연관된 클러스터로 나타날 수 있음을 시사하며, 유형별 맞춤형 건강증진 중재의 필요성을 강조한다.

Objective: The aim of this study was to classify lifestyle patterns among older adults using latent class analysis (LCA) and analyze the characteristics of each identified class. Methods: Data from the 2021 Korea Health Panel Study?targeting 3,724 individuals aged 65 and older?were used. The key variables were demographic factors and lifestyle-related factors, such as physical activity, chronic disease, smoking, alcohol consumption, stress, body mass index, and subjective health. Lifestyle types were derived using LCA, and differences among classes were analyzed using chi-square tests and Cramer’s V for effect size. Results: Four lifestyle classes of older adults were identified using LCA: Stable, Balanced, Vulnerable, and Risk-seeking. Significant differences were found across lifestyle variables (p < 0.01), with smoking, alcohol use, and subjective health being the most significant distinguishing factors. Additionally, demographic differences, such as age, gender, and educational level, were observed across classes. Conclusion: Older adults’ lifestyles can be categorized into four distinct types, each with meaningful differences in health behaviors and demographic characteristics. These findings suggest that health behaviors tend to cluster, highlighting the need for tailored health promotion interventions based on lifestyle types.

본 논문에서는 머신러닝 기반의 악성코드 분류에 있어 오버피팅 문제를 비롯하여 실제로 실행되지 않는 코드가 APK에 포함되는 문제 등을 해결하기 위해 모든 API들의 연관성을 통해 그룹화하며, 제어 흐름 분석을 통해 실제로 실행되는 코드에 대한 분석을 수행하는 툴을 개발하였다. 툴은 약 1,500라인으로 이루어진 자바 기반의 소프트웨어로, 전체 API에 대한 빈도 분석을 수행하거나 생성된 제어 흐름 그래프를 바탕으로 빈도 분석을 수행한다. 툴을 이용하여 모든 버전에서의 총 39032개의 메서드에 대해 4972개의 그룹으로 축소할 수 있으며, 클래스를 포함한 결과로는 총 12123개의 그룹으로 축소할 수 있다. 결과 분석을 위해서 본 논문에서는 총 7개의 패밀리에서 7,000개의 APK를 랜덤으로 수집하였으며, 수집된 APK를 이용하여 feature를 축소하는 기법을 검증하였다. 또한, 추출된 데이터에서 빈도가 20% 이상으로 나타난 API만을 선별하여 feature를 더욱 축소하여 최종적으로 263개의 feature로 축소하였다.

While several machine learning technique has been implemented for Android malware categorization, there is still difficulty in analyzing due to overfitting problem and including of un-executable code, etc. In this paper, we introduce our implemented tool to address these problems. Tool is consists of approximately 1,500 lines of Java code, and perform Flow analysis on set of APIs, or on control flow graph. Our tool groups all the API by its relationship and only perform analysis on actually executing code. Using our tool, we grouped 39032 APIs into 4972 groups, and 12123 groups with result of including class names. We collected 7,000 APKs from 7 families and evaluated our feature reduction technique, and we also reduced features again with selecting APIs that have frequency more than 20%. We finally reduced features to 263-numbers of feature for our collected APKs.

Purpose: This study's aim was to confirm the importance and performance of the clinical practice of nurses working in the general wards of a tertiary hospital and to analyze their educational needs. Methods: The study employed a descriptive research design, and a self-reported questionnaire was developed and used for nurses in a tertiary hospital. Data were collected from July 22 to July 29, 2022, analyzed by an independent t-test, paired t-test, and one-way ANOVA for the importance and performance of each clinical nursing practice according to general characteristics, and then a post hoc verification was performed by Scheffé's test. An Importance-Performance Analysis and Borich needs assessment model were used to analyze clinical nursing education needs. Results: Clinical nursing practice performance showed a significant difference according to length of total clinical career, time working in current department, and preceptor experience. According to the results of the Importance-Performance Analysis, neurological evaluation, and nursing intervention, artificial respirator and high-flow oxygen inhalation nursing, chemotherapy, emergency nursing, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation were identified as belonging to the "concentrate here" quadrant. All these items ranked in the top 10 in the Borich needs assessment model. Conclusion: Based on these results, the current education system should be reviewed, and short and long term education strategies based on educational needs should be established to strengthen the competence of nurses.

본 연구는 도시 유역의 물 순환을 개선시키기 위해 최근 활발하게 적용되고 있는 저영향개발(low impact development, LID) 시설의 설계 및 계획 매개변수를 선정하기 위한 방법을 제시하였다. 이때 Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) 모형의 LID 시설 모의 기능을 활용하여 다양한 매개변수에 대해 민감도 분석 및 다양한 시나리오를 자동으로 수행하여 비교할 수 있도록 개발된 Water Management Analysis Module (WMAM)을 이용하였다. 본 연구는 최근 도시화가 진행되고 있는 서울의 한 유역에 적용하였다. 적용 결과 LID 중 하나인 투수성포장 시설이 없는 경우와 임의로 결정된 설계 및 계획 시나리오 보다 본 방법을 통해 도출된 시나리오가 총유출량 및 첨두유량 감소와 침투량 증가에 더 좋은 효과를 보였다. 향후 경제성을 고려한 방법을 개발한다면 실무에서도 활용될 수 있을 것으로 예상된다.

This study presents a systematic framework to derive the best values of design and planning parameters for low impact development (LID) practices. LID was developed to rehabilitate the distorted hydrological cycle due to the rapid urbanization. This study uses Water Management Analysis Module (WMAM) to perform sensitivity analysis and multiple scenario analysis for LID design and planning parameters of Storm Water Management Model (SWMM). This procedure was applied to an urban watershed which have experienced rapid urbanization in recent years. As a result, the design and planning scenario derived by WMAM shows lower total flows and peak flow, and larger infiltration than arbitrary scenarios for LID design and planning parameters. In the future, economic analysis can be added for this application in the field.

PURPOSES : The objective of this study was to evaluate the results of the dynamic immersion test (DIT) through digital image analysis (DIA). METHODS : The asphalt binder retained post DIT was inspected visually by more than three investigators. However, because visual observations can be subjective, depending on the inspector's skills and knowledge, DIA was also performed. The threshold value for the DIA was determined by a mesh analysis, in which the digital image to be analyzed is divided into very small meshes. In addition, the bitumen bond strength (BBS) test was also performed to the compare the visual results with the mechanical values. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS : Depending on the materials used, various methods can be used to predict the behavior of retained asphalt. However, the increasing ratio in the trend of retained asphalt shows different behaviors among the evaluation methods. In this study, the results of the visual observations were significantly different from those of the DIA, the mesh analysis, and the BBS tests. Thus, DIA is an appropriate method for evaluating the results of the DIT. However, in order to use this technique in the field, it is necessary to determine a more reasonable threshold value by performing DIA on various materials.

기존 문화시설 투자는 인구 및 면적과 같은 행정구역 기반의 지표를 근거로 결정되었다. 거시적 판단지표는 인접한 행정구역의 문화시설에 대한 접근성을 고려하지 않아 이용률 측면에서 예산낭비 및 중복투자의 문제를 발생시켰다. 최근 정부는 문화시설 이용에 대한 실질적인 시민 체감도를 높이고자 한다. 이를 위해서는 인접 행정구역을 통합하여 교통망과 건물 등의 특성을 종합적으로 반영하는 방안이 요구된다. 이 연구는 UNA (Urban Network Analysis)기법을 활용하여 문화시설 접근성을 분석한다. UNA는 교통망과 함께 건물분포를 나타내는 건물의 부피, 상주인구, 기타 건물의 중요요소를 반영하여 분석가능하다. 따라서 인접 경계지역과 통합한 문화시설의 집중도를 반영한 접근가능성에 대하여 보다 유의있는 설명이 가능하다. 연구 대상지역으로서 경기도내 4개 인접도시인 과천, 안양, 의왕, 군포시에 대하여 일상문화시설의 접근성을 분석하였다. 군포, 안양은 접근성이 높게 나타난 반면 의왕, 과천은 상대적으로 낮게 나타났다. 일상문화시설에 대한 투자는 군포, 안양에 집중하는 것이 타당하다는 결론이다.

Investments into existing cultural facilities are determined based on administrative district-based indices like population and area. Such macro judgment indices, however, fail to consider accessibility of cultural facilities from neighboring administrative districts and thus create problems including wasted budgets and duplicated investments. More recently, the government has made it a goal to increase the level of citizen awareness of these facilities, but achieving this requires the integration of neighboring administrative districts such that characteristics including transportation network and buildings are reflected in a comprehensive manner. This research therefore looks into Urban Network Analysis (UNA) as a means to investigate accessibility of cultural facilities. Use of UNA will make it possible to analyze the transportation network as well as building distribution, explained by building density, settled population, and other important building factors, in tandem, leading to the concentration of cultural facilities and the surrounding economic district being more properly reflected, and thus allowing for greater explanatory power in determining the level of accessibility. To test this, four target research districts were chosen from within the Gyeonggi Province and analyzed in terms of the accessibility of their everyday cultural facilities. Of the four districts of Gunpo, Anyang, Uiwang, and Gwacheon, accessibility of the first two districts, was found to be high, while accessibility was found to be relatively low for the latter two districts. This finding indicates that cultural facilities investments should be concentrated in the districts of Gunpo and Anyang.

이 연구는 민간경비 분야에 대한 연구 경향을 살펴봄으로써 민간경비 분야의 발전 방향을 제시하고자 하는 데 목적을 두고 있다. 연구 경향을 살펴보는데 있어 특정 학문이나 대상의 경향을 분석하는 대표적인 연구방법인 언어 네트워크 분석 방법 중 연결중앙성과 인접중앙성을 활용하여 분석하였다. 그 결과, 연결중앙성과 인접중앙성의 경우에서 직무스트레스, 직무만족와 같은 개인적인 요소들이 경비업법이나 경비원의 교육훈련과 같은 민간경비의 제도적 정책적 문제보다 더 많이 키워드로 나타났다. 이러한 결과들로 볼 때, 민간경비 분야 연구 경향에 있어 제도적 정책적 연구보다는 민간경비원의 개인적 요소에 관한 연구들이 많이 진행되고 있다는 것을 알 수 있다. 이 연구에서의 연구 대상이 국회도서관 내 검색된 연구결과물들만을 대상으로 했다는 점에서 일반화하기엔 한계가 있으며, 추후 그 연구 대상을 확대하여 좀 더 보완 확대할 필요할 것으로 보인다.

This study is aim to research trend of private security and to suggest direction of improvement to sector of private security. This study has been to analyzed to be useful social network analysis(particularly Degree Centrality and Clossness Centrality) for using typical research method about trend of academic subject. As a result of Degree Centrality and Clossness Centrality, Individual factors such as Job Stress and Job satisfaction of private security are more keyword than institutional factors and policy factors such as Security Services Industry Act and training for Private Security guards. It means that research trend of private security are to study Individual factors rather than institutional factors and policy factors. But, this study is a limit as follows; First, An object of study is only to searching article in National Assembly Liberary. A follow-up studies are need to expand the range of an object of study for private security.

본 연구에서는 한국의 장애인을 대상으로 한국장애인개발원의 장애인의 삶 패널에서 사용하고 있는 장애 수용 척도 12개 문항에 대해 라쉬 분석을 적용하였다. 본 연구에서는 패널에서 제공하는 가장 최신 자료인 5차(2022년도) 조사 자료를 사용하여 무작위 300명의 표본을 추출하여 분석하였다. 본 연구에서 분석한 장애 수용 척도는 신뢰도와 타당도가 적합하여 한국 장애인의 장애 수용 정도를 파악하기 위한 평가도구로서 적합한 것이 검증되었다. 라쉬 모형의 표준 잔차 주성분 분석을 통해 7번 문항을 제거한 11개 문항 척도에서 일차원성 및 지역 독립성이 충족되는 것을 검증하여 해당 척도가 측정하고자 하는 대상을 타당하게 측정하고 있음을 증명하였다. 또한 평정 척도 분석에서는 4점 Likert 척도의 외적합 지수의 평균 자승 잔차, 평균 측정치의 수직적 배열 및 증가, 단계 교정치의 간격이 모두 설정한 기준에 적합하였다. 또한 4점 Likert 척도의 그래프를 통해 시각적으로 고른 분포를 확인하였다. 성별에 따른 차등항목기능은 없었으며, 주장 애정도(등급)에 따른 차등항목기능은 1번 항목이 해당되었다. 천장 및 바닥 효과는 없어 척도의 해석이 용이하였으며, 높은 수준의 내적 일관성 및 양호한 수준의 응답자 분리 신뢰도, 높은 수준의 문항 분리 신뢰도가 확인되었다. 본 연구에서는 문항반응이론을 기반으로 라쉬 분석에 의한 효과적 검증을 통하여 11문항으로 구성된 장애 수용 척도가 장애인의 장애 수용 정도에 대한 신속하고 정확한 측정이 가능하다는 결과를 도출해낸 점에서 의의가 있다. 추후 본 연구에서의 권장하는 척도를 통하여 장애인의 장애 수용 정도에 대해 면밀히 파악하고 그 결과를 바탕으로 장애 수용의 매커니즘과 영향요인을 파악하는데 사용될 수 있기를 기대한다.

In this study, Rasch analysis was applied to the 12-item disability acceptance scale used by the Korea Disability Development Institute’s Disability Life Panel Survey for Korean people with disabilities. This study analyzed a random sample of 300 people using the 5th (2022) survey data, the most recent data available from the panel. The disability acceptance scale analyzed in this study was found to have adequate reliability and validity, indicating its suitability as an assessment tool for understanding the degree of disability acceptance among Korean people with disabilities. Through Rasch residual principal component analysis, we verified that the 11-item scale with item 7 removed satisfied the unidimensionality and regional independence of the Rasch model, which means that the scale validly measures what it is intended to measure. In addition, the scaling analysis for the 4-point Likert scale showed that the extrapolation indices, mean measures, and step corrections all met the criteria. The graph of the 4-point Likert scale also confirmed that the visual distribution was even. There was no differential item functioning by gender, and only one item functioned differentially by primary disability. There were no ceiling and floor effects, indicating adequate interpretability of the scale, high internal consistency, good levels of respondent separation reliability, and high levels of item separation reliability. This study is significant in that it concluded that the 11-item disability acceptance scale can quickly and accurately measure the degree of disability acceptance of people with disabilities through effective validation by Rasch analysis based on item response theory. It is hoped that the scale recommended in this study can be used in the future to closely understand the degree of disability acceptance of people with disabilities and to identify the mechanisms and influencing factors of disability acceptance based on the results.

본 연구는 지난 20년간 지속해서 확대되어온 자활사업이 참여자의 욕구에 부합하고 있는가를 IPA를 활용하여 실증적으로 분석하고, 연구 결과를 바탕으로 실천적 함의를 제공하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 IPA 분석 기법을 활용하여 자활사업이 참여자 욕구에 잘 대응하고 있는지를 분석하였다. 그 결과, 자활사업 참여자 수급 지위에 따라 보유한 자원과 필요로 하는 자원이 다른 것으로 나타났다. 또한 참여하는 자활사업단 유형에 따라, 또한 수급유형에 따라 참여자가 필요로 하는 자원이 다른 것으로 발견되었다. 본 연구의 결과는 자활사업에서 참여자의 욕구와 자활사업에서 제공되는 서비스가 부합하지 않는 가능성을 제기하며, 이는 지역자활센터 사례관리자가 참여자에게 필요하다고 인식하는 서비스와 참여자가 실제로 필요하다고 느끼는 서비스가 일치하지 않음을 의미한다. 본 연구는 연구의 발견으로부터 자활 실천 방안을 제안한다.

The self-sufficiency program has consistently extended as a representative work-related welfare program for the last twenty years in South Korea. The current study aims to investigate self-sufficiency program corresponds to what participants want using importanceperformance analysis (IPA) and provide practical implications from study findings. The results of IPA (importance-performance analysis) found that South Korean self-sufficiency program is generally discrepant from participants’ needs and participants’ needs are different for each sub-programs as well as for types of welfare receipt. Additionally, the degree and trend of conformity between participants’ needs and what program provides are different according to sub-programs participants join and types of welfare participants receive. The current study suggests the necessity of self-sufficiency practice centered on case management from the study findings.

2019년 IATA (International Air Transport Assosiation) 보고에 따르면 하드랜딩 사고 1건으로 인해 승객 41명의 사상자가 발생하였다. 이는 항공기의 불안정한 접근 상태에서 무리하게 착륙을 시도하여 발생한 하드랜딩 사고로 파악되었다. 하드랜딩의 주요 원인으로 불안정한 접근, 조종사의 플레어(flare) 실수, 잘못된 계획, 갑작스러운 기상 변화 등의 여러 가지 요인들이 있을 수 있다. 본 연구는 QAR (quick access recorder) 데이터 분석 시스템을 활용한 국내 항공사의 B777 기종에서 발생한 24건의 하드랜딩 이벤트를 항공기 강하율(descent rate), 비행 강하각 (flight path angle), 활주로 시단 통과 고도 (threshold passing altitude), 초기 플래어 고도 (initial flare altitude) 등의 분석을 통해, 하드랜딩의 원인이 항공기 접지 전 낮은 비행경로 (low vertical path)와 조종사의 적절지 못한 플래어 시기(late flare)로 식별하였다. 이에 하드랜딩 이벤트 경감 및 항행 안전 증진 방안으로 항공기의 안정된 접근(stabilized approach) 과 특히 200ft 이하의 고도에서 착륙 시까지 항공기의 낮은 비행경로가 되지않도록, 일정한 강하 각 유지를 위한 조종사의 모니터링이 중요하다는 시사점을 도출하였다.

According to the International Air Transport Association (IATA) 2019 Safety Report, one accident involving hard landing has caused 41 deaths. The accident was analyzed to be caused by the pilots' final judgement of making a forced the landing in unstabilized conditions. The factors leading to hard landings are unstabilized approach, misjudged flare, inappropriate planning, unexpected change in weather etc. This research aimed to look into detail the characteristics of hard landings by utilizing the quick access recorder (QAR) data of 24 recorded hard landing incidents of B777, such as descent rate, flight path angle, threshold passing altitude, initial flare altitude etc. The main causual factors were derived to be low vertical path and late flare. In order to promote proactive an precautionary measures, stabilized approach is emphasized as well as the continuous monitor of flight path angle below 200 ft to maintain proper vertical path.

This study was carried out to suggest method which can be used to improve competitive power of theme parks. The characteristics of Hybrid Conjoint Analysis were described and its usefulness for identification of specific types of service theme parks have to provide was tested "Lotte World, " "Seoul land," and "farmland" were selected as study areas, and .7 attributes with 3 levels were utilized for analyses. Master design with 81 profiles was constructed to meet the requirement of ′Compromise Plan 1,′and data was collected by in-personal interviews on the study areas. Respondents were grouped by cluster analysis, and their characteristics were analyzed by discriminant analysis. Then, part-worth of each attribute . was estimated by stagewise estimation model Calibrated model of each group did not show part-worths of attributes clearly because both main effects and 2-way interaction effects were included in the models. Therefore, calibrated models′ coefficients were used to calculate utilities of all possible combinations of attributes levels. The results showed that managers of theme parks have several options for providing a new service: the combination of attribute levels with the highest utility is they however, they can choose the other combinations with next highest utlities is they can not afford it. Several suggestions were described to cope with the problems when Hybrid Conjoint Analysis is applied to landscape architectural study.

The purpose of this research was to identify expertise in ait traffic control by using cognitive skill analysis for novices and experts in routine and non-routine situations. The result of study was to understand expertise in air traffic control tasks in terms of what cognitive processes are responsible for the expert's high performance levels. The problem solving task was difficult for novices, but performed relatively automatically by experts in a routine situation. The difficulty could indicate the presence of controlled processing. Rather than rules and strategies, novices focused more on environmental factors, which merely increase cognitive load. In a non-routine situation, novices showed that they did not categorize the information consistently and alternative resources were not available for them. Experts, however, performed automatically a task by arranging and organizing information related to problem solving components in contexts without regard to a routine and non-routine situation. Especially experts developed a stable representation and directed alternative resources for air traffic flow and efficiency. Based on the results, cognitive processes of experts could be useful to understand expert performance and analyze the learning process, which imply the necessity of developing expertise systematically.

서론 : 본 연구는 무작위 대조군 실험(Randomized control trial: 이하 RCT) 연구에서 치료의향분석(Intention-to-treat analysis)의 올바른 활용에 대해서 고찰하고자 한다. 본론 : 치료의향분석은 RCT 연구에서 무작위 분배 이후에 모든 대상자의 데이터를 결과에 포함하는 분석방법이다. RCT 연구의 결과는 일반화에 있어서 매우 높은 타당성을 갖는다. 이런 측면에서 중도 탈락을포함한 모든 대상자의 데이터를 결과 분석에 포함하여야 그 결과를 실제 임상에 적용했을 때 중재의효과가 예측 가능하기 때문이다. 이런 이유로 RCT 연구에 대한 질평가 도구들은 치료의향분석 실시여부를 확인하고 있다. 그럼에도 많은 연구자들은 치료의향분석의 이해도가 낮아 잘못 활용하고 있거나활용하지 않는 경우가 많다. 결론 : 본 고찰 연구를 통해 국내 많은 연구자들이 치료의향분석방법을 정확하게 이해하고 올바르게 활용하여 RCT 연구에 반영할 것을 기대한다.

Introduction : This review aims to introduce an intention-to-treat analysis(ITT) method and demonstrate the importance of rigorous utilization of this method to researchers in Korea. Discussion : ITT analysis includes all data as results in randomized control trials (RCT). Thereby the result of RCT is high validated to adapt in the real-world so that the result should be expected at clinical practice. Therefore, many RCT quality assessment tools include the question of the utilization of ITT analysis in individual trials. However, many researchers omit to report ITT, not utilize ITT or use ITT incorrectly. Conclusion : Through this review, more Korean researchers may understand and utilize ITT which is expected to enhance the quality of RCT papers.

우울증은 진단 내에서 광범위한 임상 양상이 나타나므로 우울증의 이질적인 특성 확인은 세부진단, 치료 및 예방에 도움이 될 수 있다. 본 연구는 우울증 진단 하에 약물치료를 받는 임상집단을 대상으로 우울증의 잠재적 하위유형을 확인하고 이와 관련된 특성들을 밝히고자 하였다. 이를 위해 우울증 임상연구센터에 등록된 전국에 위치한 19개의 종합병원 정신과에서 총 1183명을 대상으로 수집된 자료를 활용하였다. 해밀턴 우울척도의 응답 유형에 근거하여 잠재적 집단 분석을 실시한 결과 심한 우울집단, 정서적 고통 집단, 가벼운 우울집단의 세 집단으로 유형화하였다. 잠재적 하위유형에 영향을 미치는 요인을 확인하고자 다항 로지스틱 분석을 실시한 결과 심한 우울집단은 다른 집단들에 비해 자살경향성이 더 높았다. 정서적 고통집단은 다른 집단들에 비해 정신운동장해가 없으면서 심한 우울집단과 유사하게 우울정서가 높고, 수면장해가 있는 것이 주된 특징이었다. 마지막으로 각 집단 별 주관적, 객관적 평가 척도들 간의 차이를 확인하였고, 3개월 후에 추적 연구하였다. 그 결과 심한 우울집단은 다른 집단들에 비해 더 심각한 임상양상이 나타났으며 3개월 후에도 이러한 양상이 지속되었다. 이러한 결과를 토대로 본 연구의 시사점과 제한점에 관하여 논하였다.

Confirming the heterogeneity in depression may be useful in the its diagnosis, treatment and prevention. The purpose of this study was to identify the subtypes of depression and characteristics associated with it using data from clinical samples. Analyses were based on samples from 1,180 respondents from 19 psychiatric hospitals which had been registered in the Clinical Research Center for Depression. Latent class analysis was administered using responses from the Hamilton Depression Scale to identify a homogenous subtype of depression. Association between emergent latent classes and demographic and clinical characteristics were assessed. As a result, three subtypes of depression were identified: severely depressed, affective depressed, and mild depressed. The severely depressed subtype had more suicidal tendencies than the other groups. The affective depressed subtype tended to be as depressive as the severely depressed class, but without psycho-motor symptoms as compared to the other groups. In addition, the affective depressed subtype had more sleep disorder than the other groups. Based on a three-month follow-up study, the severly depressed subtype exhibited more serious and persistent depression. The implications and limitations of this study were also discussed.

상수관망은 대규모 사회기반시설물로 인간사회를 유지하기 위한 중요한 시설물이다. 도시화 및 산업화로 인해 대규모 사회기반시설물은 증가하고 있다. 그러나, 도시화 및 산업화의 진행으로 인해 발생하는 문제 중 하나는 온실가스의 배출이다. 본 연구에서는 상수관망을 설치 및 유지·보수 등 상수관망의 생애주기동안 발생하는 이산화탄소(CO₂)량을 분석하기 위해 Life Cycle Carbon Emission Analysis(LCCEA) 모델을 제안하였다. 제안된 LCCEA 모델을 기반으로 저탄소 최적설계를 진행하였으며, 이를 비용 최적설계와 비교하였다. 국내외 관망에 LCCEA 모델을 적용한 결과, 저탄소 최적설계안은 비용 최적설계안 대비 전체 및 연간 CO₂ 발생량이 감소하였다. 또한, CO₂ 배출량을 비용으로 환산하여 비교한 결과, 비용의 측면에서도 저탄소 최적설계안이 좋은 결과를 나타냈다. LCCEA 모델은 본 연구에서 적용한 국내외 관망뿐만이 아닌 다양한 관망에 적용할 경우, 상수관망 설계 및 운영에 좋은 결과를 나타낼 수 있을 것이다.

Water distribution systems are important large-scale social infrastructure facilities for maintaining human society. Large-scale social infrastructure facilities are increasing due to urbanization and industrialization. However, one of the problems caused by the progress of urbanization and industrialization is carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. In this study, a Life Cycle Carbon Emission Analysis (LCCEA) model was proposed to analyze the amount of CO₂ generated during the life cycle of water distribution systems, such as installation, maintenance, and repair. Based on the proposed LCCEA model, low-carbon optimal design was performed and compared with cost-optimal design. As a result of applying the LCCEA model to domestic and international water distribution systems, the low-carbon optimal design showed a decrease in total and annual CO₂ emissions compared to the cost-optimal design. In addition, when CO₂ emissions were converted to costs and compared, the low-carbon optimal design showed better results in terms of cost. The LCCEA model can be applied to various water distribution systems as well as domestic and international water supply networks used in this study, and it will show good results in the design and operation of water distribution systems.

SCAN(Scientific Content Analysis; 과학적 내용분석)은 미국 등 여러 나라의 형사사법기관에서 사용되고 있는 알려진 진술 분석 기법 중의 하나로서 자발적인 진술의 내용과 구조를 분석하여 진술의 신빙성을 평가하는 것이다. 본 연구는 SCAN을 우리나라에 처음으로 소개하고 목격자 진술의 신빙성 평가에 적용 가능한지를 탐색하고자 하는 실험연구로서 SCAN을 통해 진실한 목격 진술과 거짓 목격 진술을 구분할 수 있는지를 알아보고자 하였다. 본 연구에서는 대학생 90명(남녀 각각 45명)을 대상으로 ‘목격한 것을 사실 그대로 진술하기'(진실집단), ‘목격한 것을 허위로 진술하기'(거짓집단1), ‘목격하지 않은 것을 목격한 것처럼 진술하기'(거짓집단2)의 조건으로 나누어 Smith(2001)가 사용한 13개의 SCAN 준거를 사용하여 각각의 진술을 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 거짓집단1과 거짓집단2의 SCAN 준거의 총점이 진실집단에 비해 유의미하게 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 13개의 준거 중 4개의 준거가 집단을 신뢰롭게 구별해 주는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 진술서의 내용을 분석한 결과 실험조건에 따라 개별 준거에 해당하는 내용의 차이가 발견되었다. 본 연구의 결과를 통해 영어권 나라에서 개발되고 사용되고 있는 SCAN을 우리나라에 적용할 수 있는 가능성과 수사실무에서 SCAN을 활용하는 문제를 논의하였다.

SCAN(Scientific Content Analysis) is one of the most popular statement analysis techniques being used by investigators in many countries. SCAN analyzes the content and structure of statements of suspects, victims, or witnesses and evaluates their credibility. The principles of SCAN are incorporated into several criteria. The presence of each criterion is assumed to be an indication of deception and is more likely to be observed in deceptive statements rather than truthful ones. This study attempts to test the validity of SCAN in analyzing witness statements written in Korean language. Three experimental groups were manipulated. Truthful group saw a real car theft video clip and truthfully wrote about what they actually saw. False group 1 saw the same car theft video clip but intentionally described the theft scene incorrectly. False group 2, saw a non-criminal neutral video clip and wrote as if they saw a car theft crime. Two raters scored SCAN total for each subject's statement applying Smith's(2001) 13 SCAN criteria. The results showed significant differences in SCAN total scores between the truthful group and false groups, in which two false groups obtained significantly higher SCAN scores than the truthful group and there were no differences between the two false groups. Four of 13 criteria significantly differentiated between the truthful and false groups. The results of this study showed that SCAN could be applied to witness statements written in Korean language although the statements were experimentally derived. But some limitations of the current study are discussed and directions for future research are suggested.

Background : Medication errors can cause delayed hospital days, increased health costs, and mortality for patients. According to the Korea Patient Safety reporting & learning system (KOPS) in Korea in 2019, 3,798 of 11,953 patient safety reports were related to medication error which are 31.8% of the total reports. Methods : Team compromising of physicians, nurses, pharmacists, etc, used the Fish Bone Diagram to identify the root cause. The pay-off matrix was used to rank prioritizing strategy with less effort with greater improvement effect. The program was restructured into a lower risk program and the new program was analyzed and reviewed by the team. Results : The Computerized Provider Order Entry (CPOE) was modified, so physicians can enter more precise order entry, and the Pharmacy Drug Master (PDM) was modified to decrease preventable error. To prevent mistakes from occurring for verbal chemotherapy nurse orders, a new computer entry system was created. The ward number was placed uniformly on the same parts of inpatient drug labels, and made more recognizable. More information was printed on the repackaged drugs for pharmacists and nurses to use. The purpose of the study was to decrease the number of the reported medication error adverse effect by 10%. At the end of the study, 17 medication error adverse effect reports were recorded, which is a 19% decrease from 21 reports in the first investigation. The Medication Error Criticality Index decreased from 10,034 points to 5,812 points showing a 42.1% decrease. Conclusion : A greater reduction of percentage was shown in some processes, but some process did not show any changes. RPNs tied to human resources showed less reduction, compared to other processes. The common denominator among physicians, pharmacists, and nurses is inaccurate communication. Systemic regular training should be required for physicians, pharmacists, and nurses to minimize preventable medication error and develop accurate communication skill.